Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zoilb Rood Ann Arbor,Michigan 48106 74-3340
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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zoilb Rood Ann Arbor,Michigan 48106 74-3340 WALLS, Clarence, 1943- THE IDENTIFICATION OF MUSICAL CONCEPTS BY ELEMENTARY CHILDREN FROM CONTRASTING RACIAL GROUPS AND SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTS. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1973 Education, music U n iv e rs ity M icro film s, A XEROX C o m p a n y , A n n A rb o r, M ich ig an © 1973 Clarence Halls ALL RIGHTS RESERVED niCCCDTATiniU LlAC deem u iro n cu ucn cvAOTI \/ AC ocnciwc THE IDENTIFICATION OF .MUSICAL CONCEPTS BY ELEMENTARY CHILDREN FROM CONTRASTING RACIAL GROUPS AND SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTS DISSERTATION Presented In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for 'the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Clarence Walls, B.S., M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 1973 Reading Committee: Approved By Henry L. Cady A. Peter Costanza Adv1ser David L. Meeker School of Music ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements are extended to all persons who assisted 1n this study. Without the cooperation of Dayton and Columbus, Ohio administrators, teachers, and children; The Ohio State University faculty and students, research information would not have been obtained. The assistance of the staff at The Ohio State University Research Computer Center and The Ohio State University Office of Evaluation is acknowledged. The writer wishes to express his appreciation to the radio station managers at WOSU, WCSU, WVUD; The Ohio State University Student Union, personal friends, and relatives for the use of their record libraries. The valuable assistance provided by Mr. Dennis Zlatkin of The Ohio State University Recording Studio 1n developing the audio-tape is recognized* The writer also appreciates the assistance provided by the members of his committee: Dr. A. Peter Costanza, Dr. Henry L. Cady, and Dr. David L. Meeker. The assistance of the chairman, Dr. Costanza, is especially recognized* 11 Words of encouragement and assistance from family members, especially my wife, are greatly appreciated. 111 VITA January 24, 1943 ..... Born - Washington, D.C. 1964 . ..................B.S. in Ed., Central State College, Wllberforce, Ohio 1964-1966 ........ Instrumental Music Instructor Public Schools of Dayton, Ohio 1967 ...................... M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1967-1968 ........ Instrumental Music Instructor, Public Schools of Dayton, Ohio 1968-1971 ............... Music Director, Living Arts Program. E.S.E.A. Title III, Dayton, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Music Education Music Education. Dr. H. L. Cady and Dr. A. P. Costanza Music History and Literature. Dr. R. L. Hoppin and Dr. K. E. Mlxter Woodwind Performance. Mr. W. P. Baker and Mr. K. Magg 1 v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . ............ 11 VITA ........ ............................... 1 v LIST OF TABLES ............. vi1 Chapter IT INTRODUCTION ...... ................... 1 Purpose of the Study Need for the Study Problem Specified Hypothesis Sub-Hypotheses Assumptions Definitions Delimitations II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........ 16 Auditory Acu1ty Language Skills Musical Concepts and Listening Perception Discussion of the Related Literature III. THE DEVELOPMENT OF A TEST OF MUSICAL CONCEPTS...........* . ................ 49 Procedures Summary IV. THE MAIN.STUDY .................. 77 Procedures Results v TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.) Chapter Page V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS. AND RECOMMENDATIONS............. 126 Summary Conclusions, Implications, and Recommendations APPENDIX A. Response Sheet, Listening Test, Form A . 139 B. Music Sources of Items and Correct Responses, Listening Test, Form B. Response Sheet, _ Listening Test, Form B . .............. 143 C. Music Sources of Items and Correct Responses, Listening Test, Form C. Response Sheet, Listening Test, Form C .................... 150 D. Music Sources of Items and Correct Responses, Listening Tes^, Form D. Response Sheet, Listening Test, Form D........................ 157 E. Musical Sources of Items and Correct Responses, McDonald Listening Test. Response Sheet, McDonald Listening Test . 164 F. The Walls Listening Test . ...................170 BIBLIOGRAPHY . ........... .. ................ 171 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Trail I, Listening Test; Form A: Range, Mean, Standard Deviation, and Reliability Estimate ........... 60 2. Trail I, Listening Test; Form B: Summary Item D i f f i c u l t y .................... 61 3. Trial I, Listening Test; Form B: Item Analysis . ......................... 62 4. Trial II, Listening Test; Form B: Range, Mean, Standard Deviation, and Reliability Estimate .................. 65 5. Trial II, Listening Test; Form B: Aummary Item O i f f l c u l t y ................. 66 6. Trial II, Listening Test; Form B: Item A n a l y s i s ......... .. ........... 67 7. Trial III, Listening Test; Form C: Range, Mean, Standard Deviation, and Reliability Estimate .................. 70. 8. Trial III, Listening Test; Form C; Summary Item Difficulty .................... 71 • ■ 9. Trial III, Listening Test; Form C: Item A n a l y s i s ...................... 73 10. McDonald Listening Test: Means, Standard Deviations, Ranges, and Reliability Estimates, A Schools and B Schools .... 87 11. McDonald Listening Test: Mean Difficulty, A Schools and B S c h o o l s .................... 89 vii LIST OF TABLES (Cont.) Table Page 12. McDonald Listening Test: Summary Item Difficulty Distribution, A Schools and B Schools . ........................... 90 13. McDonald Listening Test: Concept Mean Difficulty, A Schools and B Schools . 91 14. McDonald Listening Test: Differences Between Proportions of Correct Answers in A Schools and B Schools ........ 92 15. Walls Listening Test: Means, Standard Deviations, Ranges and Reliability Estimates, A Schools and B Schools .... 93 16. Walls Listening Test: Mean Difficulty, A Schools and B S c h o o l s .................. 94 17. Walls Listening Test: Summary Item Difficulty Distribution, A Schools and B Schools .................. 95 18. Walls Listening Test: Concept Mean Difficulty, A Schools and B Schools . 96 19. Walls Listening Test: Differences Between Proportions of Correct Answers in A Schools and B Schools ........ 97 20. McDonald and Walls Listening Tests: Means, Standard Deviations, Ranges and Reliability Estimates, A Schools and B Schools Combined .......................... 98 21. McDonald and Walls Listening Tests: Mean Item Difficulty, A Schools and B Schools Combined........... 100 22. McDonald and Walls Listening Tests: Summary Item Difficulty Distribution, A Schools and B Schools Combined .......... 101 viii LIST OF TABLES (Cont.) Table Page 23. McDonald and Walls Listening Tests: Summary of Analysis of Variance. A Schools and B Sc h o o l s .................. 102 24. Correlation Matrix for all Variables .... 104 25. Summary of Stepwise Regression Analysis Dependent Variable, McDonald Listening Test . ............ 105 26. Summary of Stepwise Regression Analysis Dependent Variable, Walls Listening Test . ................. 106 27T McDonald Listening Test, A Schools: Range, Mean, Standard Deviation, and Reliability Estimate ..............................107 28. McDonald Listening Test, A Schools: Summary Item Difficulty .................. 108 29. McDonald Listening Test, A Schools: Item Analysis . ............... 110 30. McDonald Listening Test, B Schools: Range, Mean, Standard Deviation, and Reliability Estimate.................. Ill 31. McDonald Listening Test, B Schools: Summary Item D i f f i c u l t y ............. .. Ill 32. McDonald Listening Test, B Schools: Item Analysis .................. .. • 112 33.