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Statements Fonts & Schrift-Lizenzen Ö K AXH O ARBEITSHILFE SCHRIFTVERWENDUNG 5.0 AKTUELLE INFORMATIONEN rund um das Thema Schriften, Fonts und Typografie OOO J X seite 1 139 kapitel 1.0 2.0X 3.0X 4.0 O5.0 6.0 X 7.0 8.0 9.0 10 11 12 13 14 INHALT Inhalt 02 Einleitung 03 Kapitel 1 Schriftentwicklung: Von Gutenbergs Bleiletter zum digitalen Font 05 Kapitel 2 Technics: Alles ist unterschiedlich (Typo und Betriebssysteme) 11 Kapitel 3 Juristisches: Was darf man mit Fonts? 19 Kapitel 4 Statements Fonts & Schrift-Lizenzen 27 Kapitel 5 OpenType: Anwender-Reife (fast) gelungen 32 Kapitel 6 Schriften im Internet 40 Kapitel 7 Schriftverwaltung 46 Kapitel 8 Hersteller 54 Kapitel 9 Internationalisierung 66 Kapitel 10 Geschichte der Typografie 75 Kapitel 11 Schriftklassifikation 84 Kapitel 12 Schriften und Crossmedia-Publishing 97 Kapitel 13 Typografie und Farben 110 Kapitel 14 Pflicht oder Kür? Typo-Regeln 123 Kooperationspartner 138 Impressum 139 seite 2 139 kapitel 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10 11 12 13 14 Arbeitshilfe Schriftverwendung | Einleitung EINLEITUNG Das Handling digitaler Schriftfonts gestaltet sich angesichts neuer Publikationsmöglichkeiten zunhe- mend komplizierter. Das Arbeiten mit digitalen Schriftfonts nimmt systemsschriften sind Zeichensätze, die auf 16 Bit immer vielschichtere Ausmaße an. Beherrschte und dem Standard Unicode basieren, mittlerweile die Druckvorstufe vor fünfzehn Jahren gerade mal nicht mehr Ausnahme, sondern die Regel. Hinzu die einigermaßen sichere Ausgabe von PostScript- kommen die neuen Entwicklungen im Internet: Schriften, führt das multimediale Produzieren in Sachen kommunikative Beteiligung (Stichwort: heutiger Tage zu neuen Problem-Konstellationen. Web 2.0), typografisch und nicht zuletzt auch bei Agenturen müssen Projekte nicht nur "zielsicher" der Distribution und Vermarktung digitaler Schrif- zur Druck-Reife führen, sondern zunehmend auch ten selbst. Auch juristisch werfen die neuen Formen multimedial aufbereiten: PDF-Ansichtsdaten für des Online-Publishings neue Fragen auf. Kunden, Inhalte, die ins Web gestellt oder auf einem Fragen zu unterschiedlichen Lizenzaspekten waren Datenträger wie CD oder DVD publiziert werden, ein wesentlicher Anstossgeber für die vorliegen- sind im Publishing mittlerweile normaler Alltag. de "Arbeitshilfe Schriftverwendung". Fragen: Was Die aktuellen Produktionsweisen werfen eine Reihe dürfen Sie als Productioner, Grafiker – schlichtweg von Fragen auf. Veränderungen gibt es auch bei als Anwender oder Anwenderin – mit lizenzierten den Schriften selbst. Neue (und interessante) Fonts Schriftfonts konkret anfangen? Ein kritischer Blick erscheinen fast im Monats-Turnus. Stilistisch hat auf die Lizenzbestimmungen, welche die Schrift- sich der Trend zur kompakten, großangelegten Anwendung konkret regeln, ist dabei ebenso von- Lösung verstärkt: Weitverzweigte Schriftsippschaf- nöten wie eine thematische Aufbereitung alter und ten wie etwa die Rotis oder die Thesis sind immer neuer Praxis-Unklarheiten. Beispiele: Font-Mit- stärker im Kommen. Im Mittelpunkt der Diskussi- gabe bei Ausbelichtungen oder Font-Embedding on steht aktuell jedoch vor allem das Format Open- in PDFs. Den – teilweise widersprüchlichen und Type. Ein neuer Standard? Auch bei den Betriebs- uneinheitlichen – Lizenz-Auslegungen geschuldet: seite 3 139 kapitel 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10 11 12 13 14 Arbeitshilfe Schriftverwendung | Einleitung Ein juristischer Ratgeber kann diese Arbeitshilfe nicht sein. Eher schon eine Landkarte, die Ihnen als Anwender nach bestem Gewissen Auskunft gibt über die im Umgang mit Fonts zu beachtenden "Hot Spots": wo es möglich ist, mit konkreten Hin- weisen, wie diverse Stolpersteine zu umgehen oder zu vermeiden sind. Ziel dieser professionellen Online-Hilfe sollte nicht nur ein juristisch unbeschwerterer und technisch versierterer Umgang mit digitalen Schriften sein, sondern auch ein kreativer freier Kopf – nicht zuletzt auch für eine ästhetisch kompetente und zum jeweiligen Job passende Schrift-Auswahl. Günter Schuler seite 4 139 kapitel 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10 11 12 13 14 Arbeitshilfe Schriftverwendung | Schriftentwicklung 01 SCHRIFTENTWICKLUNG Von Gutenbergs Bleiletter zum digitalen Font Die Feststellung, dass sich Berufsfelder verändern, gelehrt. Basiswissen und Fortgeschrittenen-Kennt- ist angesichts der rasant fortschreitenden Verän- nisse sind seit Mitte der Achtziger, dem Beginn der derung in der Druckindustrie fast eine Untertrei- sogenannten "DTP-Revolution", laufenden Verän- bung. Schriftsetzer heißen heute genreübergreiend derungen ausgesetzt. Ein Ende der Entwicklung ist Mediengestalter; statt solidem Handwerk in Blei nicht abzusehen; das neue Branchen-Schlagwort heisst die Herausforderung der Zukunft multi- lautet: multimediales Publizieren. Fünfzehn Jahre mediales Gestalten. Wie sich die stattfindenden nach der Etablierung von DTP hat das Internet, Veränderungen auf die Handhabung von Schriften selbst eine Erfindung der Neunziger, bereits neue niedergeschlagen haben, untersucht der folgende Verwendungsfelder geschaffen für die Anwendung Beitrag. von Schriften. Parallel dazu verändert sich auch das technische Handling von Schriftfonts. Zu den klas- "Digital in motion" - Satz-Branche in sischen Formaten PostScript und TrueType-Font Veränderung sowie den systembedingten Inkompatibilitäten ist Schon traditionell ist die Typografie ein Zwitterge- mittlerweile ein neues Format gestoßen – Open- schöpf: ein Drittel solides Schriftsatz-Handwerk, Type. OpenType-Schriften versprechen eine ein- ein Drittel Computertechnik und ein Drittel krea- fachere, kompakte Handhabung auf unterschiedli- tive Grafik. Das Basiswissen gehört zum traditio- chen Betriebssystemen und bei unterschiedlichen nellen Ausbildungskanon in Druck und Druckvor- Sprachausstattungen. Zudem bringen sie ein weite- stufe, weiterführende wissenschaftliche Grundla- res Thema (wieder) in die Diskussion: edeltypogra- gen, Historie sowie grafikdesignerische Kenntnisse fische Finessen. werden an Fachhochschulen und Kunstakademien Alte Tradition digital dargestellt: Die Bleisatzkasten-Szene wurde im 3D-Erstellungsprogramm Cinema 4D der Firma Maxon komponiert. Die Spot-Bewegungsunschärfe steu- erte Photoshop bei. seite 5 139 kapitel 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10 11 12 13 14 Arbeitshilfe Schriftverwendung | Schriftentwicklung "Digital in motion" – wie es ein Sammelband zur Satzbranche sowie den "Umgang mit Schrift" hat- typografischen Entwicklung auf den Punkt zu ten sie indes ebenso. bringen versuchte? Betrachtet man die technische Entwicklung des Genres Schriftsatzes von der Gutenbergs Vermächtnis: "Altlast" Bleisatz grossen historischen Warte aus, relativieren sich Bereits die grundlegende Innovation – die legen- die gegenwärtigen Veränderungen. Innovationen däre Erfindung der beweglichen Bleiletter durch verschiedenster Natur waren schon seit jeher der Gutenberg – wirkt sich mehr auf die Alltagsarbeit Treibstoff der Fortentwicklung. Die zunehmend in QuarkXpress und InDesign aus, als mancher digitalisierten Arbeitsabläufe, beginnend mit der Anwender annimmt. Adobe Garamond, Helvetica DTP-Revolution und weitergeführt im World oder auch digitale Fraktur-Exponate basieren auf Wide Web, werden vielerorts verglichen mit der Schriftmodellen, die ursprünglich für das Gies- Innovation des legendären Meisters aus Mainz: sen in Blei erstellt wurden. Das Vervielfältigen Johannes Gutenberg. Was Tiefe und Konsequen- von Dokumenten, Texten und Schriften, wie wir zen der stattfindenden Veränderungen angeht, mag es heute kennen, wäre ohne die Basis-Innovation diese Wertung stimmen. Sieht man sich die tech- Gutenbergs – die Erfindung beweglicher Bleilet- nologische Entwicklung im Schriftsatz seit 1450 tern – gar nicht denkbar. allerdings genauer an, ändert sich das Bild. Ent- Vom Bleisatz zum Beimaschinensatz zum Fotosatz wicklungsschübe, Erfindungen und Verbesserungen zum Computersatz. In Blei gegossene Schrift- fanden eher stetig statt als abrupt. Für die techno- Typen, teilweise noch in traditioneller Fraktur, logische Entwicklung der Satz-Branche sind dar- teilweise bereits in "moderner" Antiqua, standen über hinaus nicht zwei Schübe relevant (Erfindung am Anfang dieser Entwicklung. Konsequenz dieser des beweglichen Drucks 1450 und Digitalisierung um das Jahr 1450 stattfindenden Revolution: die der Arbeitsabläufe ab 1985), sondern vier. Zwar bis dato üblichen handschriftlichen Vervielfälti- kann man die dazwischenliegenden Erfindungen gungsverfahren werden obsolet; für die Geschichte Bleisatzmaschine und Fotosatz als Zwitter abtun; der modernen Medien ist die Neuzeit eingeläutet. wesentliche Veränderungen auf die Struktur der Zwei technische Einzelinnovationen markieren gut Der Schriftschöpfer Giambattista Bodo- ni (1740–1813) spielt mit diversen Bodoni-Versionen auch im digitalen Publishing noch eine Rolle. seite 6 139 kapitel 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10 11 12 13 14 Arbeitshilfe Schriftverwendung | Schriftentwicklung 400 Jahre später den Übergang vom Handwerk Die Ära der schweren Satzcomputer: Fotosatz zur Industrie. Erfindung Nummer eins ist die Stärker als Bleisatzmaschinen, die zunächst vor Satzmaschine. 1885 meldet Tolbert Lanston seine allem Umstellungen in Grossbetrieben zur Folge "Monotype"-Satzmaschine als Patent an; ein Jahr haben, rüttelt der Fotosatz an den Arbeitsbedin- später folgt Otmar Mergenthaler mit seiner "Lino- gungen in der Druckindustrie. Im Gegensatz zu type". Lanstons Einzelbuchstaben-Satzmaschine den Gerätschaften Marke Monotype und Linotype, und Mergenthalers Zeilensatzgerät
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