Dedication v Expanding U.S. Portrait Studios 27 C/3 Preface vii John Plumbe, Jr.; Southworth & Hawes; H—' Mathew B. Brady chapter one The Art of the Daguerrean Portrait 28 c Advancing Toward Carl Stelzner Photography: The Birth Daguerrean Portrait Galleries and Picture Factories 30 c of Modernity African-American Operators 32 o A Desire for Visual Representation 1 J. P. Ball Perspective 2 Rural Practice 33 O Thinking of Photography 3 Post-Mortem Portraits 34 Camera Vision 3 The Daguerreotype and the The Demand for Picturemaking Landscape 35 Systems 4 Hugh Lee Pattinson; Plan D. Babbit Proto-Photographers: Chemical Action The Daguerreotype and Science 36 of Light 4 John A. Whippie Modernity: New Visual Realities 5 chapter three Louis J. M. Daguerre Optical Devices 7 Calotype Rising: The Arrival Images Through Light: A Struggle of Photography for Permanence 8 The Calotype 40 Nicephore Niepce; John Herschel; Romantic Aesthetic 42 Henry Fox Talbot; Anna Atkins Early Calotype Activity 42 Other Distinct Originators 15 Henry Fox Talbot; Hill and Adamson; Hippolyte Bayard; Mungo Ponton; Sir William Newton; Thomas Keith Hercules Florence Calotypists Establish a Practice 47 chapter two Louis-Desire Blanquart-Evrard; Thomas The Daguerreotype: Sutton; Gustave Le Gray; Charles Negre Calotype and Architecture: Missions Image and Object heliographiques 50 What Is a Daguerreotype? 20 Henri Le Secq; Edouard Baldus; Samuel F. B. Morse Charles Marville The Daguerreotype Comes The End of the Calotype to America 22 and the Future of Photography 54 The Early Practitioners 23 chapter four D. W. Seager; John W. Draper Pictures on Glass: Early Daguerrean Portrait Making 25 Wolcott & Johnson The Wet-Plate Process Technical Improvements 27 The Albumen Process 57 John Frederick Goddard; Antoine Claudet; Frederick Scott Archer A. H. L. Fizeau The New Transparent Look 59 The Ambrotype 60 Positivism 103 Pictures On Tin 60 Dr. Hugh Welch Diamond; Thomas John Barnardo The Carte de Visite and the Photo Album 62 chapter seven A. A. E. Disderi; J. E. Mayall; J. E. Whitney Standardizing the Practice: The Cabinet Photograph: A Transparent Truth The Picture Gets Bigger 66 The Studio Tradition 68 Mechanical Photography 107 Nadar; Camille Silvy; Antoine Samuel The Traveling Camera 109 Adam-Salomon; Napoleon Sarony Maxime Du Camp; John B. Greene; Auguste Retouching and Enlargements 71 Salzmann; John Shaw Smith; Francis Frith; Robert Macpherson; James Anderson; F rate Hi Charles Piazzi Smyth Alinari; Bisson freres The Stereoscope 72 Picturing Industrialization 113 Charles Wheatstone; Antoine Claudet P. H. Delamotte; Cundall & Howlett; Edouard The Stereo Craze 73 Baldus; Camille Silvy; Samuel Bourne Oliver Wendell Holmes Urban Life 116 chapter five John Thomson; Thomas Annan The Other 118 Prevailing Events/ The American West: The Narrative Picturing Calamity and the Sublime 119 Current Events 78 C. E. Watkins; W. H. Jackson; Eadweard J. Muybridge; F. Jay Haynes; I. W. Taber Early War Coverage 79 Roger Fenton; James Robertson; chapter eight Felice Beato New Ways of Visualizing The American Civil War 81 Mathew B. Brady; Alexander Gardner; John Time and Space Reekie; T. H. O Sullivan; George N. Barnard; The Inadequacy of Human Vision 131 A. J. Russell; William Bell Locomotion 132 How Photographs Were Circulated 88 Eadweard J. Muybridge; Thomas Eakins; E. J. Marey; Ottomar Anschutz chapter six Transforming Aesthetics: Technical A New Medium of Breakthroughs 137 Communication The Hand-Held Camera and the Photography: Art or Industry? 91 Snapshot 138 Lady Elizabeth Eastlake; Mayer & Pierson George Eastman; Emile Zola Discovering a Photographic Language 93 Time and Motion as an Extended Lady Clementina Hawarden; Lady Filmer; Continuum 140 Lewis Carroll; Oscar G. Rejlander; Henry Paul Nadar Peach Robinson; Julia Margaret Cameron Moving Pictures 141 Americans and the Art of Nature 102 Thomas A. Edison; Lumiere freres Color and Photography 142 Levi L. Hill; Lumiere freres chapter nine Toward a Modem Practice: Suggesting the Subject: Distilling Form 176 Alvin Langdon Coburn; Paul Strand The Evolution of Pictorialism) Dada 181 Roots of Pictorialism 147 Exploring Space and Time: Pictorialism and Naturalism 148 The Return of the Photogram 181 P. H. Emerson Man Ray; Ldszlo Moholy-Nagy The Development of Pictorial Effect 150 Surrealism 182 George Davison Collage 183 The Secession Movement and the Max Ernst; Raoul Hausmann; Rise of Photography Clubs 150 John Heartfield; Hannah Hoch The Aesthetic Club Movement 152 Suprematism 186 Working Pictorially: A Variety Aleksandr Rodchenko of Approaches 153 Art, Technology, and a New Faith 186 Robert Demachy; Heinrich Ktihn; Morton Schamberg; Charles Sheeler Frederick H. Evans; Pierre Dubreuil Paul Strand and Straight American Perspectives 157 Photography: Purity of Use 189 Alfred Stie glitz Paul Strand The Photo-Secession 158 chapter eleven The Decadent Movement and Tonalism 159 The New Culture of Light F. Holland Day; Frank M. Sutclijfe; Teaching Modernism: The American Alvin Langdon Coburn Impulse 191 Women Pictorialists 161 Paul Outerbridge; Margaret Bourke'-White Anne W. Brigman; Gertrude Kdsebier; Stieglitz's "Equivalents" 192 Alice Boughton Alfred Stieglitz The Pictorial Epoch/The Stieglitz Steichen Goes Commercial 194 Group 162 Edward Steichen Edward Steichen; Baron de Meyer; Frank Eugene; Clarence H. White Form as Essence 195 The Decline of Pictorialism 165 Edward Weston Straight, Modernistic Photography 199 chapter ten Group f164; Ansel Adams; Imogen Modernism's Innovations Cunningham; William Mortensen Film und Foto and New Objectivity 200 Industrial Beauty 170 Albert Renger-Patzsch; Karl Blossfeldt; Cubism 171 Eugene Atget Edmond Fortier Experimentally Modern 206 High and Low Art 174 Ldszlo Moholy-Nagy; Lucia Moholy Futurism 174 New Vision 207 Anton Giulio Bragaglia; Arturo Bragaglia Florence Henri; Gydrgy Kepes; Time, Movement, and the Machine 175 Lotte Jacobi Frank B. and Lillian M. Gilbreth Pathways of Light: chapter fourteen Time, Space, and Form 210 From Halftones to Bytes Barbara Morgan; Frantisek Drtikol; Francis Bruguiere Pictures and Printer's Ink 264 Surrealistic Themes 212 The Photo Magazine 266 Hans Bellmer; George Hugnet; John Heartfield; Ernst Haas; Alfred Man Ray; Raoul Ubac Eisenstaedt chapter twelve The Separation of Art and Commerce: Advertising and Fashion 270 Social Documents Edward Steichen; Lejaren a Hiller; An American Urge: Social Uplift 218 Nickolas Muray; Cecil Beaton; Horst; Martin Munkacsi; Alexey Brodovitch; Irving Penn; Jacob A. Riis; Lewis W. Hine Richard Avedon; Him; George Hurrell; Ethnological Approaches 222 Philippe Halsman; Karsh; Arnold Newman Adam Clark Vroman; Edward S. Newspapers 278 Curtis; Frances Benjamin Johnston; Weegee E. J. Bellocq; Tina Modotti War Reportage 280 Emerging Ethnic Consciousness 229 Robert Capa; David Seymour; Lee Miller; W. Richard Throssel; Horace Poolaw; Eugene Smith; Cornell Capa; Don McCullin; James VanDerZee; Eudora Welty Larry Burrows; Eddie Adams The Physiognomic Approach 231 The New Subjective Journalism 287 Thomas Byrnes; August Sander Martin Parr; Susan Meiselas; Mary The Great Depression: Ellen Mark; Sebastido Salgado; James The Economics of Photography 233 Nachtwey; Richard Drew Roy Stryker; Dorothea Lange; Walker Evans; Bytes of News 291 Arthur Rothstein; Russell Lee; Ben Shahn; Gordon Parks; Marion Post The FAP Project: Changing chapter fifteen New York 241 The Atomic Age: New Light/ Berenice Abbott; Roman Vishniac Fresh Methods The Photo Booth: Self-Portraits Ansel Adams for All 242 The Surrealistic Metaphor 298 Mass-Observation 243 Clarence John Laughlin; Frederick Humphrey Spender Sommer; Val Telberg The Film and Photo League 244 The Photograph as Spirit 301 Sid Grossman; Aaron Siskind Minor White chapter thirteen Photo Education as Self-Expression 303 Nabbing Time Harry Callahan; Aaron Siskind; fotoform Family of Man 305 Anticipating the Moment 248 Wynn Bullock J. H. Lartigue; Erich Salomon; Photography and Alienation 307 Andre Kertesz; Brassai'; Henri Cartier- Bresson; Bill Brandt; Manuel Alvarez Bravo; Robert Frank; William Klein; Mario Lisette Model; Helen Levitt; Wright Morris; Giacomelli; Josef Koudelka Harold E. Edgerton; Felix H. Man Making a Big Jump 310 Personal Accounts: Documentary Henry Holmes Smith; Edwin H. Land; Richard Fiction 349 Hamilton; Wallace Berman Ralph Eugene Meatyard; Les Krims; The Subjective Documentary 314 Lucas Samaras; Ralph Gibson; Larry Clark; Michael Lesy; Eugene Richards Robert Doisneau; Roy DeCarava; Eliot Porter; Paul Caponigro The Snapshot 355 The Terror of Riches 317 Emmet Gowin; Judy Dater; Elliott Erwitt; Burk Uzzle; Bill Owens chapter sixteen Post-Structuralism / New New Frontiers: Expanding Topographies 357 Boundaries Ed Ruscha; Lewis Baltz; Robert Adams The Rephotographic Survey Structuralism: Reading a Photograph 320 Project/Time Changes 359 The Found Image: The Beginnings Milton Rogovin of Postmodernism 322 Color Rising 360 Robert Rauschenberg William Eggleston; Stephen Shore; Joel The Rise of Pop Art 322 Meyerowitz; Jan Groover; John Pfahl; Joel Sternfeld; Mark Cohen William S. Burroughs; Andy Warhol; Marshall McLuhan Artists' Books 365 Challenging the Code 325 Joan Lyons Art Sinsabaugh; Syl Labrot Reconfiguring Information 366 The Social Landscape 326 Ruth Thorne-Thomsen; David Levinthal Garry Winogrand; Lee Friedlander; Expanding Markets 368 Diane Arbus Critical Writing 369 New Journalism 330 Bruce Davidson; Danny Lyon chapter eighteen Multiple Points of View 333 Thinking About Photography Duane Michals; Nathan Lyons; Conceptual Art: The Act of Choosing 373 Ray K. Metzker; Jerry Uelsmann; Robert Heinecken Nam June Paik; John Baldessari The Rapid Growth of Photographic Performance Art 376 Education 337 Bruce Nauman; Arnulf Rainer; Anselm Kiefer; Gerhard Richter; Chuck Close Christian Boltanski; Gilbert and chapter seventeen George; William Wegman Changing Realities: A Return to Typologies 379 Bernd and Hilla Becher; Alternative Visions Robert Cumming New Approaches 342 Postmodernism 382 Robert W. Fichter; Doug Prince; Bart Parker; Paul Berger; MANUAL Naomi Savage; Sonia Landy Sheridan; Deconstructing Myths 386 Thomas Barrow; William Larson Richard Prince; Sherrie Levine; Mike Mandel Turning the Straight Photograph and Larry Sultan; Barbara Kruger on Itself 346 Gender Matters 388 Kenneth Josephson; Joseph Jachna; Judith Golden; Cindy Sherman; Robbert Flick; Barbara Crane Eileen Cowin; Laurie Simmons Fabrication 391 A Personal Cultural Landscape 410 James Welling; Carl Chiarenza; James Richard Misrach; Edward Burtynsky; Casebere; Sandy Skoglund; Olivia Parker; Robert & Shana ParkeHarrison Joel-Peter Witkin; Patrick Nagatani and The Digital Future Is Now 413 Andree Tracey; Philip-Lorca diCorcia; Jeff Wall Andreas Gursky; Nancy Burson; Barry Frydlender; Gregory Crewdson; Pedro Altering Time and Space 395 Meyer; Thomas Demand Hollis Frampton and Marion Faller; The Postphotographic Age 423 Barbara Kasten; David Hockney; Michael Spano; Holly Roberts; Doug and Mike Starn; Abelardo Morell Bibliography 427 Investigating the Body 398 Individual Artists 433 Andres Serrano; Robert Mapplethorpe; Technology 441 John Coplans; Nan Goldin; Jock Sturges; Sally Mann; Lauren Greenfield Sources of Artists' Books 443 Multiculturalism: Exploring Website Bibliography 445 Identity & History 402 Credits 447 Dinh Q. Le; Dawoud Bey; Stephen Marc; Index 453 Guerrilla Girls; Jo Spence; Fazal Sheikh; Jolene Rickard; Clarissa T. Sligh; Carrie Mae Weems; Lorna Simpson; Kara Walker; KrzysztofWodiczko; W. G. Sebald; Liu Zheng