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Raising Professional Confidence: the Influence of the Anglo-Boer War (1899 – 1902) on the Development and Recognition of Nursing As a Profession

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Raising Professional Confidence: the Influence of the Anglo-Boer War (1899 – 1902) on the Development and Recognition of Nursing As a Profession Raising professional confidence: The influence of the Anglo-Boer War (1899 – 1902) on the development and recognition of nursing as a profession A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Nursing in the Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences. 2013 Charlotte Dale School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work 2 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 Declaration ........................................................................................................................................................... 6 Copyright Statement ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................... 8 The Author ............................................................................................................................................................ 9 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter One ........................................................................................................................................................ 17 Nursing, War and the late Nineteenth Century Woman: a review of the literature and background to the thesis ......................................................................................................................... 17 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 17 Women of The British Empire .......................................................................................................... 18 Nineteenth century civilian nursing .............................................................................................. 27 Raising the professional profile: regulating nursing .............................................................. 32 Victorian nurses in war ....................................................................................................................... 36 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 44 Chapter Two ....................................................................................................................................................... 47 Historical Methods Used .......................................................................................................................... 47 Nursing History as a discipline ........................................................................................................ 47 The use of secondary sources ........................................................................................................... 51 Personal writing as a historical source ......................................................................................... 52 Archival research ................................................................................................................................... 56 Attending the archives ......................................................................................................................... 59 Interpretation of findings ................................................................................................................... 60 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 65 Chapter Three .................................................................................................................................................... 66 The motivations of nurses for wartime service ............................................................................. 66 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 66 Danger alongside Duty: ‘it is an experience one would get only once in a lifetime’. 68 Social exploits: ‘She dined once at Major Bagots [sic] with us, has an 18 inch waist, scarlet belt and makes up’. ................................................................................................................. 78 3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 91 Chapter Four ...................................................................................................................................................... 93 The boundaries of practice: Nurses in the sphere of war ......................................................... 93 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 93 Army nurses and the orderly as a substitute nurse ................................................................ 95 An influx of civilians: The British and the Colonials ............................................................ 108 ‘A plague of women’ on the veldt ................................................................................................. 114 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 122 Chapter Five .................................................................................................................................................... 125 The challenges of Army life: Traversing the veldt with Tommy Atkins ........................... 125 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 125 Life on the veldt and under canvas .............................................................................................. 126 Continually exhausted: The health of the nurses .................................................................. 135 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 146 Chapter Six ....................................................................................................................................................... 148 The challenges of practice: The clinical nursing routine ........................................................ 148 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 148 The clinical nursing routine ............................................................................................................ 151 The role of surgery: weaponry and wounds ........................................................................... 157 A growth of personal and professional confidence .............................................................. 166 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 173 Chapter Seven ................................................................................................................................................. 175 The last of the Typhoid campaigns ................................................................................................... 175 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 175 The aetiology of typhoid fever and the nursing care regime ........................................... 177 The intensive nature of nursing fever patients ...................................................................... 183 Recognition of the ‘expert’ nurses’ work .................................................................................. 189 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 192 Chapter Eight .................................................................................................................................................. 194 4 In the Army everything is badly done: ‘red tape’, inefficiency and corruption ............. 194 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 194 Deficiencies within the Army Medical Service ....................................................................... 196 Red Tape: Working within the confines of the army medical system .......................... 208 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 219 Chapter Nine ................................................................................................................................................... 221 A move for
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