IN THIS ISSUE

A Road for Rays of Light Page 1 The lens designer at work

They Scored High in Quiz Page 2 A knowledgeable foursome

Beaver Skins and Pieces of Eight Page 3 For a fancy shirt, two hides

Panorama P age 4 Pantoscopic patter

They Have Retired from Kodak Service P age 5 Saluting former colleagues

It's a Gigantic Housekeeping Job Page 6 Keeping the city livable

Another Kodak Year Is Reviewed P age 7 Background of the balance sheet

Kodak's Balance Sheet for 1940 P age 8 What we own, what we owe

The Editor's Page Page 10 "The good earth"

A Common Fund for Community Needs Page 11 The Chest system is described

1940 in the World of Photography P age 12 Highlights from an annual review

Activities In and Around the Plants Page 14 Sports notes up to press time

Activities Calendar Page 14 Here's what's ahead

Out of the Hat Page 15 Soprano; restorer

Interplant Bowling Winners P age 16 They earned Lovejoy Trophy

"Vantage Point" Inside Back Cover In our photograph gallery

EKTAR LENS

Copyri ght, 1941, by the E astman Kodak Company Volume 20 APRIL 1941 Number 4

A Road for Rays of Light The Lens Designer Must Plot A Veritable Highway Through Many Types of Optical Glass

IT DOESN'T TAKE a trained civil en- gineer to understand some of the problems which must inevitably arise in laying out a new road to run, let us say, between one city and another. We can foresee that such a road will not run in a straight line, though such would hypothetically be the best route, and we can surmise that the surveyors for that road will take advantage of natural topographic features wherever they can and they will overcome all topographic ob- stacles as best they can. Eventually, they will have mapped out the most feasible route for their road, though it may appear a rather poor com- promise to carping sticklers for per- fection.

Roads through Glass Now, there is another kind of road- way which offers somewhat compa- The life story of a Kodak lens begins with a vast number of figures. Even with the aid of a modern rable problems in being laid out, and computing machine and mathematical tables, it often requires many months to compute a new lens formula this is the route that lens designers just the sort of disturbance that must give a great deal of attention plot through pieces of optical glass to bends them from their normal course. to such considerations as attractive carry rays of light into a camera. But this bending is essential in that appearance, a high degree of com- Here again, there is a hypothetically it serves to focus points of light on pactness, a popular film size, a rea. on- correct route which would lead those one focal plane. In the process, un- able retail price, and so on . But the rays to produce a perfect image at fortunately, it raises some tremen- incorporation of these very necessary their destination-the focal plane of dous problems which the lens designer features may add considerably to the the camera- but certain obstacles must seek to overcome. lens designer's problems, for he is along the way make this goal very We ought to look at these problems held within very strict limits. H e difficult to attain so that the lens for a moment and see just why it is must design his lens to fit the specific designer, like the road surveyor, must so difficult to guide rays of light into needs of a camera, since those sales be satisfied to reach the most feasible a camera in a satisfactory way. considerations hardly permit the de- solution and leave perfection to the signing of a camera to fit a lens. So, angels! Sales Angles when the time comes, after the final Now, one of the strange things When a new camera is designed at design of a camera with sales-appeal about the lens designer's job is the Camera Works, the ruling considera- has been decided upon, the Camera fact that rays of light always travel tion is that it should appeal, in its Works engineers turn to the Scientific in a straight line unless disturbed, final form, to Eastman customers and Department at Hawk-Eye and say and yet he lays out a road for them thus lead them to desire it and to buy in about so many words, "Here's a through optical glass which introduces it. So the Development Department new camera we have just designed Page 2 K 0 D A K

suffer from defects which are known They Scored High 1n Quiz as aberrations. In order to reduce these, the lens designer uses different kinds of glass to balance the errors of one lens element against those of another having different optical prop- erties. - Final Steps In the meantime, the designer must keep in mind the final require- ments for his lens, and it may be that these requirements will force him to introduce as many as seven or eight elements into his lens. If they do, he is soon swimming in a turbulent sea of figures- thousands and thousands of them. He no more than overcomes one mountainous obstacle when he runs smack into another which may even force him to retrace his steps and start all over again in a new direction. Eventually, all errors are satisfactorily balanced out, and such requirements as focal length and Facing the mike and th e genial quizzer is the no-less-genial Kodak Office foursome that knew all speed are satisfactorily fulfilled. Tools the answers-well, enough of 'em to come out " tops" - in a recent intercity quiz contest. Reading from left: William A. Vaughn, Patricia leek, Jeremiah G. Hick ey, Jr. , and Doris Weber are then prepared for grinding the lens, a sample lens is made and tested, and production begins. for Mr. Consumer. We're satisfied they were good. If his lens didn't that it will appeal to the buying serve properly as a pathway for rays Kodak's Contributions public, and now we need a lens for it. of light, he had to try again and again The Eastman Kodak Company has Below you'll find the specifications until he attained a reasonably satis- contributed greatly to progress in lens which this lens should meet in the factory result. Lens designing was design. Most of us are familiar with way of focal length, coverage, speed, just a matter of hit and miss in those how the Company has brought about and cost limitations. Please see what days, and even the best hits weren't a lowering of the price of fine lenses you can do for us." bull's-eyes by a long way. by its advanced methods of manu- Today, lens designing is done facture, but few of us know how much Problems Pop Up mathematically, largely with the help our own scientists have contributed Now, this is a much larger order of automatic calculating machines. to improved methods of computing than you might ever suspect. It in- And because the lens designer is lenses. A staff of more than twenty volves the mathematical computation familiar with the optical properties of members in the Scientific Depart- of an entirely new lens- and if you his glass and its effect upon rays of ment at Hawk-Eye devotes its entire think that is a simple job you should light, he knows that a satisfactory time to computing new lens formulas, see the volumes of figures represent- solution to his problem on paper will and the records of that department ing months and even years of labor lead to proper performance of his lens contain a treasure of recorded experi- that have gone into other Kodak in actual practice. The problem is, ence gained in the past to guide its lenses. It isn't, we repeat, a simple of course, to reach that satisfactory efforts in the future. New contribu- job, because to survey and lay out a solution on paper- and that is gen- tions are made each day to this store- road for waves of light requires that erally an arduous and drawn-out house of scientific findings. the lens designer overcome a great business. But the lens designer, in his more many obstacles, some rather moun- communicative moments, will tell Action on Light tainous in their way of obstructing you that row upon row of mathe- the progress of his work. The chief trouble is, as you prob- matical figures is not by itself enough A hundred years ago, when photog- ably know already, that glass not to assure the successful computation raphy was an infant and the science only refracts or bends light- a very of a new lens formula. Years of experi- of optics still crept uncertainly about necessary property for bringing the ence are needed to give him a "feel" in its swaddling clothes, the lens rays to a focus-but it also disperses designer had very incomplete knowl- the light into all the colors of the - a kind of directional sixth sense- edge and inadequate theories to rainbow. It might be thought that a which aids him in plotting pathways guide him. He had to grind his lenses, lens could be made out of a single through optical glass over which light fit them in a mount, and then find by piece of glass. So it could, but it waves may pass on their way to practical application whether or not would not be a good lens, for it would forming a sharp photographic image. K 0 D A K Page 3 Beaver Skins and Pieces of Eight Barter Held Sway in Colonial Days, When Currency Was Too Fickle and Scarce for Exchange

WHAT A NIGHTMARE of COnfusion we would be plunged into if all the coin and currency of the United States were suddenly to disappear. Just try to imagine the difficulties involved if we had to resort to barter in the exchange of goods and services. We can hardly realize how greatly money, as a medium of exchange, contributes to the smooth and orderly processes of everyday life. Yet, it is not a natural phenomenon to be found wherever men live together. Savage tribes have either a very primitive form of money or simply no money at all. And even our ancestors, the hardy settlers of America, struggled Samples of early United States coin and currency. The Constitution gave Congress sole right to issue money, but these first paper notes, known as " continentals," had no bullion to back them and so declined in value to form a nation without the con- venience or aid of an established other articles of relatively stable business and foreign trade. Their currency. value. According to a printed list of petitions to the Crown for the estab- Trade and commerce were largely 1703, one beaver skin had a value lishment of a mint went unheeded. a matter of barter in colonial days. equal to two small axes, to ten pounds For a time, a small mint in Massa- There was, it is true, some metal coin of pork, to five pecks of Indian corn, chusetts turned out the "pine tree in circulation-English shillings and or to one foot of broadcloth. One skin, shilling," but even this production of pence, Spanish pesos and dollars or coin was soon stopped by the English we are told, would buy one plain "pieces of eight," French guineas, and Government. shirt, but a "shirt with ruffels" for Portuguese moidores. But these coins With the end of the Revolutionary the dandy required a payment of were neither stable enough in value War and the winning of national nor plentiful enough to serve as a two skins. independence, it might have been sound medium of exchange. Obviously, the Colonies were des- expected that our distressing mone- So the luckless settlers of America perately handicapped by this lack of tary system-or lack of it-would be were forced to use beaver skins, a sound and adequate currency to rapidly improved. But the Articles of tobacco leaves, Indian wampum, and help in carrying the affairs of domestic Confederation, jealously guarding the rights of the infant States, did not give the Continental Congress any real power in monetary matters. To pay off the debts incurred during the War, the Congress caused paper notes to be printed. Known as "continental notes," this currency was based chiefly on the credit of a bankrupt government, and its value swiftly de- clined to such a low level that the phrase, "not worth a continental," came in to being as an expression of complete worthlessness. With the adoption of the Consti- tution in 1789, the Federal Govern- ment was given power to levy taxes and coin money. It was now possible to take steps to improve the monetary situation and a Treasury Department was promptly formed, with Alexander The first mint was established in Philadelphia by act of Congress for the coining of gold, silver, and H amilton as its first secretary. copper coins. These two pictures, courtesy of the Rochester Museum (Continued on page 16) Page 4 K 0 D A K

Couldn't Split hardly believable unless you see walks over two fl exible metal blades. them. For example, a six-story tene- HEREWITH, somewhat belatedly, we The first of these springs back to ment will be completely demolished present a Halloween story that came block his return, while the second by a high-explosive bomb, floors and to us recently from St. Paul. starts a motor which resets the trap. Seems that Robert Hoffman, man- walls all down in one big heap of Proceeding, the rat soon finds himself ager of the Eastman Kodak Stores in rubble, the blast knocking out ·win- faced with a choice of six stalls, any that city, submitted gaily and gen- dows and doors in near-by properties. one of which he may enter. But erously to numerous "tricks-or-treats" Yet, standing on a mantelshelf on a whatever his choice, it proves a fatal demands on that night of merrymak- remaining wall will be two or three one, for he is promptly electrocuted. ing. "When he ran out of candy," chin a or glass ornaments and a clock, untouched! writes Paul Light, St. Paul columnist, National Salon "he handed out dimes. "Again, high up on the wall of a R ECEIVED just at press time is news "Three tiny youngsters accepted a ruined house will be a mirror, un- that presages a notable photographic ten-cent piece with exclamations of broken and still serenely hanging by display at the Kodak Office. The delight. Bob was surprised when his its piece of cord on a nail ! item is as follows : doorbell rang a few minutes later. On "One of our girls had a rummy ex- "The Kodak National Salon will be the porch stood the smallest of the perience the other night. She went to held in conjunction with the regular three. call on some fri ends. There was no Kodak Camera Club Spring Exhibi- " 'Here, Mister, ' he said, handing answer when she rang the doorbell. tion. It is open to all Kodak employees Bob a coin. 'We didn't know how to She tried the door and opened it only in the United States. The Salon has split it.' to find that only the front wall of classes for black and white, 2 by 2 "Bob pocketed a shiny penny." the house was there: the rest had color transparencies, and color prints. been bombed up or down, whichever Pictures will be judged by a jury of London Notes way you prefer. Looking at the front, experts and awards . will be made for the curtains were in place, and the HUMOR AND TRAGEDY blend in much the best entries in each class. There windowpanes were intact. But the of the news that reaches us from will also be lesser awards in each inside was blown to hell! " England these days, and all of it is class in the salon. "The closing date for receiving plentifully veined with that almost Rattrap incredible English calm. Here are two entries is May 3rd. The Salon will be extracts from recent mail, the first an You MIGHT BE CONTENT to mark it on exhibition at the Kodak Office excerpt from N ews from the Outpost, down as just another of the endless early in June. Entry forms can be ob- a London publication : wonders of science, but we prefer to tained from the Kodak Camera Club, "Saturday afternoon is children's believe that somewhere in this vast and they are also available at the hour at the Hollywood cinema, and world another Rube Goldberg has Eastman Kodak Stores and the the Germans chose that moment to come to life and given us the benefit of branches.'' drop a bomb in it, with serious his ingenious mind. results- several children killed and We're alluding to a big wooden What's New many injured. affair, rather ordinary and boxlike in AMONG recent gadgets to come to the "Two children who had gone to this appearance, but most extraordinary attention of the Wall Street Journal performance failed to return home at in operation- for it's the darndest is a decorative holder that is of- the usual time. Their mother, hearing rattrap you ever saw. We ran across fered as an aid to leg-of-lamb carvers. of the tragedy, rushed to the scene, the contraption down at Kodak Park The holder grips the bone and keeps but could find no trace of them. and we'd like to tell you how it works. it from skidding. . . . Other gadgets Eventually returning home distracted, The trap- about six feet long, two mentioned included manually oper- she found the children safe and sound. feet wide, and one foot high- is placed ated push-and-pull levers instead " 'Goodness, what happened to you in a doorway or other spot where rats of oars to propel lifeboats .... An two- didn't you go to the Holly- are wont to run. There it offers the electri cally operated drawer to be wood?' unsuspecting rodent a tunnellike ap- fastened beneath a hospital bed. The erture through which he can easily " 'Oh, yes, Mother, we went there, bed's occupant can open the drawer but the Germans dropped a bomb on pass. But as he gets halfway through, by pressing a button .... A mechan- it, so we came out and went to his furry body interrupts a beam of another one.' " light playing on a photoelectric cell , ical lead pencil that is as thin as a And a letter from a Kodak Limited a circuit is broken, and a gate drops pocket comb and can be used as a employee relates realities that tax at each end of the trap. bookmark. . . . And a filing case one's credulity. Seeking escape, the trapped rat for index cards to be installed under "Some astounding things happen, now climbs a ramp, turns right, and an automobile instrument board. K 0 D A K Page 5 They Have Retired from Kodak Service

Fay W . Ager, Kodak Park Hugh E. Dooley, Kodak Park Miss Anna A . Ellor, New York Branch John A . Woods, Kodak Park

John B. Johnson, Kodak Park Edward F. Green, Kodak Park Otto Groth, Kodak Park Timothy B. Toomey, Kodak Park

J. lee Tormey, E. K. Stores, Baltimore Anthony Faifer, E. K. Stores, Chicago Charles O. Carroll, Kodak Pa rk Hen ry R. Merritt, Kodak Park Page 6 K 0 D A K It's a Gig an tic Housekeeping Job The Division of Maintenance gangs of the division of maintenance And Operation Has a Variety and operation. Of Vital Tasks to Carry Out Those heavy snows of ours find the division on the alert. Indeed, just IT's A BIG JOB however you look at it, about the time we're sweltering under this business of housekeeping for a a blistering sun, routes for street and city: miles of streets and sidewalks sidewalk plowing are being mapped must be kept clean and in repair; a by the guardians of our highways vast sewer system must be serviced ; and byways. And when the weather thousands of tons of waste must be bureau warns of an approaching collected and disposed of. . . . snowstorm, the snow-fighting forces, Performing this job in Rochester with their plows and loaders and is the division of maintenance and trucks, are ready for action at a operation. This division is a unit of moment's notice, day or night. the Department of Public Works (see The menace of icy streets is met by March KoDAK, page 3). Its large-scale spreading a mixture of rock salt and activities affect intimately the safety, cinders. Motorized flushers and sweep- health, comfort, and convenience of ers are used in regular street-cleaning every resident of the city. jobs; and throughout the summer Crisscrossing the city are 526 miles giant sprinklers do their part in of public streets- that's equal to the abatement of the dust-and-grime distance between Rochester and Louis- nmsance. ville, Kentucky-and most of them Ashes, rubbish, and garbage are are paved. Thirty bridges span the collected regularly and disposed of by Genesee, the Barge Canal, and the the division of maintenance and city's other waterways. Subjected to operation. The contents of thousands The bridges that span the city's waterways are kept enormous wear and tear by their daily of ash cans are dumped on city-owned safe by the division of maintenance and operation traffic load, these essential arteries land or used to fill in sunken areas. must be kept in good condition. Rubbish is taken to the incinerating turers, the tankage to fertilizer manu- Because Old Man Winter-remem- plant, where combustible material is facturers. ber him ?-lays a none-too-gentle burned. Garbage goes to the reduc- There's good money in garbage, hand on Rochester, street repair is tion plant, where it is "cooked," when it's gathered in mountainous carried out as far as possible during several tons at a time, and treated quantities and treated properly. Last the other months. Then, in a single with naphtha solvent to reduce it to year, 1,780,000 pounds of grease and day, the city's asphalt plant may two salable by-products: grease and a 10,000,000 pounds of tankage were deliver as much as two hundred and brown, flaky powder called tankage. sold by the city for $91,746. Inci- fifty tons of material to the repair The grease is sold to soap manufac- dentally, the waste gases produced in the rubbish-burning process at the incinerating plant pass through high- pressure steam boilers and generate steam that is used to "cook" the garbage in the reduction plant. This rather recent bit of magic on the part of the economy-minded maintenance and operation division cuts down the steam bill by more than $20,000 a year! A city's services are not all over- ground. Beneath our streets and buildings lies a complex network of tile pipes, some of them large enough to drive a car through. This is the sewer system, which carries waste from every building in the city to the sewage-treatment plants. The largest of these plants can treat nearly fifty million gallons of sewage a day. Careful supervision of sewer con- Winter's snows and frosts and rains, coupled with a heavy traffic load, mean plenty of wear and tear for struction throughout the city has the city's highways and byways. Repair work is confined as far as possible to the more seasonable months (Continued on page 15) K 0 D A K Page 7 Another Kodak Year Is Reviewed A Report to Employees on The $102,144,322, this figure including year, 27,582 Kodak employees were Company's Operations in 1940 such items as raw materials, wages insured for a total of $63,036,214. and salaries, advertising, shipping, The tax paid by the Company As WE ALL KNOW, it is the accepted and research. Provisions for United under the New York State Unem- practice among industrial corpora- States income and excess-profits taxes ployment Insurance Law last year tions to issue each year a financial and for foreign income taxes amounted was $882,089. If we assume that all statement known as the "annual to $9,173,218. This shows a marked employees leaving the service of the report." By listing therein its assets increase over the provision for 1939 Company last year were eligible for and liabilities together with a state- of $4,798,318. the maximum benefits under the law, ment of the profit or loss resulting Of the 1940 taxes, $8,661,485 was and that none of them was re-em- from operations, a company informs payable to the United States Govern- ployed within the thirteen weeks' its stockholders, its employees, and ment. This sum was equal to $3.50 benefit period, they would have re- the public in general of its progress per share of common stock, as com- ceived from the State a total of over the previous fiscal year. pared with $1.79 per share last year. $238,121, or 25.9 per cent of the But we should remember, as we Net profits for the year were amount contributed by the Company. come to examine the 38th annual $20,076,739 compared to $20,818,200 During the year, sickness benefits report of the Eastman Kodak Com- in 1939. amounting to $447,231 were paid to pany, that a financial statement Kodak employees. cannot, alone, tell the whole story of National Defense One hundred and forty-four em- a company's operations. There are Some attention must be given to ployees retired during the year under very important aspects of any com- the numerous defense orders which the provisions of the retirement plan, pany's business that cannot be repre- the Company is undertaking to fulfill bringing to 637 the number of former sented in dollars and cents. for our government. At the time this employees now receiving monthly Thus, in the Company's annual is written, these defense orders have retirement benefits. report, we find no mention of the reached a total of approximately During last year, 18,606 employees public good will and confidence in $35,000,000 and it is probable that were granted a total of 26,054 weeks Eastman products which enters into this figure will be increased as time of vacation with full pay. every sale we make. Nor can this goes on. It will undoubtedly take In recognition of their loyal service, annual report evaluate the spirit of several years to completely fill this the employees shared in the Com- the Company's employees and the extended list of contracts. A new pany's 1940 success to the extent of high order of workmanship that lies seven-story building at Hawk-Eye, $2,396,045, paid in the form of wage behind the reputation of Kodak designed to handle the Government's dividends on March 24th of this year. products. Nor is it possible to esti- increased demand for optical equip- The rate of the wage dividend is mate the value to employees, to the ment, is nearing completion, while dependent upon the amount of divi- community, and to the national the existing production facilities of dends declared each year on the economy of the Company's continued other Kodak plants are being widely common stock of the Company. efforts to stabilize the rate of produc- used for expediting defense contracts. tion and so of employment through- Normal production schedules have, New Products out the year. naturally, been somewhat affected in Highlighting Kodak progress in the All of these factors, though they do many instances. photographic world was the new not lend themselves to strict financial The Company is proud of the Kodak Ektra, a superb 35-millimeter analysis, contribute in a very impor- extensive contributions which it and camera introduced to the public early this year. Displaying features never tant way to successful operations. its employees are privileged to make before offered, this miniature-type to the national defense program. It Sales and Profits in 1940 Kodak has been aptly termed the has entered wholeheartedly into this "world's most distinguished camera." Sales of the Company and its work and, in line with its policy dur- wholly owned subsidiaries amounted ing the last war, it has voluntarily The British Children to $122,618,828, an increase of 9Yz per limited itself in regard to the profits During 1940, employees and the cent over the sales of these same which may accrue from such con- Company joined in a spirit of unself- companies in 1939. These figures do tracts. ish co-operation to bring the children not take in the operations of Kodak of Kodak Limited employees to the companies outside the Western Hemi- Service to Employees safety of America. When the Com- sphere since the troubled interna- Under the group-insurance plan, panysought last summer to find homes tional situation makes it impossible $279,777 was paid to the beneficiaries amorig its Rochester employees to obtain complete figures from the of 117 Kodak employees. In the for these children, the response was foreign plants and branches. The cost twelve years that this plan has been generous and immediate. One hun- of production and distribution within in operation, $2,152,254 has been dred and fifty-six British children are the Western Hemisphere came to paid to beneficiaries. At the end of the now settled in their foster homes here. Kodak's BalancE (As of Deceml ASSETS

Cash Needed to pay for raw materials; manufacturing facilities; heat and light; building maintenance; to pay wages and salaries and employee benefits; and to meet many other expenses: $ 30,548,050

Mark etable Bonds Investments of funds not immediately needed by the Company, but and Stocks which are readily available: 18,261 ,911

Accounts and Bills Money owed to the Company for goods which have been sold but are Receivable not yet paid for : 13,053,049

Inven tories Raw materials and supplies on hand, goods in production, and finished goods not yet sold: 39,027,651

Investments in Sub- This includes money invested in companies in the British Isles, Con- sidiary Companies tinental Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australasia, together with advances and Branches to them: 23,460,989

Other Investments This includes advances to customers which are not due until after 1941; and Advances funds advanced and invested in the Kodak Employees' Association and in employees' home projects; and marketable securities which the law obliges us to deposit with the workmen's compensation commissions: 2,158,182

Land, Buildings, The Company's investment in the buildings we work in. Buildings and Plant, and equipment wear out and provision must be made during their ·useful Machinery life for their eventual replacement. After deducting the amount of this provision, the value of our land, buildings, and equipment is the figure shown: 86,535,757

Deferred Charges to Prepaid insurance, prepaid taxes, etc. Since this item represents things 706,519 Future Operations paid for but not yet used, it is an asset:

Total Assets $213,752,108

What the Company Owns Sheet for 1940 28th, 1940) LIABILITIES

Accounts Payable This item shows what the Company owes for materials, supplies, power, heat and light, and other expenses: $ 6,586,214

Wage Dividend This amount was set aside from 1940 earnings for payment to employees on March 24th, 1941: 2,396,045

Provision for Taxes Set aside on the books to pay federal, state, and local taxes which were unpaid at the end of the year: 11,579,395

Dividends Payable Money due to the 42,191 stockholders of the Company and paid on January 2nd, 1941, in return for t he use of the money they have invested in the Company: 3,806,505

Reserves Set aside on the books over a period of years as a protection against losses which cannot be foreseen. Workmen's compensation and various insurance reserves are included: 26,206,945

Capital Stock and Representing the original investments made by the stockholders to Paid-in Surplus provide the buildings, equipment, and working capital which make our jobs possible: 124,479,722

Earned Surplus This item is not a specific sum set aside in a bank but represents assets which keep the business going: buildings, machinery, operating funds, and so on. It has been derived from the investments made by stock- holders and it represents a portion of past years' profits that has been retained in the Company to provide for manufacturing and operating 38,697,282 faci lities. This policy of building a surplus has made expansion possible:

Total Liabilities $213,752,108

What the Company Owes Page 10 K 0 D A K

"The Good Earth" Diamonds are employed for cutting and grinding; silica, for glass and lenses. Magnesium finds important As LONG 'As HISTORY has recorded the activities of Man, it has told of his digging below the ground in search of use in insulation; and calcium, in refrigeration. the buried treasures of the earth. Gold, silver, diamonds, The rarer elements are on Eastman's shopping list, copper, and tin were among the minerals known in too- platinum, uranium, radium, and tantalum being ancient times. So important were the uses of certain more or less frequently used for special purposes. minerals that periods of time in the life history of man- Contrasted with these rare elements are those products kind have been named for them. Thus, we speak of the of the mines which reach Kodak in huge quantities. Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. Coal, of course, heads the list with several thousands of It is very unlikely that future historians will name this carloads a year. Iron and steel in various forms fill more epoch of ours for a single mineral, for today we find our than a hundred and fifty cars a year, while soda and industries and, in turn, our standards of living dependent sodium compounds arrive at the rate of almost five to a large extent on all the minerals of the earth. Silver carloads a week. and gold serve as our monetary standards of exchange It would require a great deal of space to list the sources (see page 3). Iron ore, tin, copper, zinc, nickel, lead, and other metals supply the materials for our tools and the of all these minerals used by the Eastman Kodak Com- products of our industries. Nonmetallic minerals, such pany. Most of our tin comes from the Dutch East as sulphur and potassium, are indispensable to the oper- Indies. Industrial diamonds are mined in South Africa. ations and processes of manufacturing. Sulphur and the phosphates are widely distributed over Nowhere is this dependency on minerals more striking the earth, our supply being largely domestic in origin. than within our own industry. Merely to read over the The potassium minerals are also supplied for the most part from within the country. formulas of Eastman developers or to run down the list of Eastman chemicals is enough to make one quickly Behind all these minerals, these basic compounds of realize the importance of minerals in photography. the elements from which the universe is fashioned, lies Sodium compounds, potassium, borax, tungsten, and a long story of prospecting and digging deep into the phosphorus are among the more important on the list. tough hide of old Mother Earth. From shafts sunk into The emulsions of our photographic papers and fi lms mountainsides, thrust beneath desert lands, and even are rendered light-sensitive by the presence of silver bored through the ocean floor come the precious minerals compounds for which there appears to be no substitute. which men have converted into thousands of products.

Local Philanthropies Participating in Rochester Community Chest (See story on next page)

Association for the Blind of Rochester Jewish Home for the Aged Rochester Guidance Center Baden Street Settlement of Rochester Jewish Welfare Council St. Ann's Home for the Aged Baptist Home of Monroe County Jewish Young Men's and Women's Associa- St. Elizabeth Guild House Charles Settlement House tion St. John's Home for the Aged Church Home Legal Aid Society of Rochester St. Mary's Boys' Home Columbus Youth Association Lewis Street Center St. Mary's Hospital Convalescent Hospital for Children Milk in Schools Committee St. Patrick's Girls' Home Council of Social Agencies Rochester Catholic Charities Salvation Army Family Society of Rochester Rochester Children's Nursery Travelers Aid Society of Rochester Genesee Hospital Rochester Chapter-American National Red Tuberculosis and Health Association- Genesee Institute Cross Rochester Committee Rochester Community Home for Girls Highland Hospital of Rochester Vacation Home-Council of Jewish Women Hillside Home for Children Rochester Council-Boy Scouts of America Visiting Nurse Association Humane Society of Rochester Rochester Council-Girl Scouts Young Men's Christian Association Industrial Workshops Rochester Friendly Home Young Women's Christian Association Jewish Children's Home Rochester General Hospital Youth Service Bureau K 0 D A K Page ll A Common Fund for Community Needs The Chest System Introduced AN ORGANIZATION CHART OF THE ROCHESTER COMMUNITY CHEST Efficient Methods to Financing Of Social-Welfare Enterprises

lN EVERY COMMUNITY there are SOCial- welfare problems that cannot be adequately dealt with by federal, state, or municipal agencies alone. The larger the community, the more numerous and diverse are these problems. Care of the aged, of children, of the sick, promotion of health and provision of character-building and recreational facilities-these are re- sponsibilities that demand various services: hospitals, clinics, nursing societies, social settlements, arts- This well-knit organization, the directors and committee members of which donate their services, in- and-crafts centers-to name but a sures efficiency and economy in the financing of the community's varied social-welfare enterprises few of the more obvious. methods into the financing of social- it in accordance with a defini te budget Mr. Citizen Responds welfare enterprises was needed- if procedure for the assistance of the The availability and success of such only for the sake of Mr. Citizen's social-welfare agencies that are affil- services in any community depend to peace of mind, not to mention his iated with them. a large extent upon the interest and much-worn pocketbook. How the Community Chest of a active support of private citizens. large city operates is well exemplified Early Organizations Thus, of the six thousand hospitals by the Rochester organization, which in the United States some forty-five Formation of the Associated Chari- ranks among the leading Chests in the hundred are maintained in large part ties in Denver in 1887 was the first country. This chest is under the by donations. Again, many nursing step in that direction: a collective supervision of a full-time manager, associations have to rely upon private drive on behalf of the city's social- who is responsible to a board of aid to supplement their income. And welfare agencies cut down the number directors that is comprised of 40 such meritorious youth-welfare activ- of appeals by 23 in that year alone. representative citizens. There are, ities as the Boy Scouts, the Girl But it was not until1918, when "War in addition, an executive committee Scouts, and the "Y's" are so financed. Chests" were organized in some four of 15 members, a budget committee of hundred communities to meet emer- 10 members, a trust committee of Outmoded Methods gency needs, that the merit of a single 9 members, and a survey committee yearly campaign as opposed to many For many years, the financing of of 7 members. The directors and individual drives was demonstrated social-welfare services was a haphaz- committee members donate their beyond all doubt. ard, and even annoying, procedure. services. Each agency in a community con- So well did the War Chests prove A single yearly campaign takes the ducted its own money-raising cam- their worth that they became the place of numerous, and often compet- paign, and in the larger cities this Community Chests of today, num- ing, appeals. The actual cost of the meant as many as fifty different bering upwards of five hundred in campaign is fractional compared with appeals in a single year. Obviously, every part of the United States. Their what it would be if each social-welfare some device for introducing efficient job is raising money and distributing (Continued on page 16)

Children''S Homes for Service to Hospitals Other Health Settlement Youth Scouts. Protective Co-ordination

Service the Aged Families Services Houses Associations Agencies and Resea rch Agencies Distribution of Funds

How each cent of the contributor's dollar is allotted by the Rochester Community Chest is shown in above drawing. Administration expenses are notably low Page 12 K 0 D A K 1940 in the World of Photography Noting Highlights of the Year One ew York firm is said to have charges could be made on a 100-foot In Scientific and Other Fields made more than 50,000 wash-off roll of film). At the New York Public relief prints from color films during Library, where 130,000 pages of news- Condensed from a review that appears the year. Saluted as the "world's larg- papers have been recorded on micro- in the "New International Y ear Book," est Kodachrome photography job," film , important music manuscripts by kind permission of the publisher, the was a paint-and-color guide that con- were being microphotographed. This tained 236 reproductions, many of Funk & Wagnalls Company. Author method was being used, too, in de- them full-page size. (See June, 1940, partment stores, to record sales. of the review is Glenn E. Matthews, KoDAK, page 13.) For the graphic-arts fi eld, new of the R esearch Laboratories. First large-scale use of Kodachrome panchromatic and orthochromatic A NOUNCEMENT of an improved, sheet film for field investigation of films and plates were introduced. The rapid method of Kodachrome process- glacial terrain was made by Bradford Hartford (Connecticut) N ewsdaily made its bow as the first metropolitan ing marked the most significant Washburn, in his Ninth Alaskan Expedition. daily newspaper to be produced advance in the color field during the The microfilm method of recording entirely by offset photography. About year. Processing is accomplished by a and copying has become increasingly 50 per cent of the editorial space was continuous treatment on a single important. In the National Draft devoted to illustrations. Readers of machine, instead of on three machines Lottery, two Recordak Juniors were the Seattle Times for May 4th, 1940, with drying operations between each employed to record the numbers. In saw the first natural-color news treatment, as required heretofore. addition, enlarged prints were made photograph to appear in the news Indicating the ever-increasing use of each record, and from these prints section of any Pacific J orth west of color by both amateurs and pro- photo-offset plates were made for newspaper. fessionals, the Photographic Dealer distribution to the 6,175 local draft Specially coated lenses, fitted to projectors in all theaters showing reported that sale of color film in boards. (See December, 1940, KODAK, "Gone With The Wind," gave the 16-millimeter and 8-millimeter sizes page 13.) screen image greater detail , better to movie-makers had, for the first The Gary, Indiana, Public Library contrast, and freedom from color time, exceeded that of black-and- was using the micro-file system for degradation. white film. charging all books (about 7,000 A special stereophonic sound dem- onstration was staged at Carnegie Hall on April 9th, 1940. It included orchestra selections, organ music, an opera scene, and choral singing- all reproduced from a photographic rec- ord on film . Four sound tracks were recorded on the film, three of them music, and the fourth for volume control. Ten-times amplification of the original sound volume was claimed.

''Fantasia'' Premiere of Walt Disney's "Fan- tasia" was held in New York in November. For t his unique musical cartoon, 420,000 feet of film were used to record several orchestra selections; and from this footage, 28,000 feet were chosen for the picture. The sound was printed on a separate film from that used for the picture, and a complex sound-reproduction system was employed. Another interes ting development in the motion-picture fi eld was the release of equipment and sound film for nickel-in-the-slot motion pictures. A survey made by the motion-pic- This is a Royal Air Force reconnaissance photograph of an aerodrome on the Continent. The letters ture division of the U.S. Department indicate vital targets that are identified in the original legend: refueling points at A, aircraft on ground of Commerce revealed that 65,000 of at H, ammunition store at E, and so on. British Official Photograph No. C-543 (Crown Copyright Reserved) the 67 ,000 motion-picture theaters K 0 D A K Page 13

means of identification of individuals and, therefore, a valuable supplement to the fingerprint method. Radiography was in increasing de- mand by leading jewelers as a means of identifying natural, cultured, and synthetic pearls. A new high-speed x-ray technique was developed by Westinghouse, permitting radiographs of objects moving at high speed. (See November, 1940, KoDAK, page 1 .)

The Latest in Films New films introduced during the year included: high-speed, fine-grain, motion-picture film; high-contrast orthochromatic and panchromatic film for the graphic arts; and a film of very high speed for use with the new commercial gaseous-discharge lamp. A fast panchromatic film that could Photography aids plane production: fitting airplane parts directly on aluminum photograph of layout draw- be developed directly to a positive ing. The original layout was photographed and then projected onto large sheets of aluminum alloy which had received a photosensitive coating. Reproduced by the courtesy of the Glenn L. Martin Company transparency was offered for use in miniature cameras. in the world were equipped for sound. graph steam jets traveling 1,500 miles Color photography with Koda- Approximately 17,000 motion-picture per hour, as they hit a turbine blade chrome was said to have been made theaters were in operation in the making 3,600 revolutions per minute. more flexible by the production of United States during the year. The behavior of turbine blades, under blue-coated flash lamps, which could The first educational film in Koda- 1,250 pounds of steam pressure at be used either to supplement daylight chrome, "How Birds Feed Their 900 degrees Fahrenheit, was studied or for night pictures. Young," was announced by the by this means for the first time. The Kodatron Lamp for ultra- Eastman Kodak Company. (See De- Furnishing of cameras to brand in- speed photography was introduced. cember, 1940, KODAK, page 12.) spectors of the Wyoming Stock Grow- The lamp features a long-li ved, gas- A color television demonstration ers' Association quickly resulted in filled flash tube that gives extremely was conducted in New York by the recovery and restoration to their bright flashes of an effective duration ColumbiaBroadcastingSystem. Beach owners of many heads of cattle. of 1/ 30,000 of a second. It is intended and garden scenes on 16-millimeter Enlarged photographs of the retina primarily for commercial, portrait, color film were transmitted. "Vecto- of the eye were suggested by Dr. illustrative, news, medical, and tech- graphs," a method of stereoscopic J. R. Dean, of the American Opto- nical photography. (See October, photography, was described by Edwin metric Association, as an accurate 1940, KoDAK, page 15.) H. Land, the inventor of Polaroid. In a Vectograph, two different images in black and white can be superposed on a single surface for viewing through Polarizing spectacles. The Kodak Research Laboratories announced that photographs made with the Electron Microscope had revealed the structure of a silver grain in a photographic image to be of a filamentary nature, rather than coke- like in structure. (See January KoDAK, page 13.) High-speed stop-motion photog- raphy with the Edgerton stroboscopic camera revealed that some droplets from a sneeze were sprayed into the air at speeds as high as 150 feet a second and traveled as far as twelve feet. (See November, 1940, KoDAK, page 4.) What a sneeze looks like is revealed in this picture, taken with stroboscopic light exposure, time about A special camera was used to photo- 1/ 30,000 of a second. Courtesy: M.·W. Jennison and H. E. Edgerton, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Page 14 K 0 D A K

HAWK-EYE HIGHLIGHTS :Jerry Holland interplant bowling .... The Brownie and Frank Comstock, star doubles Specials finished two games ahead of Activities Calendar team of the Badminton Club, cap- the Splicers in the "A" Bowling April 10--Camera Club monthly meet- tured the Men's Doubles Champion- League. William Maslanka held hon- ing and talk by Wescott Burlingame, ship in the Rochester District Bad- ors for both high-single and high- "Indoors with Kodachrome" minton Tournament. They downed three games with scores of 269 and April 16--Camera Works supervisors' defending champions Cliff Schmidt 697. Twelve teams were still fighting bowling party, at the Elks Club and John Jung, by scores of 15-9, for first place in the Supervisors' April17- K.O.R.C. girls' annual party, 12-15, and 17-14 .. . . The Athletic League with three weeks to go. The at the Chamber of Commerce -Camera Works girls' bowling Association has elected its new officers Specials and Bantams were fighting league banquet, at the Chateau for the coming year- President, for first spot in the Girls' League. April 21- K.P.A.A. girls' bowling William Archibald; Representatives, Supermatics held a six-game lead in leagues banquet, at the Breakers Leo Green, Ann Iwaskow, William No. 2 League with Bill Lobb holding April 22-Kodak Office girls' bowling Ferron, Evelyn O'Brien, Ruth Heim, high game with a whopping 278. league banquet, at the Chateau Orner Schaubroeck, Willi Seeger, and Seniors were leading by a narrow -Kodak Office men's bowling George Mura. margin in No. 1 League .... The leagues banquet, at the Elks Club Supervisors' Annual Banquet was April 25-Kodak Office Bridge Club party, at Locust Hill Country Club CAMERA WORKS HAPPENINGS: Three held on Friday, March 14th. Ralph April 26-Hawk-Eye Athletic Associa- hundred and fifty members of the Welch acted as toastmaster. Recreation Club attended the second tion annual party April29-Kodak Office bowling leagues, card party of the season held in the KoDAK PARK ACTIVITIES: With eleven mixed-doubles tournament, at Kodak Office dining room .... The victories in twelve games, the Basket- Buonomo's Basketball Team finished fifth in the ball Team won its fifth consecutive May 1-Camera Club monthly meeting Industrial League, having lost four crown in the Rochester Industrial May 3-Camera Club, closing date for decisions by a total of five points. League. In the play-offs following spring-exhibition entries ... The Bowling Team was out the regular season, the team fell in front in the Flower City Industrial the first round to the I.B.M. five, in play starting March 25th .... League by a margin of two games with and later won the consolation round The Building 48 Team won honors in only two weeks of play remaining. by defeating Delco. The team was the Department Basketball League by Marion Rein and Hildegarde Michael- entered in the Annual Y.M.C.A. finishing its season without a single son won the doubles event and Invitation Tournament where it was loss. It was favored to cop the play- Mildred Joslin the singles, in the to defend its last year's championship offs to be held with Building 29, Testing, and Sensitometry.... The Bowling Team was to compete in the A.B.C. Tournament in St. Paul on the fifth and sixth of this month. They will compete in the State Tournament at Buffalo on May 10th-11th. Four K.P.A.A. League Bowlers had sur- vived the first three rounds of the Times-Union Classic. They were: Daniel McStravick, P. & S.; John Schilling, Tool Room; Chester Herle, Field Division 1; and George Williams, Recovery. . . . A large noontime audience enjoyed the table-tennis exhibition on March 4th. Lazlo Bellak, the trick-shot artist, Bernie Grimes, intercollegiate singles champion, and Louis Pagliaro, world's singles cham- pion gave an eye-popping display . . . . Since March lOth, the K.P.A.A. has handled distribution of expired fi lm for the personal use of employees. To Kodak Park went possession of the Sulzer Trophy, offered for the women's interplant bowling <:o mpetition. Team members were, reading from right: Edith Kelley, Clara Crary, Ruth Heisner Members can obtain film on the third (standing), Ruth Tu schong, and Irma Hamlin (extreme le ft ). Marion Matthews, K. P.A.A. assistant floor, Building 28, between noon and secretary, is standing at le ft and directly in front of her is Margaret Koetter five o'clock, Monday through Friday. K 0 D A K Page 15

Soprano are classified, not according to their enterprising farmer laid out space for range as one might suspect, but ac- stores, offices, lodge rooms, schools, cording to their timbre. and a grand ballroom. "Speaking of voice, I've had some But the railroad never came, and strange experiences with my singing," while Valentown Hall did for a time Miss Rohn recalls. "I remember the house a doctor's office, a business time I was to sing at the wedding of school, a store, and a ballroom that a friend and came down with a heavy was the scene of many social events, cold several days before. Doctoring the building never enjoyed the pros- it didn't seem to do much good and perous activity that its visionary on the morning of the wedding my builder had foreseen for it. In time, throat was in anything but good it was abandoned, to stand alone and shape. However, I did well enough- desolate for years while the rank at least there were no complaints- and brush grew higher and higher around then three hours later I lost my voice it, as if to hide its dreary emptiness completely!" from the sight of passers-by. Miss Rohn is an ardent pianist, too, But now the glories of Valentown and she shares with her sister an are being revived. Mrs. Lillian Fisher, additional hobby: collecting records of the Roll Coating Department, of classical music. Kodak Park, and her husband have Restorer bought the gaunt, weather-beaten building and are rapidly restoring it. 'WAY BACK IN 1879, when Rochester Miss Ruth Rohn: her hobby is music "We plan to use it for an antique was still but an overgrown village, a shop and museum of local history," thrifty farmer built a great three- Mrs. Fisher informs us. "Perhaps in SATISFYING INDEED is the hobby of story wooden building just off the time we may even hold dances in the Miss Ruth Rohn, of Hawk-Eye. dirt road that curved through the old ballroom on the third floor. You "Ever since I was a little girl, I have hills from Bushnell's Basin down to would be surprised at the amount of loved good music," she relates. "I Victor. interest that is being shown in our took part in many musical activities, Levi Valentine had a dream when including the Inter-High Choir, while work at Valentown. Ever since an he erected Valentown Hall at a article about it was published in a attending East High; and I earned a deserted country crossroads. It was scholarship for a year's study at the local paper last September, we've had expected that the Shawmut Railroad our hands full with week-end visitors." Eastman School of Music." would soon run a line past the site of Possessor of a fine soprano voice, Valentown, and he proposed to give Miss Rohn still studies assiduously. impetus to the development of a Every Thursday night, she practices village there by building a community with the Kodak Choral Society. "But center. In his frame structure, this when rehearsals are over," she says, with a smile, "I dash off madly so I won't miss too much of the Eastman Housekeeping Job Theatre concerts, which are held the (Continued/rom page 6) same night." resulted in a highly efficient and Miss Rohn informs us that the very economical system. Maintenance and lowest musical sound-she emphasized operation of Rochester's 624 miles of that word, "musical"- yet produced sewers last year cost $78,131, or 24¢ by the human voice is the note G for each citizen- a fractional sum below the bass stave (can you beat indeed for an essential health guard. it?). The highest, by the same token, It takes an imposing army of men is B an octave above the treble. and machines to do the city's heavy housekeeping job. At peak strength, And while no two voices are identi- the division of maintenance and cal, there are only six voice classi- operation numbers more than 2,500 fications in music: the bass, baritone, employees. Upwards of two hundred and tenor of the menfolk; and the motor-driven units, ranging from contralto, mezzo-soprano, and soprano small pumps to giant power shovels, of the women. Incidentally, voices are used in the division's daily duties. Mrs . til/ion Fisher: at a country crossroads Page 16 K 0 D A K

Kicaragua, Siam, and Indo-China. Interplant Bowling Winners While all of our metal currency or coins is produced by the Bureau of t he Mint, this division of the Treasury Department has nothing to do with the production of our paper currency or notes. These "bills," as we gen- erally refer to them, are turned out by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing.

A Common Fund (Continued from page 11) agency in the community had to stage its own campaign. Further, the chest allots the funds it collects in accord- ance with actual needs, so that every cent of the con tributor's dollar sees well-planned service. In the 23 years of its existence, the Rochester Chest has collected a total of $31,697,481 on behalf of its partici- pating agencies, in 23 annual drive::;. If Rochester had no Chest and if each agency had conducted its own annual The Camera Works team that won the Lovejoy Trophy in the annual interplant bowling competition. money-raising appeal during the same From left: Angelo Zello, William Irwin, Herbert Scheuch, Gus Swanson, and Angelo Petrillo (kneeling) period, the total number of drives would be 1,437! Beaver Skins providing for the erection of a mint (Continued from page 3) in Philadelphia-then the national Weighing the Benefits Following extensive investigations capital-and the coinage of the gold But the value of the Chest is not into the problem, Congress passed eagle ($10), half eagle, and quarter to be measured solely by its effi ciency the Coinage Act on April 2nd, 1792, eagle; the silver dollar, half dollar, as a money-raising unit. Thanks to it, quarter dollar, dime, and half dime; social-welfare agencies are enabled to and the copper cent and half cent. concentrate on improving and ex- Improvement Idea Pays Following the provisions of this Act, the first copper cent was coined tending their services, and to elim- in 1793, the first silver dollar in 1794, inate waste and duplication by co- and t he first gold eagle in 1795. operating with agencies that have Today, the Philadelphia Mint re- similar programs. mains our chief source of metal cur- During the past four years, the rency, though two others, the Denver Community Chest's survey committee and San Francisco Mints, are engaged has sponsored a series of studies, in making coins. Last year, these made by nationally known experts, three Government mints turned out to cover all of the participating 768,093,000 copper, nickel, and silver agencies. Seven of these surveys have coins with a face value of $39,994,000. been completed. Undertaken to assist In addition to executing the coin- the agencies to operate at continued age of the United States, the Bureau and improved levels of economy and of the Mint has certain other duties. effectiveness, these studies have al- It operates assay offices in various cities where assays of coin and ready proved their worth in enabling bullion are made. It refines and casts the agencies, and the contributor's bullion into bars. It strikes off special dollar, to do a better job. medals for the F ederal Government. The Community Chest plan de- And, surprisingly enough, it manu- mands careful budgeting and regular Her idea scored: Miss Eva J. Cutler, of the Yard factures coin for many foreign govern- auditing of expenditures by its mem- Department, Kodak Park, saw a way to improve the ments, this service having been em- ber agencies. Indeed, participation of parcel-pass system a.nd submitted her idea through ployed by Costa Rica, Ecuador, a social-welfare agency in the Chest the Suggestion System. Miss Cutler's suggestion was adopted, and she is shown here receiving an award San Salvador, Cuba, the Philippine is a direct assurance to the community from Clayton A. Benson, Suggestion System secretary Islands, Peru, Venezuela, Argentina, that it operates in a businesslike way. " VANTAGE POINT"

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