Notes

Notes to Chapter 1

1. Lord David Cecil's discussion of Gaskell in Early Victorian Novelists (: Constable, 1934) is a notorious example of devaluing a writer by reference to her femininity: 'she was all a woman was expected to be; gentle, domestic, tactful, unintelledual, prone to tears, easily shocked. So far from chafing at the limits imposed on her activities, she accepted them with serene satisfaction' (p. 198). The first writer to give extended treatment to Gaskell's involvement in feminism is Aina Rubenius in The Woman Question in Mrs Gaskell's Life and Work (Uppsala: Lundequistka Bokhandeln, 1950). 2. Raymond Williams finds that despite her 'deep imaginative sympathy' for the workers, Gaskell in Mary Barton shares and expresses middle-class fears about working-class action. Culture and Society (London: Chatto, 1958) p. 90. John Lucas writes that the reconciliation between classes in North and South comes down to teaching the lower orders to know their place. 'Mrs Gaskell and Brotherhood', in Tradition and Tolerance in Nineteenth-century Fiction, ed. David Howard et al. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966) p.205. 3. See especially Patsy Stoneman, (Brighton: Harvestelj 1987), and Margaret Homans, Bearing the Word: Language and Female Experience in Nineteenth-century Women~ Writing (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986). 4. Winifred Gerin, Eliubeth Gaskell: A Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976) p. 17. 5. Annette B. Hopkins, Elizabeth GaskeU: Her life and Work (London: John Lehmann, 1932) p. 34. 6. See Sally Stonehouse, 'A Letter from Mrs Gaskell', Brontl Society Transactions, vol. 20 (1991) pp. 217-22; and J. A. V. Chapple, 'Two Unpublished Gaskell Letters from Burrow Hall, Lancashire', The Gaskell Society Journal, vol. 6 (1992) pp. 67-72. 7. W. R. Greg, Edinburgh Rernew (April 1849) pp. 402-35. 8. Elizabeth Gaskell, My Lady Ludlow and Other Stories (Oxford: World's Oassics, 1989) p. 131. 141 142 EUZABETH GASKELL

9. John Ruskin, 'Of Queens' Gardens', in Sesame and Lilies (1865; rpt. London: George Allen, 1901) p. 108. 10. Ibid., p. 186. 11. Fran~ise Basch, Relative Creatures: Victorian Women in Society and the Novel (London, 1974) pp. 7, 269. 12. Nancy Armstrong, Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Novel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987) pp. 28-58. 13. [J. Ludlow], North British Review, vol. 19 (May 1853) pp. 167-9. 14. Ibid., p. 169. 15. Ibid., p. 155. 16. Ibid., pp. 162, 163. 17. Homans, Bearing the Word, p. 11. 18. Ibid., p. 13. 19. Ibid., p. 38. 20. Armstrong, Desire and Domestic Fiction, p. 26. 21. Ibid., p. 163. 22. Homans, Bearing the Word, p. 226. 23. Woolf writes: 'if one is a woman one is often surprised by a sudden splitting off of consciousness, say in walking down Whitehall, when from being the natural inheritor of that civilization, she becomes, on the contrary, outside of it, alien and critical' - A Room of One~ Own (St Albans: Panther, 1977) p. 93.

Notes to Chapter 2

1. For example, Manchester's Unitarian MPs and manufacturers opposed factory legislation intended to limit employers' powers. See Valentine Cunningham, Everywhere Spoken Against: Dissent in the Victorian Novel (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975) pp. 132-3. 2. See Monica Fryckstedt, EliZIIbeth GaskeU's Mary Barton and Ruth: A Challenge to Christian England (Uppsala: Almquist and Wlksell, 1982) pp. 88-94. 3. W. Greg, Edinburgh Review, vol. 89 (1849) pp. 402-35. This review is discussed in Cunningham, Everywhere Spoken Against, pp. 133-5. 4. M. Hompes, 'Mrs E. C. Gaskell', Gentleman's Magazine, vol. 55 (1895) p. 124. 5. See Westminster and Foreign Quarterly Review, vol. 51 (1849) pp. 48-63, and British Quarterly Review, vol. 9 (1849) pp. 117-36. NOTES 143

6. Carlyle, 'Charti.sm', in Criticlll and Miscellaneous Essays (London: Chapman and Hall, 1899) vol. IV, p. 169. 7. See John Lucas, 'Mrs Gaskell and Brotherhood', in Thulition and lblerance in Nineteenth-century Fiction, ed. David Howard et al. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul) p. 167. 8. Carlyle, 'Com-Law Rhymes' (1839); in Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, vol. III, p. 138. 9. Ibid., 148. 10. The theme of women's public speaking is treated by Rosemarie Bodenheimer in 'Private Grief and Public Acts in Mary Barton', Diclcens Studies Annual, vol. 9 (1981) 195-216. 11. Elizabeth Haldane, Mrs Gaskell and Her Friends (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1931) pp. 47-8. 12. John Rylands Ubrary, English Mss 730, 14. 13. Craig Owens, 'The Discourse of Others: Feminists and Postmodernism', in Postmodern Culture, ed. Hal Foster (London and Sydney: Pluto Press, 1985) pp. 68-9. 14. This point is made by W. A. Craik. who argues that in Mary Barton Gaskell needs 'the social aim' less for its own sake than in order 'to justify writing at all'. See Elizabeth Gaskell and the English Pruoincial Novel (London: Methuen, 1975) p. 4.

Notes to Chapter 3

1. Sharpe's London Magazine, vol. 2 (1853) p. 126. 2. See Spectator, Saturday, 15 January 1853, pp. 61-2. 3. Sharpe's London Magazine, vol. 2 (1853) p. 126. 4. Letter to Gaskell, 26 April 1852. The Brontls, Their Lives, Friendships and Correspondence, ed. T. J. Wise and J. A. Symington (Oxford: Blackwell, 1933) vol. III, p. 332. 5. Letter to Blanche Smith, 19 April 1853, in The Correspondence of Arthur Hugh Clough, ed. Frederick Mulhauser (Oxford: Oarendon Press, 1957) vol. 1L p. 418. 6. Brian Crick. 'Mrs Gaskell's Ruth: A Reconsideration', Mosaic, vol. 9 (1977) no. 2, pp. 85-104. 7. Alan Shelston, 'Ruth: Mrs Gaskell's Neglected Novel', Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, vol. 58 (1975-6) pp. 182. 8. See Patsy Stoneman, Elizabeth Gaskell (Brighton: Harvester, 1987) p.106. 144 EUZABE1H GASKELL

9. Letter to Gaskell, 12 January 1853. In The Bronth, vol. IV, p. 34. 10. [J. M. Ludlow] North British Review, vol. 19 (1853) p. 169. 11. Elizabeth Rigby, 'Vanity Fair and Jane Eyre', Quarterly Review, vol. 84 (1848) p. 174; , letter to Mrs Forster; 14 April 1853, in Letters of Matthew Arnold 1848-1888, ed. George W. E. Russell (London: Macmillan, 1895) vol. I, p. 29. 12. The Bronth, vol. IV, pp. 14 and 34-6. 13. Martineau's review of Villette for Daily News, quoted in LCB, p. 619. 14. The Bronth, vol. IV, pp. 7&-7. 15. Ibid. vol. IV, p. 34. 16. Miriam J. Benn, 'Some Unpublished Gaskell Letters', Notes and Queries, vol. 225 (1980) p. 508. 17. Alan Shelston, notes to LCB, p. 592. 18. Wmifred Gerin, Charlotte Bronte: The Evolution of Genius (Oxford: Oarendon, 1967) p. 573.

Notes to Chapter 4

1. Patsy Stoneman, Elizabeth Gaskell (Brighton: Harvester, 1987) p. 93. 2. See Nina Auerbach, Communities of Women: An Idea in Fiction (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978). 3. Martin Dodsworth, 'Women Without Men at Cranford', ESSil1Js in Criticism, vol. 13 (1963) pp. 132-45. 4. For a discussion of North and South as a novel challenging the paternalism initially embodied by the Hale family, see Rosemarie Bodenheimer; The Politics of Story in Victorian Fiction (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988) pp. 53-67. Bodenheimer sees Gaskell's novel as in part an answer to Charlotte Bronte's Shirley (1849), arguing that 'If Bronte rests, finally, in the model of paternalism, Gaskell takes the parental metaphor apart to observe its absurdities and insists on the health of ideological change' (54). 5. This is argued in Deidre David, Fictions of Resolution in Three Victorian Novels (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981) PP· 43-4. 6. P. N. Furbank, 'Mendacity in Mrs Gaskell', Encounter, vol. 40 (1973) p. 51. NOTES 145

7. See Nancy Armstrong, Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Nuoel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987) pp. 42-8.

Notes to Chapter 5

1. Gaskell used Admiralty records of these incidents. For a dis• cussion of her sources see A. W. Ward (ed.), The Works of Mrs Gaskell, vol. 6: Sylvia's Lovers (London: John Murray, 1920) pp. xxii-xxvi. 2. John McVeagh, Elizabeth Gaskell (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970) p. 45. 3. The letter is addressed to Marianne Gaskell, asking her to copy and send the critique to the novelist. Margaret Homans suggests that Marianne herself was the author of The Three Paths, but does not offer evidence for this view; see Bearing the Word: Language and Female Experience in Nineteenth-century Women's Writing (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986) p. 171. 4. Thomas Macaulay, quoted in Rosemary Jann, The Art and Science of Victorian History (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1985) p. 71. 5. See Patsy Stoneman, Elizabeth Gaskell (Brighton: Harvester, 1987) p. 154. 6. J. Rignall, 'The Historical Double: Waverley, Sylvia's Lovers, The Trumpet-Major', Essays in Criticism, vol. 34 (1984) p. 23. 7. Ibid., p. 24. 8. The epigraph to Sylvia's Lovers is taken from In Memoriam, section LVI. Lines 25-8 of this section are:

'0 life as futile, then, as frail! 0 for thy voice to soothe and bless! What hope of answer, or redress? Behind the veil, behind the veil.

Gaskell's epigraph comprises the last three lines of this quatrain, omitting mention of the troubling idea of life's futility.

Notes to Chapter 6

1. Edgar Wright, Mrs Gaskell: The Basis for Reassessment (London: Oxford University Press, 1965) p. 246. 2. Ibid., pp. 47, 196. 146 EUZABETII GASKELL

3. Patsy Stoneman, Elimbeth Gaskell (Brighton: Harvester, 1987) p. 201. 4. Angus Easson, Elimbeth GaskeU (London, Boston and Henley: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979) p. 220. 5. Quoted in A. B. Hopkins, Elizabeth Gaskell: Her Life and Work (London: John Lehm~ 1952) p. 312. 6. Meena Alexander, Women in Romanticism (Basingstoke and London: Macmillan, 1989) p. 147. 7. Mary Jacobus, Romanticism, Writing and Sexual Differmce (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989) p. 251. 8. This ending was sketched out in a letter to George Smith, 10 December 1863. See J. A. V. Chapple, 'Elizabeth Gaskell: Two Unpublished Letters to Geoige Smith', Etudes Anglaises, vol. 33 (1980) pp.183-7. 9. For a discussion of Mrs Hamley as a model of feminine self-sacrifice who has a dangerous appeal for Moll~ see Patricia Meyer Spacks, The Female Imagination (London: Geoige Allen and Unwin, 1976) pp. 91-2. 10. Easson, Elizabeth Gaskell, p. 198. 11. Rich defines the 're-vision' she advocates for women writers and critics as 'the act of looking back. of seeing with tresh eyes, of entering an old text from a new critical direction'. See 'When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision', in Adrienne Rich, On Lies, Secrets and Silence: Selected Prose 196~8 (London: V"uago, 1980) p. 35. Selected Bibliography

Works by Elizabeth Gaskell

Mary Barton (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1970). Cranford/Cousin PhiUis (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976). Ruth (Oxford: World's Classics, 1985). North and South (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977). The Life of Charlotte Bronte (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975). My Lady Ludlow and Other Stories (Oxford: World's Classics, 1989). Cousin Phillis and Other Tales (Oxford: World's Oassics, 1981). Sylvia's LcTDers (Oxford: World's Classics, 1982). Wives and Daughters (Oxford: World's Classics, 1987). My Diary: The Early Years of my Daughter Marianne (London: privately printed by Clement Shorte~ 1923). The Letters of Mrs Gaskell, ed. J. A. V. Chapple and Arthur Pollard (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1966).

Secondary Works

Alexande~ Meena, Women in Romanticism: Mary Wollstonecraft, Dorothy Wordsworth and Mary Shelley (London: Macmillan, 1989). Armstrong, Nancy, Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Novel (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987). Auerbach, Nina, Communities of Women: An Idea in Fiction (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978). Basch, Fran~ise, Relative Creatures: Victorian Women in Society and the Novel 1837-67, trans. Anthony Rudolf (London: Allen Lane, 1974). Benn, J. Miriam, 'Some Unpublished Gaskell Letters', Notes and Queries, vol. 225 (1980) pp. 507-15. Bodenheim~ Rosemarie, 'North and South: A Permanent State of Change', Nineteenth-century Fiction, vol. 34 (1979) pp. 281-301. Bodenheimer, Rosemarie, 'Private Grief and Public Acts in 147 148 EUZABE1H GASKELL

Mary Barton', Dickens Studies Annual, vol. 9 (1981) pp. 195-216. Bodenheimer, Rosemarie, The Politics of Story in Victorian Fiction (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988). Bronte, Charlotte, The Brontes: Their Lives, Friendships and Correspondence, vol. IV: 1852-1928 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1933). Carlyle, Thomas, 'Com Law Rhymes', in Critical and Mis• cellaneous Essays, vol. III (London: Chapman and Hall, 1899) pp.136-66. Carlyle, Thomas, 'Chartism', in Critical and Miscellaneous Essays, vol. IV (London: Chapman and Hall, 1899). Camall, Geoffrey, 'Dickens, Mrs Gaskell, and the Preston Strike', Victorian Studies, vol. 8 (1964-5) pp. 31-48. Cazamian, Louis, The Social Novel in England 1830-1850: Dickens, Disraeli, Mrs Gaskell, Kingsley, trans. Martin Fido (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973). Cecil, David, Early Vzctorian Novelists: Essays in Revaluation (London: Constable, 1934). Chapple, J. A. V., 'Elizabeth Gaskell: Two Unpublished Letters to George Smith', Etudes Anglaises, vol. 33 (1980) pp. 183-7. Craik, W. A., Elizabeth Gaskell and the English Prooincial Nooel (London: Methuen, 1975). Crick. Brian, 'Mrs Gaskell's Ruth: A Reconsideration', Mosaic, vol. 9 (1977) no. 2, pp. 85-104. Cunningham, Valentine, Everywhere Spoken Against: Dissent in the Victorian Novel (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975). David, Deirdre, Fictions of Resolution in Three Victorian Novels: North and South, Our Mutual Friend, Daniel Derondll (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981). David, Deirdre, Intellectual Women and Victorian Patriarchy: Harriet Martineau, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Geurge Eliot (London: Macmillan, 1987). Dodsworth, Martin, 'Women Without Men at Cranford', Essays in Criticism, vol. 13 (1%3) pp. 132-45. Duthie, Enid L., The Themes of Elizabeth Gaskell (London: Macmillan, 1980). Eagleton, Terry, 'Sylvia's Lovers and Legality', Essays in Criticism, vol. 26 (1976) pp. 17-27. Easson, Angus, Elizabeth Gaskell (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979). SELECfED BffiUOGRAPHY 149

Easson, Angus, 'Mr Hale's Doubts in North and Soufl{, Review of English Studies, vol. 31 (1980) pp. 30-40. Foster, Shirley, Victorian Women:S Fiction: Mllrrillge, Freedom and the Individual (London: Croom Helm, 1985). Fryckstedt, Monica Correa, Elizabeth Gaskell:S Mllry Barton and Ruth: A Challenge to Christian England (Uppsala: Almquist and Wiksell, 1982). Furbank, P. N., 'Mendacity in Mrs Gaskell', Encounter, vol. 40 (1973) pp. 51-5. Gallaghe!j Catherine, The Industrial Reformation of English Fiction: Social Discourse and Narrative Form 1832-1867 (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1985). Ganz, Margaret, Elizabeth Gaskell: The Artist in Conflict (New York: Twayne, 1969). Germ, Winifred, Elizabeth Gaskell: A Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980). Haldane, Elizabeth, Mrs Gaskell and Her Friends (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1931). Harman, B. L., 'In Promiscuous Company: Female Public Appearance in Elizabeth Gaskell's North and Soufl{, Victorian Studies, vol. 31 (1988) pp. 351-74. Heisinger, mizabeth, Robin Lauterbach Sheets and Wtlliam Veeder (eds), The Woman Question: Society and Literature in Britain and America, 1837-1883, 3 vols (New York: Garland, 1983). Homans, Margaret, Bearing the Word: Language and Femllle Experience in Nineteenth-century Women's Writing (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1986). Hopkins, Annette B., Elizabeth Gaskell: Her Lifo and Work (London: John Lehmann, 1952). Jackson, Rosemary, Fantasy: The Literature of Subversion (London: Methuen, 1981). Jacobus, Mary, Romanticism, Writing and Sexual Difference (Oxford: Clarendon, 1989). Jann, Rosemary, The Art and Science of Victorian History (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1985). Lansbury, Coral, Elizabeth Gaskell: The Novel of Social Crisis (London: Paul mek, 1975). Lucas, John, 'Mrs Gaskell and Brotherhood', in David Howard, John Lucas and John Goode (eds), 'ITadition and Tolerance in Nineteenth-century Fiction (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1966). 150 ELIZABElH GASKELL

Lucas, John, 'Mrs Gaskell Reconsidered', Victorian Studies, vol. 11 (1%7-8) pp. 528-33. Lucas, John, The Literature of Change: Studies in the Nine• teenth-century Pruuincial Novel (Brighton: Harvesteli 1977). [Ludlo~ J. M.L'Ruth: A Novel', North British Reoiew, vol. 19 (1853) pp. 151-74. Martin, C. A., 'Gaskell, Darwin and North and South', Studies in the Novel, vol. 15 (1983) pp. 91-107. McVeagh, John, 'The Making of Sylvia's Lovers', Modern Language Reoiew, vol. 65 (1970) pp. 272-81. McVeagh, John, Elizabeth Gaskell (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1970). Morgan, Susan, Sisters in Time: Imagining Gender in Nineteeth-century British Fiction (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989). Nestor, Pauline, Female Friendships and Cmnmunities: Charlotte Bronti!, , Elizabeth GaslceU (Oxford: Oarendon Press, 1985). Owens, Craig, 'The Discourse of Others: Feminists and Postmodernism', in Hal Foster (ed.), Postmodern Culture (London: Pluto Press, 1985). Rance, Nicholas, The Historical Novel and Popular Politics in Nineteenth-century England (London: Vision Press, 1975). Rignall, J. M., 'The Historical Double: Wtwerley, Sylvia's Lovers, The 1tumpet-Major', Essays in Criticism, vol. 34 (1984) pp.14-32. Rubenius, Aina, The Woman Question in Mrs Gaskell's Life and Work (Uppsala, 1950). Ruskin, John, Sesame and Lilies (1865; London: George Allen, 1901). Sanders, Andre~ The Vzctorian Historical Novel 1840--1880 (London: Macmillan, 1978). Sharps, J. G., Mrs Gaskell's Observation and Invention: A Study of her Non-biographic Works (Sussex: Linden Press, 1970). Shelston, A. J., 'Ruth, Mrs Gaskell's Neglected Novel', Bulletin of the John Ryltmds Library, vol. 58 (1975) pp. 173-92. Stone, Donald D., The Romantic Impulse in Victorian Fiction (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980). Stoneman, Patsy, Eli11lbeth Gaskell (Brighton: Harveste~; 1987). [Taylor, Harriet], 'Enfranchisement of Women', Westminster Reoiew, vol. 55 (1851) pp. 289-311. Vicinus, Martha, Suffer and Be Still: Women in the Victorian Age (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972). SELECI'ED BffiUOGRAPHY 151

Vicinus, Martha, The Industrial Muse: A Study of Nine• teenth-century British Working-class Literature (London: Croom Helm, 1974). Weiss, Barbara, 'Elizabeth Gaskell: The Telling of Feminine Tales', Studies in the Ncroel, vol. 16 (1984) pp. 274-87. Wtlbur, Earl Morse, A History of Unitllrumism: Socillnism and Its Antecedents (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1946). Wilbur, Earl Morse, A History of Unitarianism in 'ITansylvania, England and America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univer• sity Press, 1952). Williams, Raymond, Culture and Society 1780-1950 (1958; Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971). Woolf, Vu-ginia, A Room of One's Own (St Albans: Pantheli 1977). Wright, Edgar, Mrs Gaskell: The Basis for Reassessment (London: Oxford University Press, 1965). Yeazell, Ruth, 'Why Political Novels have Heroines: Sybil, Mary Barton and Felix Holt', Ncroel, vol. 18 (1985) pp. 126-44. Index

Adam Bede 96 see also Life of Charlotte Alexander, Meena 124, 125, Bronte 146 Bronte, Emily 14, 28, 73 All the Year Round 13 Arabian Nights 137 Armstrong, Nancy 21, Calvin, John 118, 119 27-9, 142, 144 Carlyle, Thomas 12, 32, 37, Arnold, Matthew 66, 144 38, 41-2, 44, 48, 142, 143 Arthurian legend 4-5, 119 letter from 48 Auerbach, Nina 80, 144 Cecil, Lord David 141 d' Aulnoy, Madame 119, 121 Chapple, J. A. V. 141, 146 Austen, Jane 104 Chartism 36, 142 authority 7, 100 Chartist petitions 34, 41, 44 female 19-22, 27-9, 95 children maternal 22--4, 29 in Mary Barton 33-6 middle-class 27-8 Chodorow, Nancy 26 paternal 23-4 Cinderellil 121 of woman novelist class struggle 27-8 18--22,27-8,29 in Mary Barton 41-4 of writer 18--22, 26-7, 29 in North and South 87-90, 91-3 Clough, Arthur Hugh 56 Bamford, Samuel 42 communication Basch, Fran~oise 141 in Mary Barton 40--1, 44-9 Beaumont, Madam de 119 see also speaking for Beauty and the Beast 123 others Beecher-Stowe, Harriet 66 'Com-Law Rhymes' 43, 143 Benn, Miriam J. 144 Cornhill Magazine 16, 117 Blackwood Magazine 9 'Cousin Phillis' 7, 16, 116, Bodenheimer, Rosemarie 123, 126-30 143, 144 Crabbe, George 9 Bronte, Anne 14 Crail<. W. A. 143 Bronte, Branwell 14, 15, Cranford 1, 5, 6, 13, 75-87, 72--3 88, 95, 130 Bronte, Charlotte 7, 12, Crick. Brian 143 14-15, 17-18, 22, 23, 52, Cross Street Chapel 2, 8, 19 56,65-74,144 Cunningham, Valentine 142 letter from 69 'Curious, If 'Iiue' 117-26

152 INDEX 153

David, Deirdre 144 Gaskell, Elizabeth deception on artist's role 4-6, 71, in Ruth 53--4 117-26 in North and South 93 on art of novel-writing Defoe, Daniel 105 104-5 determinism 111, 113 birth 6 dialect childhood in I

Hill, Captain 15-16 1, 15, 17-18, 51, 52, history 104--5, 109 69-74 in Sylvia's Looers 96-7, 'Lois the Witch' 96 104--5, 109-12, 114-15 Lucas, John 141, 142 Holland, Elizabeth 6-8 Lucy figure 123-9, 134, 135, Holland, Samuel 7 140 Homans, Margaret 24, Lucy poems 124-5, 127 25-6,28-9,141,142,145 'Lucy Grey' 123, 124 Hompes, M. 142 'She dwelt among the Hopkins, A. B. 141, 146 untrodden ways' 126 Household Words 12-13, 16 'A Slumber did My Spirit Howitt, Mary 9-10 Seal' 124, 134 Howitt, William 10, 11 'Strange Fits of Passion I Huwitt's Journal 10 have known' 124 'Three Years She Grew' lmmortD:lity Ode 123 124 In Memoriam 115, 145 Ludlo~ J. M 21, 23-4, 29, introspection 67, 103-5, 65-6, 69, 73, 142, 143 109,113 Lumb, Hannah (aunt in writing 104-5 Lumb) 8, 9 see also self-consciousness Macaulay, Thomas 104, 145 Jacobus, Mary 124-5,146 McVeagh, John 145 James, Henry 116 Martineau, Harriet 68,144 Jann, Rosemary 145 Marx, Karl 37 Jane Eyre 14, 65, 66, 70 M1l1y Barton 1, 2, 7, 11-12, Jonson, Ben 41 13, 14, 15, 17, 32-50, 65, 86,87,100-1,122,143 Milton, John 63 Kay-Shuttleworth, Sir masculinity James 14 in Cranford 83-5 Kay-Shuttleworth, Lady 14, motherhood 22-5 88 in Ruth 51, 62-4 'My Lady Ludlow' 16, Lacan,Jacques 24,26 18-19, 96, 141 language acquisition of 24-6 Nicolls, Arthur 14 gendering of 24, 29 North and South 7-8, 13-14, and the mother 24-6 27-8, 75-9, 86, 87-95, 'Last Generation in 96, 101, 115, 141, 144 England, The' 86-7 North British Reoiew 21-4, Lewes, G. H. 70 65-6,69,142,143 Life of Charlotte Bronte, The Norton, Charles Eliot 15 INDEX 155 novel Scott, Lady see Robinson, cultural position of 20, 95 Mrs historical 96, 101, 111, 113 Scott, Walter 96 Victorian 125-6, 135 selfhood 2-3, 5, 50, 134-5 self-consciousness 60-1, 'Ode on the morning of 102-5 Christ's Nativity' 63 in Sylvia's ~s 102-4 'Of Queens' Gardens', in writing 104 19--20, 141 see also introspection 'Oldham Weaver, The' 42-4 self-denial 58-9 Owens, Craig 143 in Wives and Daughters 133-5 Passages in the Life of a separate spheres 19--20, 79 Radical 42 in Cranford 81 Past and Present 37 sexuality 51, 67-8 patriarchal culture 51, 124 in 'Cousin Phillis' 128-9 Perrault, Charles 119, 121, in The Life of Charlotte 122 Bronte 72-4 political economy 11, 36-8 in Ruth 55, 56-8, 61-2 in North and South 92-3 Quarterly Review 66, 143 in Sylvia's L(J(}eT'S 101 in Wives and Daughters realism 49-50, 117, 119, 135 125-6 Shakespeare, William 41 religion 7-8 Shelston, Alan 143, 144 in 'Cousin Phillis' 129 Shirley 14 in Mllry Barton 35-8 Sleeping Beauty, the 5, 120, in North and South 91-2 128 in Ruth 53-4, 58-9, 63-5 Smith, George 66, 146 in Sylvia's L(J(}eT's 115 Southey, Robert 70-1 see also Unitarianism Spacks, Patricia Meyer 146 Reports of the Ministry to the speaking for others 44, Poor 32 47-50 Rich, Adrienne 140, 146 see also communication Rigby, Elizabeth 66, 143 Spense~ Edmund 135, 136 Rignall, J. 145 Stevenson, Elizabeth Qater Robinson, Mrs 72-4 Elizabeth Gaskell) 6, 8 Romanticism 26, 124-6 Stevenson, Elizabeth Room of One's Own, A 142 (mother of Elizabeth Rubenius, Aina 141 Gaskell) see Holland, Ruskin, John 20, 141 Elizabeth Ruth 1, 7, 13, 15, 21-4, 29, Stevenson, John 6, 8 51-65, 66, 69, 88, 101 Stevenson, William 6, 8 156 INDEX

Stonehouse, Sally 141 woman qu~ti?n Stoneman, Patsy 116-17, see fenurusm 141, 143, 144, 145 women as writers ~' Sylvia's Looers 16, 96-115, 17-19, 26-9, 52, 65-6, 145 70-1, 139-40 in The Life of Charlotte Tale of 1Wo Cities, A 96 Brontl 70-2 Tales of Mother Goose 121 women's influence 19-21 Tennyson, Alfred 115 in Mary Barton 46 Tess of the d'Urbervilles 55 in North and South 78-9, Three Paths, The 104, 145 94-5 trade unions 46, 101 women's public speaking Turner, Anne 8 48,50 in Mary Barton 46-8 Una 135-6, 140 women's sphere 19-20,77 Uncle Thm's Cabin 65, 66 in Cranford 80 Unitarianism 7, 30-1, 32-3 in North and South 88-9, 91 in Wives and Daughters Villette 6~, 69, 73, 144 138-9 Visits to Remarkable Places 10 Woolf, VIrginia 31, 142 Wordsworth, William 123, 124, 126, 127, 134 Ward, A. W. 145 see also Lucy figure, Lucy Williams, Raymond 141 poems Winkworth, Susanna 121 working class 11-12, 49 Wives and Daughters 8, 16, in Mary Barton 38-44 17, 116, 117, 123, 124, in North and South 75, 90 126, 130-40 Wright, Edgar 116, 145