sign in sign up
<<
Home , 84 Plymouth Grove, Elizabeth Gaskell, Elizabeth Haldane, Lois the Witch

Notes

Introduction

1 Letter to , 9 July 1853, in T. J. Wise and J. A. Symington (eds), The Brontës: Their Lives, Friendships and Correspondence (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1932), IV, 76. Gaskell reproduced this letter in the Life, Vol. II, Chapter XIII. 2 Anne Thackeray Ritchie, Preface to (: Macmillan, 1891), p. xxi. 3 Margaret J. Shaen (ed.), Memorials of Two Sisters: Susanna and Catherine Winkworth (London: Longman, 1908), p. 24. 4 She uses the term in her ‘Modern Novelists – Great and Small’, Blackwoods, LXXVII, No. CCCCLXXV, May 1855. 5 [George Henry Lewes], ‘A Gentle Hint to Writing Women’, Leader, 18 May 1850, p. 189. Lewes wrote under the pseudonym of ‘Vivian’ in this article. 6 George Henry Lewes, ‘The Lady Novelists’, Westminster Review, LVIII, No. CXIII, July 1852, p. 131. 7 Bessie Raynor Parkes, Essays on Women’s Work (London, 1865), p. 121. Quoted in E. K. Helsinger, R. L. Sheets and W. Veeder (eds), The Woman Question: Society and Literature in Britain and America, 1837–1883, 3 vols (: Manchester University Press, 1983), III, 3. 8 Standard, 14 October 1887. 9 Wise and Symington op. cit., III, 68. 10 Eliza Lynn Linton, My Literary Life (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1899), p. 93. 11 Julia Kavanagh to George Smith, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin. 12 Margaret Oliphant to Alexander Macmillan, Berg Collection, New York Public Library.

1 The Early Years

1 J. A. V. Chapple, Elizabeth Gaskell: The Early Years (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), pp. 283 and 287. 2 Mrs Ellis H. Chadwick, Mrs Gaskell: Homes, Haunts and Stories (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, new and revised edition, 1913), p. 94. 3 Chapple, p. 452. 4 Anne Thackerary Ritchie, Preface to Cranford (London: Macmillan, 1891), p. x. 5 Lizzie Leigh and Other Tales (Oxford: World’s Classics, 1913), p. 203. 6 Chapple, p. 332. 7 Letter of 2 July 1827, Chapple, p. 287.

175 176 Notes

8 Chadwick, p. 3. The author reveals her gender bias, however, in her late claim that, while Gaskell inherited the ‘intellectual side of her character’ from her father, ‘her genius as a housekeeper, cook, and general man- ager, proved her to be a worthy daughter of her mother’ (p. 15). 9 Chapple, p. 285. 10 J. A. V. Chapple and Anita Wilson (eds), Private Voices: the Diaries of Elizabeth Gaskell and Sophia Holland (Keele: Keele University Press, 1996). 11 Diary entry, 9 December 1837, Ibid., p. 63. 12 See Rev. George A. Payne, Mrs Gaskell and , second edition, (Manchester: Clarkson & Griffiths, and London: Mackie & Co, 1905). It should also be noted, however, that there may well be elements drawn from Gaskell’s schoolday experiences in Warwickshire in these por- trayals. 13 Letter to , ?late February 1865, Letters, pp. 747–8. 14 James Martineau became the new professor of mental and moral philosophy at Manchester New College in 1840, when the institution reopened in Manchester. William was clerical secretary and lecturer at the College, and he and his wife were friends of the Martineaus. 15 Memorials, pp. 25–6. 16 The young man, Charles Bosanquet, whom Gaskell and her daughters met in Heidelberg in 1858 found that his Anglican parents disapproved of his acquaintance with Unitarians and refused to meet them. See letter to , 16 April 1861 (Letters, pp. 647–51). 17 These texts are mentioned as used in the lessons received from her mother by the narrator of ‘My French Master’, and could well have been in Aunt Lumb’s collection of books. 18 Chapple, p. 236. 19 See Eleanor L. Sewell (ed.), The Autobiography of Elizabeth M. Sewell, (London: Longman’s, 1907). 20 See G. E. Maxim, ‘Libraries and Reading in the context of the economic, political and social changes taking place in Manchester and the neighbour- ing mill towns, 1750–1850’, unpublished thesis, University of Sheffield, 1979. The MS of the diary is held at Manchester Public Library. 21 Elizabeth Sewell, for example, describes the misery of the first school she attended, where the teachers were strict to the point of cruelty; and Charlotte Brontë’s sufferings at Cowan Bridge, rehearsed in , became known to a wider public when Gaskell foregrounded them in her Life of Brontë. Gaskell clearly considered that good schooling was an important element in a girl’s upbringing; she took a lot of trouble over choosing a school for Marianne, rejecting one that taught only ‘accom- plishments’ (see Letter to Lady Kay-Shuttleworth, 12 December (1850), Letters, pp. 137–8). 22 This description, written by Jane Whitehill, the editor of the Gaskell/Norton letters, is reproduced in Chapple, pp. 450–2. 23 Chapple, pp. 450–1. 24 Chapple, p. 451. 25 The book is held at the Harry Ransom Research Center, the University of Texas at Austin, and makes fascinating reading. It also contains many engravings and pictorial illustrations. Notes 177

26 For details of Constance, see Chapple, pp. 252–4. Chapple notes the similari- ties between the tale of the girl in Thomson’s work and that in ‘Clopton House’, and also discusses Thomson’s literary career and output. 27 Although Gaskell says she has not managed to finish this text, it must have made an impact, since many years later she herself contemplated writing a biography of de Sévigné. See Letter to W. S. Williams, 1 February [?1862], Letters, pp. 675–6; and letter to George Smith, 18 March [?1862], Letters, p. 679.

2 The 1830s and : Marriage, Manchester and Literary Beginnings

1 See, for instance, Letters, pp. 34 and 45–6. 2 Letters and Memorials, II, 23. 3 Ibid., II, 391. 4 See letter to Lizzie Gaskell, July 1838, Letters, p. 20; and to , 18 August 1838, Letters, p. 33. 5 See Terry Wyke, ‘The Culture of Self-Improvement: Real People in ’, Gaskell Society Journal, Vol. 13, 1999, pp. 91–2. 6 For a history of the Portico, see Ann Brooks and Bryan Haworth, Portico Library: a History, (Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing, 2000). 7 For details of this and other Victorian buildings in the city, see J. J. Parkinson- Bailey, Manchester: an Architectural History (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000). 8 An article on ‘Emerson’s Lectures’ in Howitt’s Journal, 11 December 1847, has been attributed to Gaskell, but has never been verified. 9 Obituary in the Unitarian Herald. Quoted in J. A. V. Chapple and Anita Wilson (eds), Private Voices: the Diaries of Elizabeth Gaskell and Sophia Holland (Keele: Keele University Press, 1996), p. 107. 10 Mat Hompes, ‘Mrs E. C. Gaskell’, Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. CCLXXIX, No. 1976, 1895, p. 128. This article is a valuable source of information about Gaskell, but much of its material, being somewhat anecdotal and unauthen- ticated, cannot be considered wholly reliable. 11 Memorials, pp. 24–5. 12 Uglow, pp. 85–6. 13 Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in (1844–5), in Alasdair Clayre (ed.), Nature and Industrialization (Oxford: Oxford University Press and Open University, 1977), p. 123. 14 Jo Pryke, ‘Wales and the Welsh in Gaskell’s fiction: sex, sorrow and sense’, Gaskell Society Journal, Vol. 13, 1999, pp. 69–84. 15 Chapple, pp. 321–2. 16 The place itself and Gaskell’s account of it are variously referred to as ‘Clopton Hall’ and ‘Clopton House’. Ward, however, discussing Howitt’s publication of the piece, speaks of ‘ “Clopton Hall” – more properly Clopton House’, and entitles his reprint of the account ‘Clopton House’ (Knutsford, I, p. 502). 17 Mrs Chadwick (p. 84) claims that the discovery of bones in a chest and the mention of a lost bride in this piece have some reference to Samuel Rogers’ 178 Notes

Ginevra, but there is no indication that Gaskell had ever read Rogers’ work. Edgar Allen Poe’s Gothic tales also come to mind here, but since his ‘The Fall of the House of Usher’ did not appear in England until August 1840, it can- not be a direct source. Gaskell, however, probably knew ’s parod- ic version of a similar incident in Northangar Abbey (1818). 18 ‘Libbie Marsh’s Three Eras’ was published as a separate booklet in 1850, and ‘The Sexton’s Hero’ and ‘Christmas Storms and Sunshine’ were reissued the same year as a contribution to a fete organized by Gaskell’s friend Mrs Davenport for the benefit of Macclesfield Public Baths and Wash-houses. 19 Elizabeth Gaskell, Lizzie Leigh and Other Tales (Oxford: World’s Classics, 1913), p. 369. All other references will be to this edition and will be included in the text. 20 This good-natured frankness was noted by Gaskell herself as well as (less tol- erantly) by Margaret Hale in North and South. 21 As well as suggesting personal observation, this is also a consciously pictorial image, akin to contemporary engravings of the city seen from afar, as Alan Shelston has pointed out (Alan Shelston, ‘ “I would fain be in the country”: Elizabeth Gaskell and Manchester’, Portico Monograph No. 4, March 1996). It is in fact not possible to see Manchester from Dunham Park. Interestingly, too, the language used to describe the city here is almost identical to that used in Gaskell’s 1857 letter to Norton (Letters, p. 489). 22 Elizabeth Gaskell, Cranford (Oxford: World’s Classics, 1972), p. 161. 23 Gaskell had quite a lot of trouble with the title. Having first wanted to call it ‘John Barton’, she then suggested ‘A Manchester Love Story’, which was also rejected by her publisher. 24 Elizabeth Gaskell, Mary Barton (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1996), p. 9. All further references will be to this edition and will be included in the text. 25 Bamford himself much admired the novel (see Uglow, p. 218). 26 Mat Hompes, op. cit., pp. 130–131. These words are replicated almost exactly in Chapter 6 of the novel, in Barton’s question, ‘Han they [ own- ers] ever seen a child o’ their’n die for want o’ food?’ (p. 66). 27 Memorials, pp. 26–7. Gaskell’s father, William Stevenson, had written on political economy, and she may well have have read some of his publications on this topic. 28 See Angus Easson (ed.), Elizabeth Gaskell: the Critical Heritage (London: Routledge, 1991). 29 In a letter to Mrs Greg, the wife of W. R. Greg’s brother, Samuel, who had tried to treat his workforce more generously (though resulting in financial failure and broken health), Gaskell reiterates that she had had no intention of representing ‘a part as the whole’ and thus inciting class against class (Letters, p. 73). 30 Michael Wheeler, ‘Two Tales of Manchester Life’, Gaskell Society Journal, Vol. 3, 1989, pp. 6–28. He also discusses the influence of this and other texts on Mary Barton in his unpublished PhD thesis, ‘Elizabeth Gaskell’s use of literary sources in Mary Barton and ’, University of London, 1975. Joseph Kestner discusses Stone’s work in ‘Elizabeth Stone’s William Langshawe, the Cotton Lord and The Young Milliner as Condition-of-England Novels’, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, Vol. 67, No. 2, Spring 1985, pp. 736–65. Kestner is prepared to accept Gaskell’s disclaimer of having read Notes 179

Stone’s novel, though he acknowledges some similarities between it and Mary Barton. 31 Most biographies refute Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s assertion that the manuscript was offered to ‘nearly all the publishers in London and rejected’ (Uglow, p. 182), though Gaskell herself does mention that it was refused by Moxon ‘as a gift’ (Letters, p. 250).

3 The 1850s: Growing Professionalism

1 Quoted in Marion Leslie, ‘Mrs Gaskell’s House and Its Memories’, The Woman at Home, June 1897, pp. 761–69. This article provides details about Plymouth Grove, some of which may have been used by Mrs Chadwick in her Mrs Gaskell: Haunts, Homes and Stories (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, new and revised edition, 1913). 2 Chadwick, op. cit., p. 302. 3 This appears not to have been her first visit to Chatsworth, since in a letter of 11 February 1852 to Agnes Sandars, Gaskell describes the ‘beautiful conserva- tory’ at Capesthorne as ‘almost as large as that at Chatsworth’ (Further Letters, p. 63). 4 Elizabeth Gaskell, Cranford (Oxford: World’s Classics, 1972), p. 166. 5 Elizabeth Gaskell, Cranford and Mr Harrison’s Confessions (London: Everyman, 1995), p. 189. 6 Gaskell frequently used and reused the names of people she knew for her fic- tional characters. Mrs Preston’s Christian name, however, was not Martha but Jane. 7 Chadwick refers to a family holiday spent near Keswick in the summer of 1852, and says that ‘Cumberland Sheep-Shearers’ emanates from this, but there is evidence only of Gaskell’s trips to Silverdale and Ambleside/Grasmere for that year. Sharps (p. 170) suggests that she may have crossed over into Cumberland while visiting Mrs Fletcher or the Davys in 1849. Certainly the topographical specificity of the piece – it mentions views of Derwentwater and Watendlath, and describes the farmhouse as being on a level with Cat Bell[s] – is strong evidence that Gaskell had actually been there. 8 Her stepmother’s brother, Anthony Todd Thomson, had first married a Christine Maxwell, a relative of the Sir John Maxwell who lived at Dunoon. The Auchencairn Maxwells lived at Orchardston House, now used as flats and a plant nursery; the last family resident was a Miss Maxwell. 9 Uglow, pp. 348–9. Chapple and Shelston’s Further Letters (p. 307) notes that Mrs Schwabe’s Christian name was Julie, not Grace, as has up to now been assumed. In her Elizabeth Gaskell (1976), Winifred Gérin claims that Gaskell’s ‘introduction to Mme Mohl . . . did not occur until the next visit in February 1854’ (p. 145), but as Uglow’s sources show, this was not the case. 10 See Margaret Lesser, ‘Madame Mohl and Mrs Gaskell’, Gaskell Society Journal, Vol. 13, 1999, pp. 36–53. 11 In a letter of 19 June? 1853 to Mrs Schwabe, Gaskell mentions ‘our plan of making a little tour in Normandy during Meta’s holidays’ (Letters, p. 238) and on 18 July she describes herself as just about to set off, but there is no extant information about the trip itself. 180 Notes

12 The dating of this visit is somewhat problematic. A letter to Maria James of late January suggests that Gaskell left London for Paris on 13 February, plan- ning to return in early March (Further Letters, pp. 121–4), and another letter to Tauchnitz, written from the Mohls’ house on 20 February, confirms that she was here at this time. But other letters written to the publisher Hachette in mid-March, still from the Rue du Bac, suggest that now she is not plan- ning to return to England until the end of the month. She was definitely back in London on 4 April, when she wrote to John Greenwood expressing her shocked sorrow at the news of Charlotte Brontë’s death. The most likely reason for the change of dates is that her business with Hachette necessitated a longer stay than was originally intended. 13 Elizabeth Gaskell, A Dark Night’s Work and Other Tales (London: Smith, Elder & Co, 1890), p. 337. 14 Ibid., p. 337. 15 The setting is, however, a ‘forest’, and since, between staying with the Schwabes in North Wales and her little tour of Normandy, Gaskell visited her friends the Duckworths near Southampton, it is quite possible that for this story, as for North and South, ‘the New Forest glades inspired [her]’ (Uglow, p. 351). 16 See Philip Yarrow, ‘Mrs Gaskell and France’, Gaskell Society Journal, Vol. 7, 1993, pp. 16–36. 17 Elizabeth Gaskell, Lizzie Leigh and Other Tales (Oxford: World’s Classics, 1913), p. 210. 18 See letter to Marianne, [February 1855], Letters, p. 332. 19 and Other Tales (Oxford: World’s Classics, 1911), p. 217. All fur- ther references will be to this edition and will be included in the text. 20 For an account of these ‘emancipated females’, see Henry James, William Wetmore Story and His Friends ( and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1903), I, 254–63. It is possible that Gaskell met Clarke in Rome, since the novel was taken out again in 1859, perhaps as a reminder of the acquaintance. 21 Ibid., I, 356 passim. 22 This catalogue of the sale of the contents of , which took place on 16 February, four months after Meta’s death, lists the books still in the house at that time. Although a useful source of information, many details are not specified and it is not clear which are Gaskell’s own books and which those added later by her daughters or William. 23 Jane Whitehill (ed.), Letters of Mrs Gaskell and Charles Eliot Norton: 1855–1865 (1932, reprinted Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag, 1973), p. xxi. 24 Henry James, op. cit., I, 356. James also notes that her time in Rome was ‘a season the perfect felicity of which was to feed all her later time with fond memories, with renewed regrets and dreams’ (I, 354). 25 In March 1860, Gaskell was asking Chapman and Smith who had written ‘Mlle Mori’ (Letters, pp. 604, 605) which she had clearly heard about. In a let- ter of 2 June, Norton asked her if she had read The Marble Faun (‘I know nothing that has ever been written about Italy so admirably true not only to the reality of the country but also to all that it suggests to the imagination’), and added: ‘have you read “Mademoiselle Mori” a book that seems to me in its way as good as Hawthorne’s, & which is full of such pictures of Rome and Notes 181

of the Romans as represent the city and the people with vivid fidelity . . . Pray tell me if you know who wrote it’ (Whitehill, op. cit., p. 59). 26 The two-volume work, consisting of essays dealing with the society, customs and historical features of contemporary Rome, two of which had already been published in the Atlantic Monthly, appeared in book form in 1862, pub- lished by Chapman and Hall, not by Smith. 27 See Dorothy Collins, ‘The Composition and publication of Elizabeth Gaskell’s Cranford’, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library, Vol. 69, 1986–7, pp. 59–95. 28 Graham Storey, Kathleen Tillotson and Nina Burgis (eds), The Letters of , Vol. VI (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), p. 22. 29 Winifred Gérin, Elizabeth Gaskell: a Biography (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), pp. 119–21. 30 Storey et al., op. cit., VI, p. 29. 31 Ibid., VI, p. 48. 32 Ibid., VI, p. 65. 33 Ibid., VI, p. 231. 34 Ibid., VI, p. 546. 35 Ibid., VI, p. 800. 36 Ibid., VI, p. 823. 37 Graham Storey, Kathleen Tillotson and Angus Easson (eds) The Letters of Charles Dickens, Vol. VII (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), p. 376. 38 Annette B. Hopkins, Elizabeth Gaskell: Her Life and Work (London: John Lehmann, 1952). The material on the Gaskell/Dickens relationship expands on Hopkins’ article on ‘Dickens and Mrs Gaskell’ in the Huntingdon Library Quarterly, IX, 1946, pp. 357–85. 39 Storey et al., op. cit., VII, pp. 278–9. 40 Although she may merely have heard about the novel, not read it as it appeared, her concern does seem to belie her earlier claim that ‘I seldom see the ’ (Letter to Forster, 3 May 1853, Further Letters, p. 87), echoing the first sentence of her ‘Disappearances’ in Household Words, 7 June 1851: ‘I am not in the habit of seeing the “Household Words” regularly’ (p. 246). 41 Storey et al., op. cit., VII, p. 403. 42 Quoted in , Mrs Gaskell and her Friends (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1930), p. 113. 43 Storey et al., op. cit., VII, pp. 513–14. 44 Ibid., VII, p. 700. 45 Quoted in Uglow, p. 405. 46 See Introduction, p. 4. 47 For a fuller discussion of Gaskell and Aidé, see Foster, ‘ “We Sit and Read and Dream our Time Away”: Elizabeth Gaskell and ’, Gaskell Society Journal, Vol. 14, 2000, pp. 17–18. 48 See, however, her well-known remark to Lady Kay-Shuttleworth that ‘[t]he difference between Miss Brontë and me is that she puts all her naughtiness into her books, and I put all my goodness . . . my books are so far better than I am that I often feel ashamed of having written them and as if I were a hyp- ocrite’ (Letters, p. 228), which suggests a degree of conscious artistic expedi- ency. She also told Tottie Fox, half humorously, that she was sick of writing about ‘my species . . . as if I loved ‘em’ (Letters, p. 325). 182 Notes

49 Margaret Maison, Search Your Soul, Eustace (London: Sheed and Ward, 1961), p. 111. 50 Gaskell must also have had access to the substantial libraries of her wealthier friends, and these would have offered her more valuable sources of informa- tion and inspiration. Unfortunately, research in this area is a problematic task, as yet little undertaken. 51 The Sales Catalogue of 84 Plymouth Grove includes much female-authored fiction (by Jewsbury, Frederika Bremer, Julia Wedgewood, Norton, Martineau, Fanny Burney, Susan Ferrier, the Brontës, and Eliot). Of course some of these may have belonged to Meta or Julia, rather than to their mother, but they confirm the Gaskells’ interest in women writers. 52 Gordon S. Haight (ed.), The Letters, 7 vols (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1954–5), III, p. 198.

4 The 1850s: the Established Author

1 Mat Hompes, ‘Mrs E. C. Gaskell’, Gentleman’s Magazine, Vol. CCLXXIX, No. 1976, 1895, pp. 129–30. 2 Elizabeth Gaskell, The Life of Charlotte Brontë (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1997), p. 406. Gaskell herself claimed to have seen a ghost: see letter to Eliza Fox, 29 May 1849 (Letters, p. 81). 3 The Knutsford edition Vol. VII publishes ‘Two Fragments of Ghost Stories’ by Gaskell, but they are too brief to judge how artistically successful they would have been. One actually introduces the ghost, the other merely sets the scene for the forthcoming ghostly appearance, whatever form it would have taken. 4 William Wetmore Story to Elizabeth Gaskell, c. September/October 1859. Harry Ransom Research Center, University of Texas at Austin. The reference here to ‘ghosts’ is interesting; the metaphor may have been suggested by some of the actual tales Gaskell told the Storys. 5 Mrs Ellis Chadwick gives details about Higgins in her Mrs Gaskell: Haunts, Houses and Stories, new and revised edition (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1913), pp. 38–40. She probably got some of her information from the book about Knutsford by the local Unitarian minister, the Rev Henry Green, whose daughters, she notes, became tenants of Higgins’ house when they opened a school there. Florence Gaskell became a pupil in 1859. 6 Lizzie Leigh and Other Tales (Oxford: World’s Classics, 1913), p. 217. 7 Ibid., p. 234. 8 The version in the collected Round the Sofa is not significantly different from that in Household Words except for the attribution of a narrator in the former. 9 My Lady Ludlow and Other Tales (London: Smith, Elder & Co, n.d.), pp. 286–7. 10 Lizzie Leigh and Other Tales, op. cit., p. 43. 11 In his article on the story, Dewi Williams discusses the historical and topo- graphical details which might link it to actual places and people. He con- cludes that the tale has not survived in the ‘folk memory’ of the region, and therefore may emanate from elsewhere, but adds that the well itself may be identified with a now-vanished water source in a field at Ty Cerrig, on the outskirts of Penmorfa village (Gaskell Society Newsletter, No. 24, September 1997, pp. 3–5). Notes 183

12 Lizzie Leigh and Other Tales, op. cit., p. 45. 13 Ibid., p. 59. 14 Ibid., p. 79. 15 When Frank thinks of Maggie, he remembers some ‘mysteriously beautiful lines from Wordsworth’ (from Poems of the Imagination, X, ‘Three years she grew in sun and shower’, vs 5, quoted in the text), thus placing a Romantic aura over the girl. Novels and Tales by Mrs Gaskell (London: Smith, Elder & Co, 1890), IV, p. 289. 16 Ibid., p. 275. 17 Arnold was apparently reduced to tears by it (see Uglow, p. 252). Brontë thought it opened like a daisy and closed, ‘in pathos’, like a healing herb; she told Gaskell that it was ‘fresh, natural, religious. No more need be said’, a per- haps slightly patronizing compliment (Wise and Symington, The Brontës: Their Lives, Friendships & Correspondence (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1932, reprint 1980), III, p. 204). Both responses do, however, point to the novella’s quality of sentimental moralizing. 18 The structural division of the work into two chapters is awkward, since the break comes in the middle of the second story, but this was probably to accommodate Dickens’ desire for two instalments for Household Words. The division is maintained in later published versions. 19 Lizzie Leigh and Other Tales, op. cit., p. 149. 20 Ibid., p. 185. 21 As often in Gaskell’s works, there are inconsistencies in detail here. Hester is told that she and the child are going to the family house in Northumberland, but this is later described as being at the foot of the Cumberland Fells. 22 Lizzie Leigh and Other Tales, op. cit., p. 119. 23 This is not, however, as Jenny Uglow claims (p. 307), a story of illegitimacy, since Maude and her music-master lover have actually married in secret, and their child is their legal offspring. 24 Gaskell explains in a letter to Anne Robson of February 1859 that Sampson Low ‘is trying to pass it [Round the Sofa] off as new. I sold the right of publi- cation to him in a hurry to get 100£ to take Meta abroad out of the clatter of tongues consequent on her breaking off her engagement’ (Letters, p. 531). 25 My Lady Ludlow and Other Tales, op. cit., p. 103. 26 In her ‘Woman’s Time’, Julia Kristeva suggests that, unlike men, women see time as cyclical and renewing, rather than linear and death-oriented. See Toril Moi (ed.), The Kristeva Reader (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), pp. 187–213. 27 Although the tale itself is the same in both periodical and book versions, whereas Margaret Dawson says that her brother is a Westmoreland curate, in Round the Sofa he has become an Edinburgh surgeon. The discrepancy is undoubtedly due to Gaskell’s customary carelessness over names and places. 28 As Sharps points out (p. 276), Gaskell seems to have written the piece in sec- tions and sent each straight off to Dickens, without aiming for an overall unity. 29 Louise Henson, ‘Charles Dickens, Elizabeth Gaskell and Victorian Science’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. 30 My Lady Ludlow and Other Tales, op. cit., p. 155. 31 As Uglow points out (p. 448), Gaskell got her money three times over with the collection: the payment for the Household Words contributions, Sampson 184 Notes

Low’s payment of £150, and the payment for the Smith, Elder edition which also appeared in 1859. 32 My Lady Ludlow and Other Tales, op. cit., p. 298. 33 Ibid., p. 316. 34 See Felicia Bonaparte, The Gypsy-Bachelor of Manchester: the Life of Mrs Gaskell’s Demon (Charlottesville and London: University Press of Virginia, 1992). 35 My Lady Ludlow, op. cit., p. 211. 36 Ibid., p. 244. 37 Knutsford, VII, p. 295. 38 When she was writing Sylvia’s Lovers, Gaskell took care to make sure that she had reproduced the dialect accurately and distinguished it from Lancashire speech, but here the distinction is not specific enough (for example, ‘hoo’ is Lancashire, not North Yorkshire, for ‘she’). 39 Knutsford, VII, p. 258. 40 Nina Auerbach’s Communities of Women (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978) offers one of the first feminist analyses, reading the novel not as a story of ineffectual and slightly ridiculous old maids and wid- ows in a rural backwater, but as a vindication of a female community which empowers itself by excluding men from its arena. 41 For a detailed study of its publishing history, see Dorothy Collins, ‘The com- position and publication of Elizabeth Gaskell’s Cranford’, Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library, Vol. 69, 1986–7, pp. 59–95. 42 Cranford and Mr Harrison’s Confessions (London: Everyman, 1995), p. 105. 43 F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1953), p. 36. 44 Cranford, p. 81. 45 Quoted in E. K. Helsinger, R. L Sheets and W. Veeder, The Woman Question: Society and Literature in Britain and America, 1837–1883, (Manchester: Manchester University Press), II, 155. 46 See Michael Wheeler, ‘Elizabeth Gaskell’s use of literary sources in Mary Barton and Ruth’, unpublished thesis, University of London, 1975. 47 Elizabeth Gaskell, Ruth (London: Everyman, 1982), p. 73. All further refer- ences will be to this edition and will be included in the text. 48 Frances Trollope, Jessie Phillips: A Tale of the Present Day (London: Henry Colburn, 1844), p. 33. All further references will be to this edition and will be included in the text. 49 G. H. Lewes, in his Leader review of the novel, noted how it was a move away from Gaskell’s Manchester fiction – ‘Ruth is not a “social” novel, but a moral problem novel worked out in fiction’ – and, while much admiring it, felt that Gaskell was more successful when using her own experience for her materi- als, ‘rather than draw[ing] them with facile acquaintance from the library’ (Leader, 22 January 1853). Quoted in Angus Easson (ed.), Elizabeth Gaskell: the Critical Heritage (London: Routledge, 1991), p. 217. 50 See Keats, ‘The Eve of St Agnes’, stanza XXV, which describes Madeleine illu- minated by the moonlight shining through the stained glass windows: ‘Full on this casement shone the wintry moon/ And threw warm gules on Madeleine’s fair breast’. There are also some similarities between Gaskell’s work and Wordsworth’s ‘Ruth’, although the latter is a poem about an aban- Notes 185

doned wife, not a seduced girl. The essentially poetic conception of Ruth as a character was noted by several critics, including John Forster in the Examiner and the reviewer in the Prospective Review. 51 The passionate conflict between Ruth’s desire and her moral awareness is depicted powerfully, if a little melodramatically, in Chapters XXIII (pp. 270–2) and XXIV (pp. 293–302). 52 Patsy Stoneman, Elizabeth Gaskell (Brighton: Harvester, 1987), p. 116. 53 Sharpe’s London Magazine, 15 January 1853. Quoted in Easson, op. cit., p. 208. 54 Spectator, 15 January 1853. Quoted in Easson, op. cit., pp. 212–3. W. R. Greg, in his ‘The False Morality of Lady Novelists’, National Review, January 1859, makes the same point: Ruth cannot be both a representative of the ordinary class of betrayed and deserted Magdalenes and a saint. 55 Letter to Elizabeth Gaskell, 15 July 1853. Quoted in Uglow, p. 340. 56 Letter to Mrs Gaskell, 26 April 1852, in T. J. Wise and J. A. Symington (eds), The Brontës: Their Lives, Friendships and Correspondence (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1933), iii, p. 332. 57 Prospective Review, May 1853. Quoted in Easson, op. cit., p. 292. 58 Athanaeum, 15 January 1853. Quoted in Easson, op. cit., p. 205. 59 Graham Storey, Kathleen Tillotson and Angus Easson (eds) The Letters of Charles Dickens Vol. VII (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), p. 320. 60 It is interesting that the real names in the earlier novel are replaced here by fictional designations. Thus Lancashire becomes Darkshire and Manchester becomes Milton-Northern. This may have been a strategic attempt to prevent direct identification, and thus possible offence, though it is hard to imagine how any readers could have failed to recognize the setting. 61 Elizabeth Gaskell, North and South (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1995), p. 60. All further references will be to this edition and will be included in the text. The animal imagery used to describe the factories here has some similarities to the descriptions of Coketown in , Chapter 5. 62 Consecutive numbering has been given, since modern paperback versions follow this pattern. The original two-volume edition renumbered the chap- ters in each volume. 63 Revue des Deux Mondes, 1 October 1855, p. xii. Quoted in Easson, op. cit., p. 364. 64 Geraldine Jewsbury, Marian Withers [1851] (London: Chapman and Hall, 1864), p. 35. 65 Leader, 14 April 1855. Quoted in Easson, op. cit., pp. 333 and 335. 66 Ibid., pp. 335 and 336. 67 Ibid., p. 349. 68 Gaskell’s interest in de Sévigné stems from as early as 1831, though, as she told her friend Harriet Carr in late August of that year, she had begun the Letters many times, but had never been able to finish them (Further Letters, p. 8). Later letters indicate that Gaskell had started to plan a Memoir of de Sévigné, after her French trip of 1862, but the work never appeared (Letters, pp. 676 and 925–6). 69 Although this is a biography of a man by a man, Angus Easson suggests that ‘as a life of a friend essentially obscure in worldly terms, it may have con- tributed in its intentions to Gaskell’s own commemoration’ (Easson, op. cit., p. 136). 186 Notes

70 When, by an oversight, an unedited transcript of some letters copied out by Marianne reached Smith, Gaskell was anxious to rectify the mistake: ‘I should certainly have scored out, so that no one could have read it through my marks all that related to any one’s appearance, style of living &c, in whose character as indicated by these things the public were not directly interested’ (Letters, p. 429). 71 Held in the John Rylands University Library, Deansgate, Manchester. 72 In defending herself against Smith’s objections, Gaskell sets herself up as a moral arbitor, claiming that she had included the questionable material in order to teach various lessons: to point the contrast between Lady Scott’s guilt and poor Branwell’s suffering; and to warn others about trusting Newby (Letter of 26 December 1856). Her moral zeal had got her into trouble before, but here it had blinded her to both facts and consequences. 73 Elizabeth Gaskell, The Life of Charlotte Brontë (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1997), p. 356. All further references will be to this edition and will be includ- ed in the text. 74 For discussion of Gaskell’s contribution to the ‘myth’ of the Brontës, see Patsy Stoneman, Brontë Transformations: the cultural dissemination of Jane Eyre and (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1996), and Lucasta Miller, The Brontë Myth (London: Jonathan Cape, 2001). Miller notes Gaskell’s emphasis on Charlotte Brontë as a victim of isolation and emotion- al deprivation, as well as an icon of ‘womanliness’. 75 For this episode, Gaskell drew upon both Brontë’s own account in her letter to Mary Taylor, and George Smith’s memories, later published as ‘Charlotte Brontë’, Cornhill Magazine December 1900, pp. 778–95. Interestingly, the account is longer and even more dramatized in the MS, stressing the contrast between the diminutive Charlotte and the substantial Smith, and the for- mer’s sly delight in prolonging his bewilderment about them. For possible reasons for the shortened printed version, see article by Alison Kershaw, Brontë Society Transactions, Vol. 20, 1990, pp. 11–24. 76 See the Gaskell Society Journal, Vol. 11, 1997, pp. 1–14. 77 Letter to Gaskell, 15 April 1857, held in John Rylands Library, Deansgate, Manchester, MS 731/61.

5 The 1860s: Achievements and Endings

1 Uglow, p. 501. 2 In the same letter, to Edward Everett Hale, she states that ‘I like the society in Paris very best of all; & then Oxford, and then comes London’ (p. 217). 3 At this time, Mrs Trollope, now eighty-four, was still living with her son and daughter-in-law, but since her health was precarious and she was suffering from senility and memory loss, it is unlikely that Gaskell would have met her. Mrs Trollope died in Florence on 6 October 1863. 4 She did, however, take Norton’s Notes of Travel and Study in Italy (Boston, 1859) with her, and used it in Orvieto, as she tells him in a letter of 13 July 1863 (Letters, p. 708). Notes 187

5 See Peter Skrine, ‘Mrs Gaskell and Germany’, Gaskell Society Journal, Vol. 7, 1993, pp. 37–49; and ‘Elizabeth Gaskell and her German Stories’, Gaskell Society Journal, Vol. 12, 1998, pp. 1–13. 6 Elizabeth Gaskell, ‘An Italian Institution’, Cousin Phillis and Other Tales (Oxford: World’s Classics, 1911), p. 350. Subsequent references will be to this edition and will be included in the text. 7 The section which ends the account of the trip to Vitré in May 1862, in Part II, is in the original Fraser’s text dated 4 May. This date, which is reproduced in the Knutsford edition, must be an error for 14th, since the expedition to escape from hot and noisy Paris – ‘we determined to go off to Brittany for our few remaining days’ (Knutsford, VII, p. 632) – begins with a 10 May journal entry and lasts for the following few days. 8 ‘French Life’, The Works of Mrs Gaskell, ed. A. W. Ward (London: Smith, Elder, 1906), VII, p. 604. All subsequent references will be to this edition and will be included in the text. 9 For a discussion of these pieces, see Sharps, pp. 527–9. He argues that on internal evidence all three are by Gaskell, but Uglow (p. 668) thinks it unlike- ly that the third one is by her. 10 Bradford was a friend of the poet William Culler Bryant, and also knew Washington Irving and Van Buren. 11 It is worth pointing out that most of these visitors, certainly the ones Gaskell met, were New Englanders. 12 The Chapple and Pollard reproduction of this letter actually reads ‘Rome’ instead of ‘home’, but the latter reading is the one found in Jane Whitehill (ed.), Letters of Mrs Gaskell and Charles Eliot Norton (London: Oxford University Press, 1932, 1973 reprint) p. 43, and would seem preferable. 13 One notable omission from these works by well-known nineteenth-century American writers is anything by Melville. 14 Details of Gaskell’s American publications can be found in Walter E. Smith, Elizabeth Gaskell: a Bibliographical Catalogue of First and Early Editions 1848–1866 (Los Angeles: University of California, 1998). 15 , Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands [1854] (Boston: Phillips, Sampson and Co., 1856) II, p. 141. 16 It would be interesting to know what Gaskell is hinting at by her last remark. Had she or someone she knew already been let down by Mrs Stowe? 17 Gaskell’s biographer, Mrs Ellis Chadwick, confidently assumes that the visit occurred, basing her evidence on remarks made by Charlotte Brontë. In a let- ter of 9 July 1853, Brontë writes to Gaskell, ‘Your account of Mrs Stowe was stimulatingly interesting’, but this almost certainly refers to the London meeting, not to a Plymouth Grove visitation, as Chadwick asserts (Gaskell’s letter to Brontë is not extant). The subsequent discussion of Gaskell’s impres- sion of Stowe, at Haworth in late September 1853, recorded in Gaskell’s Life of Charlotte Brontë – ‘She [Brontë] made many inquiries as to Mrs Stowe’s per- sonal appearance; and it evidently harmonised well with some theory of hers to learn that the author of “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” was small and slight’ (p. 413) – is just as likely to have been based on the London meeting as on a , which would anyway have taken place very close to Gaskell’s Haworth visit, 19–23 September. 18 Letters and Memorials, 1883–86, II, pp. 112 and 122. 188 Notes

19 In his Notebooks, Hawthorne records attending a dinner party at Charles Holland’s on the 22 October 1853, a dinner which is described in more detail by Sophia Hawthorne in Rose Hawthorne Lathrop, Memories of Hawthorne, 2nd ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1923). See also Hawthorne letters nos 677 and 680. Holland, a Liverpool merchant like his father, lived in Liscard, near Birkenhead, and was married to Gaskell’s sister-in-law, Elizabeth. 20 A ‘near miss’ occurred when, in December 1853, Mr and Mrs James Martineau asked Hawthorne to a Liverpool party at which Gaskell was to be, but Sophia Hawthorne decided that the weather was too bad for evening vis- its. The Martineaus also called four days later, with Gaskell, but the Hawthornes were out. See Anne Henry Ehrenpreis, ‘Elizabeth Gaskell and Nathaniel Hawthorne’, Nathaniel Hawthorne Journal, 1973, pp. 93ff. 21 In her article, Ehrenpreis proves fairly conclusively that Hawthorne had just left Redcar before Gaskell arrived in . Ehrenpreis, op. cit., p. 107. 22 William borrowed the novel from the Portico in July 1860. Ehrenpreis sug- gests that Gaskell had heard details of the novel from Bright, to whom Hawthorne had read the draft of it before its publication. 23 Story’s famous statue was exhibited in the London Exhibition in the summer of 1862. 24 ‘Ruth and Villette’, Westminster Review, ns iii, 1 April 1853, p. 476. Lewes also notes that Ruth, which, in its honest and delicate treatment of the subject, is unlike the other novels he criticizes, has as one of its central morals that ‘however dark and difficult our course may seem, the straight path of truth is the only one to lead us through it into the light’ (p. 270), an echo of Hawthorne’s stated moral at the end of his novel: ‘Be true! Be true! Show freely to the world, if not your worst, yet some trait whereby the worst may be inferred!’. Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter (Oxford: World’s Classics, 1998), p. 260. Other references will be to this edition and will be included in the text. 25 Angus Easson, Elizabeth Gaskell (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979), p. 124. 26 For further details on this, see Alan Shelston’s article, ‘Alligators infesting the stream: Elizabeth Gaskell and the USA’, Gaskell Society Journal, Vol. 15, 2001, pp. 53–63. 27 See Ehrenpreis, op. cit., pp. 105–112. 28 This particular volume was not obtained by the Portico until 1847, which would have just given Gaskell time to choose the name for her Howitt’s Journal publications. 29 In early March 1859, Gaskell told Norton about a new story of hers (‘not very good; too melodramatic a plot’) which, she said, she would have preferred publishing in America, either alone or in the Atlantic, but which she fears will go anyway into Dickens’ new periodical. It is generally assumed that this story is ‘’ which appeared in in October 1859 and was reprinted in Right at Last and Other Tales (London: Sampson Low, 1860). 30 A. W. Ward (ed.), The Works of Mrs Gaskell, (London: Smith, Elder, 1906), VII, p. xxiii. Details of this incident vary between sources: Ward says it occurred while Gaskell was staying at the home of a county magistrate in Essex who had to prevent the killing; Chadwick gives the place as Sussex; Hopkins says Notes 189

the authority figure was a clergyman. Mary Howitt’s father actually consult- ed a witch when he was young (see her Autobiography) and this, too, may have been relayed to Gaskell and stimulated her interest. 31 Joseph Ennermoser, History of Magic, trans. , 2 vols (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854), ii, 510. 32 It is interesting that Upham was one of those responsible for Hawthorne’s losing his position in the Salem Custom House in 1849, accusing him of cor- ruption when the Whigs gained ascendancy over the Democrats. , also very interested in spiritualism and mesmeric phenomena, claimed to know Upham well, and reviewed his later work, Salem Witchcraft (1867), in the Edinburgh Review, CXXVIII, July 1868, pp. 1–47. 33 Letter to Mrs Gaskell from John G. Palfrey, ?21 June 1856, MS 731/81, John Rylands University Library, Deansgate, Manchester. 34 Charles W. Upham, Lectures on Witchcraft, Comprising a History of the Delusion in Salem (Boston: Carter, Hendee and Babcock, 1831), p. 129. 35 ‘Lois the Witch’, Knutsford, VII, p. 208. All other references will be from this edition and will be included in the text. 36 Louise Henson, ‘Charles Dickens, Elizabeth Gaskell and Victorian Science’, unpublished PhD, University of Sheffield, 2000, Chapter 3, passim. 37 Dickens had asked her for a full-length novel, offering her £400, but she gave him this story instead, which ran from 5–19 January. 38 By the time this letter was written, Household Words had been superseded by All the Year Round, a fact which Gaskell seems to have forgotten here. 39 See Sharps, pp. 353–4. 40 ‘Six Weeks at Heppenheim’, Knutsford, VII, p. 395. 41 Ibid., p. 387. 42 A. B. Hopkins, Elizabeth Gaskell: Her Life and Work (London: John Lehmann, 1952), p. 111. 43 Mrs Ellis H. Chadwick, Mrs Gaskell: Homes, Haunts and Stories, new and revised edition (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1913), p. 296. 44 Cranford and Mr Harrison’s Confessions (London: Everyman, 1995), p. 173. All further references will be to this edition and will be included in the text. 45 The joke would, of course, have been more immediately evident to contem- porary readers: the ‘cage-crinoline’ dominated women’s fashions in the late 1850s and early 1860s, and in centring her story on it, Gaskell is acknowledg- ing the social changes which have taken place since her first introduction of the town, even though in this text the Cranford ladies still exist in a time- warp. 46 The first two-thirds of this story is contained in a manuscript in Manchester Central Reference Library. Ward, having already seen a complete transcrip- tion, published a composite of the story in his Knutsford edition, Vol. VII, as ‘Crowley Castle’. As he explains, there are slight differences between the MS and the periodical version in the opening; otherwise the texts are identical up to the point where the former ends. 47 Knutsford, VII, pp. 702 and 708. 48 Quoted in Sharps, p. 365. 49 Knutsford, VII, p. 428. All further references will be to this edition and will be included in the text. 190 Notes

50 Given that Gaskell said that she had had the story by her, part-written, for some time, it is just possible that the murder was not in her initial plan, but occurred to her as an effective plot device after she had decided to finish the work for publication. 51 Knutsford, VII, 315. All further references will be to this edition and will be included in the text. 52 ‘Shams’, Fraser’s Magazine, Vol. LXVII (February 1863), p. 265. All further ref- erences will be included in the text. 53 The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals 1824–1900, ed. Walter E. Houghton, Vol. II (London and Toronto: Routledge & Kegan Paul and University of Toronto, 1972), p. 457. 54 Quoted in J. W. Robertson Scott, The Story of the Pall Mall Gazette (London, New York and Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1950), p. 126. 55 Whitehill, p. 100. Gaskell dedicated the American edition of the novel to Norton. The first edition was dedicated to ‘MY DEAR HUSBAND by her who best knows his value’. 56 Elizabeth Gaskell, Mary Barton (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1996), p. 3. 57 A likely literary source for this theme is the story of ‘Ruth’ in Crabbe’s Tales of the Hall (1819), which tells of a girl whose sailor love is torn from her by the press-gang just before their wedding day. 58 The verisimilitude of her portrayal is attested to by the fact that when the illustrator, George du Maurier, was asked to provide some pictures for the fourth edition, he drew on some sketches of Whitby because these seemed to capture so well the town as described in the novel. Only later did he discover that Monkshaven and Whitby were one and the same. 59 The exact location of this building is debatable, some commentators placing it west of the town, others east. The most likely model is Straggleton Farm, about a mile and a half northwest of Whitby, and now a caravan site. 60 Frances Twinn, ‘Navigational pitfalls and topographical constraints in Sylvia’s Lovers’, Gaskell Society Journal, Vol. 15, 2001, p. 51. 61 Elizabeth Gaskell, Sylvia’s Lovers (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1996), p. 18. All further references will be to this edition and will be included in the text. 62 For details of these dialect and other changes, as well as more about Gaskell’s sources, see editions of the novel by Andrew Sanders (World’s Classics, 1982) and Shirley Foster (Penguin, 1996). 63 Knutsford, Vol. VI, p. xii. Existing editions of Gaskell’s letters include noth- ing containing this remark, so Ward’s source remains unidentifiable. The remark was repeated by Mrs Chadwick – ‘Mrs Gaskell said that Sylvia’s Lovers was the saddest story she had ever written’ (p. 247) – but she too fails to sup- ply a source. 64 Elizabeth Gaskell, Cranford and Cousin Phillis (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976), p. 226. All references will be to this edition and will be included in the text. 65 Like John Thornton in North and South, John Manning is probably based on Gaskell’s Manchester friend, James Nasmyth, whose Patricroft works were an object of interest to her and her visitors. Clement Shorter suggests that Farmer Holman ‘may well be in part a portrait of the writer’s own father, William Stevenson . . . but it is only right to say that Mrs Gaskell’s daughter Notes 191

denies this attempt at identification’ (Cousin Phillis and Other Tales (Oxford: World’s Classics, 1911), p. x). 66 This was published in the Knutsford edition of the novel (Vol. VIII) and is reprinted in the Penguin Classics edition, edited by Pam Morris (1996). 67 Elizabeth Gaskell, (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1996), p. 5. All further references will be to this edition and will be included in the text. 68 See her introduction to the Penguin Classics edition. 69 Patsy Stoneman, Elizabeth Gaskell (Brighton: Harvester, 1987), p. 183. 70 Ibid., pp. 177–9. 71 Wives and Daughters, Penguin edition, p. 648. 72 Ibid., p. 652. 73 Alison Chapman, Elizabeth Gaskell: Mary Barton and North and South (Cambridge: Icon Books, 1999), p. 7. 74 Lord Houghton [Richard Monkton Milnes], Pall Mall Gazette, 14 November 1865. Quoted in Easson, op. cit., p. 506. 75 Saturday Review, 18 November 1865. Quoted in Easson, op. cit., p. 509. 76 Quoted in Easson, op. cit., p. 517. 77 Fortnightly Review, 1 September 1878. Quoted in Easson, op. cit., p. 562. 78 Harriet Parr, British Quarterly Review, 1 April 1867. Quoted in Easson, op. cit., p. 529. 79 David Cecil, Victorian Novelists: Essays in Revaluation (London: Constable, 1934). Quoted in Chapman, op. cit., p. 38. 80 Hopkins, op. cit., p. 332. 81 Ibid., p. 323. 82 Ibid., p. 332. 83 Jo Pryke, ‘Gaskell scholars re-discovered: (1) Annette B. Hopkins’, Gaskell Society Journal, Vol. 15, 2001, pp. 64–7. 84 Cornhill Magazine, October 1910. Quoted in Easson, op. cit., p. 572. Select Bibliography

Primary texts

The standard edition of Gaskell’s works is A. W. Ward’s The Works of Mrs Gaskell, 8 vols (London: John Murray, 1906), The Knutsford Edition. Gaskell’s novels, The Life of Charlotte Brontë, and much of the shorter fiction are available in recently issued paperback editions (most inclusively in World’s Classics, Penguin and Everyman). Many of these have excellent critical introductions and useful anno- tations and bibliographies. The first collection of her letters, The Letters of Mrs Gaskell, eds J. A. V. Chapple and Arthur Pollard (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1966) was reissued in a Mandolin paperback edition in 1997. This has been supplemented by Further Letters of Mrs Gaskell, eds John Chapple and Alan Shelston (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000). Jane Whitehill’s Letters of Mrs Gaskell and Charles Eliot Norton [1932] (Hildesheim and New York: Georg Olms Verlag, 1973) provides, in addition to the letters, a useful introduction.

Secondary texts

Bibliography and biography Chadwick, Mrs Ellis H., Mrs Gaskell: Haunts, Homes and Stories, new and revised edition (London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, 1913). Chapple, J. A. V., Elizabeth Gaskell: A Portrait in Letters (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1980). Chapple, John, Elizabeth Gaskell: The Early Years (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1997). Gérin, Winifred, Elizabeth Gaskell: A Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976). Haldane, Elizabeth, Mrs Gaskell and her Friends (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1930). Payne, Rev George A., Mrs Gaskell and Knutsford, second edition (Manchester: Clarkson & Griffiths, and London: Mackie & Co, 1905). Shaen, Margaret J. (ed.), Memorials of Two Sisters: Susanna and Catherine Winkworth (London: Longman, 1908). Sharps, John Geoffrey, Mrs Gaskell’s Observation and Invention: A Study of her Non- Biographic Works (Fontwell: Linden Press, 1970). Smith, Walter E., Elizabeth Gaskell: A Bibliographical Catalogue of First and Early Editions 1848–1866 (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1998). Uglow, Jenny, Elizabeth Gaskell: A Habit of Stories (London and Boston: Faber and Faber, 1993).

192 Select Bibliography 193

Weyant, Nancy S., Elizabeth Gaskell: An Annotated Bibliography of English-Language Sources 1976–1991 (Metuchen, NJ and London: The Scarecrow Press, 1994). Winkworth, Susanna and Shaen, Margaret J. (eds), Letters and Memorials of Catherine Winkworth, 2 vols (Clifton: privately printed, 1883–86).

Critical Books in this section include only those which focus solely on Gaskell. There are, however, many other recent studies of Victorian fiction, which examine Gaskell in relation to other writers and concerns of the period, but which space does not permit to be listed here. Bonaparte, Felicia, The Gypsy Bachelor of Manchester: the Life of Mrs Gaskell’s Demon (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992). Colby, Robin B., ‘Some appointed work to do’: Women and Vocation in the Fiction of Elizabeth Gaskell, Contribution to Women’s Studies, no. 150 (New York: Greenwood Press, 1998). Craik, Wendy, Elizabeth Gaskell and the English Provincial Novel (London: Methuen, 1975). D’Albertis, Deidre, Dissembling Fictions: Elizabeth Gaskell and the Victorian Social Text (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1997). Easson, Angus, Elizabeth Gaskell (London, Boston and Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979). Easson, Angus (ed.), Elizabeth Gaskell: the Critical Heritage (London: Routledge, 1991). Flint, Kate, Elizabeth Gaskell, ‘Writers and Their Work’ (London: Northcote House in association with the British Council, 1995). Hopkins, A. B., Elizabeth Gaskell: Her Life and Work (London: John Lehmann, 1952). Hughes, Linda K. and Lund, Michael, Victorian Publishing and Mrs Gaskell’s Work (Charlottesville and London: University Press of Virginia, 1999). Pollard, Arthur, Mrs Gaskell: Novelist and Biographer (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1965). Rubenius, Aina, The Woman Question in Mrs Gaskell’s Life and Works, University of Upsala: Essays and Studies on English Language and Literature (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950). Sanders, Gerald DeWitt, Elizabeth Gaskell, with a Bibliography by Clark Sutherland Northup (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1929). Schor, Hilary M., Scheherezade in the Marketplace: Elizabeth Gaskell and the Victorian Novel (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992). Spencer, Jane, Elizabeth Gaskell (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1993). Stoneman, Patsy, Elizabeth Gaskell (Brighton: Harvester, 1987). Whitfield, A. C., Mrs Gaskell: Her Life and Work (London: George Routledge & Sons, 1929). Wright, Edgar, Mrs Gaskell: the Basis for Reassessment (London, New York and Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1965). Wright, Terence, Elizabeth Gaskell ‘We Are Not Angels’: Realism, Gender, Values (Basingstoke: Macmillan Press – now Palgrave, 1995). Index

About, Edmond Aurora Floyd, 149 Tolla, 57 Bradford, Mrs Julia, 21, 130 Aidé, Hamilton Bradford, Samuel Dexter, 21, 130 Rita, 73 Bright, Henry, 137, 138, 188n.22 All the Year Round, 46, 60, 68, 79, 95, British Quarterly Review, 37 124, 127, 135, 140, 144, 145, 147, Brontë, Anne (`Acton Bell’), 115, 120 148, 149, 150, 189n.38 Brontë, Branwell, 116, 117, 186n.72 Alton (‘The Lawn’), 124, 125, 126, 165 Brontë, Charlotte (‘Currer Bell’) 2, 3, America, 22, 130–44 4, 27, 43, 51, 69, 72, 77, 79, 86, Annual Register, 8, 157 97, 105, 113–21, 136, 181n.48, Arabian Nights, The, 86, 166 183n.17, 187n.17 Arnold (family), 27, 46 Jane Eyre, 72, 74, 93, 113, 117, 118, Arnold, Matthew, 69, 86, 183n.17 176 n.21 Ashton, Thomas, 35 Shirley, 3, 72, 113 Athenaeum, 106, 117 Professor, The, 115 Atlantic Monthly, 48, 68, 133, 134 Villette, 72, 115, 118, 165 Austen, Jane, 75, 98, 171 Brontë, Emily, 4, 73 Northanger Abbey, 178n.17 Wuthering Heights, 73, 86, 88, 89, 90 Brontë, Patrick, 69, 114, 115, 120 Bacon, Francis, 14 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 3, 58, Bamford, Samuel, 35 105, 179n.31 Passages in the Life of a Radical, 35 Aurora Leigh, 75 Early Days, 35 Bryant, William Culler, 187n.10 Bancroft, George Bunyan, John, 13 History of the Colonization of the Burney, Fanny, 75 United States, 139 Burns, Robert, 14, 15, 116 Barbauld, Anna, 13, 14, 15 Byerley, Fanny (Mrs William Parkes), Barrow, John 15 Life and Correspondence of Admiral Sir Domestic Duties, 15 William Sidney Smith, 158 Byerley, Katharine (Mrs Todd Belgium, 27 Thomson), 15, 16, 40 Brussels, 51, 60, 115 Memoirs of the Court of Henry VIII, 16 Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine, 8, 28 Constance, 16, 177n.26 Blair, Hugh, 14 Byerley, the Misses, 7, 14, 15 Sermons, 14 Byron, Lord George Gordon Noel, 9, Bonaparte, Felicia, 93 14, 15 Bonheur, Rosa, 53, 58 Bosanquet, Charles, 60, 176n.16 Caldwell, Anne Marsh, 4, 72, 76 Boswell, James Ravenscliffe, 76 Life of Johnson, 116 Carlyle, Jane, 43, 50 Bowles, Caroline, 38 Carlyle, Thomas, 43, 50, 61, 75 Tales of the Factories, 38 Life of Sterling, 116 Braddon, Mary, 76 Carpenter, William Benjamin, 13

194 Index 195

Carr, Harriet (later Anderson), 17, 18, Mabel Vaughan, 132 26, 116, 131 Lamplighter, The, 132 Carter, Angela, 146 Cushman, Charlotte, 57, 125 131 Cecil, Lord David, 173 Crowe, Catherine, 51, 126 Chadwick, Edwin Report of the Sanitary Conditions, 102 Dante, 161 Chadwick, Mrs Ellis H., 6, 8, 43, 148, Darwin, Charles, 169 177n.17, 187n.17, 188n.30, Darwin (family), 11, 15, 49 190n.63 Davenport, Caroline Anne (later Lady Channing, William Henry, 130 Hatherton), 21, 43–4, 178n.18 Chapman, Alison, 171 Davenport, Selina, 4, 72 Chapman and Hall (publishers), 40, Davy, John, 27, 46 50, 62, 63, 66, 70, 135 Davy, Mrs Margaret, 27, 46 Chapman, Edward, 3, 4, 39, 40–1, Day, Thomas 62–3, 70, 85, 137 Sandford and Merton, 13 Chapman, Maria Weston, 131 Defoe, Daniel, 71 Chapple, John, 13 De Quincey, Thomas Chorley, Henry, 106 Autobiographic Sketches, 81 Clarke, Sarah Jane (‘Grace Devonshire, Duke of, 44 Greenwood’), 57, 131, Dickens, Catherine, 50 180n.20 Dickens, Charles, 23, 32, 33, 38, 41, Haps and Mishaps of a Tour in 43, 49, 50, 51, 54, 60, 61, 63–9, Europe, 57, 133 75, 82, 89, 96, 97, 106, 107, 108, Clive, Caroline, 3 135, 140, 144, 145, 149, 150, 160 Paul Ferrol, 73 American Notes, 133 Why Paul Ferrol Killed His Wife, Bleak House, 149 148 ‘Character Murder’, 68 Cobden, Richard, 37 , 50 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 15, 28 Great Expectations, 162, 165 Collins, Wilkie, 73, 75 Hard Times, 66–7, 107, 108, Basil, 73 185n.61 Hide and Seek, 66 Pickwick Papers, 66 Woman in White, The, 93, 151 Disraeli, Benjamin Cooper, James Fenimore Coningsby, 38 Pathfinder, The, 132 Sybil, 38 Spy, The, 132 Dublin University Magazine, 75 ‘Cornwall, Barry’, see Proctor, Bryan du Maurier, George, 190n.58 Waller Cornhill Magazine, 59, 69, 70, 125, Easson, Angus, 120, 138, 186n.69 127, 135, 144, 145, 150, 161, 165, Eastlake, Elizabeth, 70, 117 171 Edgeworth, Maria, 13, 14, 32, 75, 98 Cousin, Victor, 55, 56 Edinburgh Review, 8, 37, 53 Cowper, William, 13, 14 Ehrenpreis, Anne Henry, 140, Crabbe, George, 28, 30, 98 188n.22 ‘Ruth’, 76 Eliot, George, 3, 69, 77, 97, 145, 160, Craik, Dinah Mulock, 2, 4, 15, 72, 76, 171, 173 122 Adam Bede, 77 Crompton, Charles, 123, 126 Middlemarch, 14, 77, 164, 169 Cummins, Maria Mill on the Floss, 70, 77, 86 196 Index

Eliot, George (Continued) Novels Romola, 150 Cousin Phillis, 11, 70, 144, 146, Scenes from Clerical Life, 77 161–4 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 21 Cranford, 9, 16, 32, 44, 45, 46, 61, English Traits, 133 62, 63, 66, 77, 80, 81, 86, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 8 97–100, 135, 138, 147, 148, Engels, Friedrich, 21, 23–4 153, 167, 172, 173 Condition of the Working Classes, 23, Mary Barton, 3, 19, 22, 24, 25, 29, 35 32, 34–40, 49, 50, 62, 63, 77, Ennermoser, Joseph 100, 102, 104, 107, 108, 109, History of Magic, 140 110, 111, 112, 131, 1335, 136, Examiner, 185n.50 139, 154, 157, 159, 172 North and South, 9, 48, 51, 63, 66–7, Fauriel, Claude, 52 70, 85, 97, 106–13, 115, 135, Chants Populaire de la Grèce Moderne, 136, 172 55 Ruth, 25, 26, 40, 46, 51, 62, 73, 79, Female Mentor, The, 14 80, 97, 98, 100–6, 117, 135, Fergusson, Barbara, 10 136, 138, 184n.49 Ferrier, Susan Wives and Daughters, 7, 11, 44, 53, Destiny, 17 70, 74, 77, 125, 126, 135, 144, Marriage, 14 148, 149, 153, 162, 164–71, Fields, John, 130 172, 173 Fields, Mrs Annie, 130 Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 100 Shorter fiction Fletcher, Mrs Elizabeth, 27, 46, 52 ‘Bessy’s Troubles at Home’, 71, 81 Forgues, Emile-Daurand, 74 ‘Cage at Cranford, The’, 69, 144, Forster, John, 40, 41, 50, 53, 62, 107, 145, 147–8 185n.50 ‘Christmas Storms and Sunshine’, Forster, William E., 27 30, 311–2 Fox, Eliza (‘Tottie’), 23, 35, 41, 49, 50, ‘Curious If True’, 144, 145–6, 153, 166 51, 79, 113 ‘A Dark Night’s Work’, 10, 11, 60, 69, Fox, William Johnson, 49 99, 126, 144, 145, 149–51, 152 France, 53–6, 126 ‘Doom of the Griffiths, The’, 26, 47, Brittany, 125, 128, 129 92, 93–4, 134, 138 Normandy, 53, 54, 125, 128, ‘Ghost in the Garden Room, The’ 179n.11 (‘The Crooked Branch’), 68, 79, Paris, 51, 53, 55, 57, 125, 126, 95–6, 135, 144, 157 180n.12 ‘Grey Woman, The’, 28, 69, 99, 126, Fraser’s Magazine, 60, 69, 125, 128, 127, 130, 144, 145, 151–2 129, 144, 152, 153 ‘Half a Lifetime Ago’, 10, 47, 68, Froude, James Anthony, 75, 128, 145, 82–3, 84, 92, 163 153 ‘Half-Brothers, The’, 92, 94–5 Fuller, Margaret, 132 ‘Hand and Heart’, 32 ‘Heart of John Middleton, The’, 64, Garibaldi, Guiseppe, 127 65, 79, 85 Gaskell, Elizabeth (Lizzie: ‘How the First Floor Went to sister-in-law, later Holland), Crowley Castle’, 69, 144, 148–9 25, 27 ‘Last Generation in England, The’, Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn 32, 45, 100, 134 Index 197

‘Libbie Marsh’s Three Eras’, 30–1, ‘An Italian Institution’, 69, 127, 144 33, 84 ‘La Camorra’, 127–8 ‘Lizzie Leigh’, 32–4, 41, 62, 64, 65, ‘Letter of Gossip from Paris’, 130 79, 81, 135 Life of Charlotte Brontë, 1, 3, 46, 56, ‘Lois the Witch’, 68, 75, 93, 95, 99, 58, 63, 75, 100, 113–21, 135, 135, 139–44, 145, 188n.29 144, 154, 176n.21 ‘Manchester Marriage, The’, 9, 34, ‘Martha Preston’, 26, 46, 79, 82–3, 134 51, 60, 68, 76, 95, 135, 155 ‘Modern Greek Songs’, 55 Moorland Cottage, The, 47, 62, 71, ‘Parson’s Holiday, A’, 144, 153–4 77, 78, 79, 81, 85–6, 96, 131, ‘Scholar’s Story, The’, 53–4 135, 149 ‘Shams’, 144, 152–3, 154 ‘Morton Hall’, 79, 86–8 ‘Sketches Among the Poor No.1’, 19, 28 Mr Harrison’s Confessions, 11, 45–6, ‘Traits and Stories of the 78, 80, 81, 100, 147 Huguenots’, 53, 54, 55 ‘My French Master’, 7, 53, 54–5, 89 Gaskell, Florence (‘Flossy’), 24, 51, My Lady Ludlow, 15, 44, 48, 68, 78, 59, 60, 123, 125, 126 80, 89–91, 134, 135, 167, 169 Gaskell, Julia Bradford, 24, 51, 59, 60, ‘Old Nurse’s Story, The’, 10, 44, 65, 123, 125, 154 79, 88–9, 145 Gaskell, Margaret Emily (‘Meta’), 24, ‘Our Society at Cranford’, 45, 98 44, 51, 53, 57, 58, 59, 69, 122, ‘Poor Clare, The’, 68, 92–3, 94, 99, 138 123, 125, 128, 133, 154, 157 Round the Sofa, 47, 90, 91–2, 94 Gaskell, Marianne, 10, 24, 25, 28, 37, ‘Sexton’s Hero, The’, 25, 30, 80, 43, 44, 50, 51, 57, 60, 101, 122–3, 178n.18 125, 126, 127, 133, 137, 157 ‘Sin of a Father, The’ (‘Right at Gaskell, William, 12, 18–19, 23, 24, Last’), 60, 68, 95 25, 27, 28, 35, 39, 40, 51, 53, ‘Six Weeks at Heppenheim’, 10, 28, 59–60, 61, 63, 74–5, 116, 123, 126, 127, 144, 145, 149–51, 152 124, 125, 126, 148, 157, 169, ‘Squire’s Story, The’, 11, 79, 81–2, 99 190n.55 ‘Two Fragments of Ghost Stories’, ‘Poets of Humble Life’, 19, 28 182n.3 Temperance Rhymes, 33 ‘Well of Pen-Morfa, The’, 26, 64, 65, Two Lectures on the Lancashire 79, 80, 83–4, 85, 182 n.11 Dialect, 36 Gentleman’s Magazine, 22 Non-fiction Gérin, Winifred, 64, 179n.9 ‘An Accursed Race’, 55, 56, 68, 92 Germany, 27, 60, 125, 127, 146 ‘Bran’, 53–4 Heidelberg, 27, 51, 60, 125, 127 ‘Clopton House’, 16, 29, 30, 145, Mannheim, 125 177 n.16 Glyn, Herbert ‘Columns of Gossip from Paris’, The Cotton Lord, 40 130, 144, 153 Goldsmith, Oliver ‘Company Manners’, 53, 55–6, 66 History of England, 13 ‘Cumberland Sheep Shearers’, 47, Vicar of Wakefield, The, 14 179n.7 Gore, Catherine, 4, 73, 75 ‘Emerson’s Lectures’, 177 n.8 Gray, Thomas, 13, 14, 15, 25 ‘Disappearances’, 9, 68, 76, 155, Green, Henry, 89, 182 n.5 181n.40 Green, Mrs Mary, 101, 128 ‘French Life’, 60, 125, 128–30, 144, Greenwood, Frederick, 144, 165, 171 152, 153 198 Index

Greenwood, John, 114, 180n.12 Holland, Swinton (uncle), 11 Greg, Samuel, 11, 37, 107, 109, 178n.29 Holland, Thurstan, 123, 126 Greg, Mrs Samuel, 41 Holmes, Oliver Wendell Greg, William Rathbone, 12, 37, 101–2 Professor at the Breakfast Table, The, Grey, Herbert 132 The Three Paths, 71 Elsie Venner, 32 Guardian, 112 Hood, Thomas Poems, 66 Hachette, Louis, 4, 53, 72, 73, 74, 81, ‘Song of the Shirt’, 102 113, 148 Hopkins, Annette B., 66, 147, 172, Hale, Edward Everett, 131, 133 173, 189n.30 Halle, Sir Charles, 20 Hosmer, Harriet, 58, 130 Hamley, Edward Household Words, 4, 7, 9, 32, 34, 45, Lady Lee’s Widowhood, 73 46, 47, 53, 54, 55, 61, 63–6, 68–9, Hardy, Thomas, 156, 161 78, 81, 86, 88, 89, 95, 98, 107, Harper’s (publishers), 90, 134, 135 135, 144, 181n.40, 184n.31, Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 69, 93, 189n.38 134 Houston, Matilda Harper’s Weekly, 135 Hesperos, 132 Haworth, 114, 115, 119, 157 Howard, Edward Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 132, 135, Memories of Admiral Sir Sidney Smith, 137–44, 188n.19,n.20 158 House of the Seven Gables, The, 138, Howitt, Mary, 6, 15, 20, 28, 29, 32, 40, 139 44, 49, 50, 79, 134, 137, 189n.30 ‘Maypole of Merrymount, The’, 138 Howitt, William, 20, 28, 30, 40, 49, Scarlet Letter, The, 137, 138, 139, 50, 53, 137, 140 143–4 Rural Life, 29 Transformation (The Marble Faun), Visits to Remarkable Places, 29 59, 137–8, 180n.25 Howitt’s Journal, 30, 40, 139, 177n.8 Hawthorne, Sophia, 188n.19, n.20 Hunt, Holman, 51 Heath’s Keepsake, 65 Heger, Constantin, 115 Italy, 51, 56–60, 125–6, 127, 130 Hemans, Felicia, 15 Florence, 58, 125 Henson, Louise, 91, 142 Rome, 25, 56–9, 80, 125, 136, 138, Herbert, George, 15 180n.20, 180–1n.25 Hill, Captain Charles, 58, 69, 123 Venice, 58, 126 Hill, Octavia, 49 Irving, Washington, 187n.10 Holland, Annie (cousin), 49 Life and Letters, 132 Holland, Charles (cousin), 137 Holland, Elizabeth (mother), 6, 8, 9–10 James, George Payne Rainsford, 75 Holland, Fanny (cousin), 10 James, Henry, 57, 58 Holland, Henry (Dr, later Sir, cousin), William Wetmore Story and His 11, 13, 76 Friends, 180n.20, n.24 Holland, Lucy (cousin), 10, 98 Jameson, Anna, 3, 50, 67, 77, 106, 107 Holland, Mary (cousin), 10, 98 Sacred and Legendary Art, 59 Holland, Peter (uncle), 10, 11, 45, 98 Winter Studies and Summer Rambles, Holland, Samuel (grandfather), 11, 161 133 Holland, Samuel (uncle), 11, 25, 26, Jenkin, Henrietta Camilla 130, 137 Cousin Stella, 4 Index 199

Jerrold, Douglas, 50 Low, Sampson, 70, 90, 91, 95, 134, Jewsbury, Geraldine, 3, 4, 38, 72, 76 135, 183–84n.24, n.31 Marian Withers, 111–12 Lowell, James Russell Johnson, Samuel, 14 Fireside Travels, 132 Jonson, Ben, 15 Bigelow Papers, 132 Ludlow, John Malcolm, 104 Kavanagh, Julia, 5, 74, 76 Lumb, Hannah (Aunt Lumb), 6, 7, 10, Kay, James (later Kay-Shuttleworth, 11, 24, 25, 45 Sir), 24, 27, 108, 113, 115, 116 Lumb, Marianne, 6 Moral and Physical Condition of the Lushington, Vernon, 22 Working Classes, 24 Lytton, Edward Bulwer, 17, 75 Kay-Shuttleworth, Lady Janet, 27, 51, Eugene Aram, 17 62, 107, 109, 113, 114, 115, 116 Paul Clifford, 17 Keary, Annie, 76 Keats, John, 104, 184n.50 Mackay, Alexander Kestner, Joseph, 178n.30 Western World, The, 132 Kingsley, Charles, 38, 75, 106, 145 Mackenzie, Alexander Knutsford, 6, 10–11, 20, 29, 32, 44–6, A Year in Spain, 17 72, 81, 86, 89, 97, 104, 152, 153, Macmillan, Alexander, 5 161, 162, 167, 182n.5 Macmillan’s Magazine, 131, 172 Macready, William and Mrs, 50 Ladies’ Companion, 45, 81 Madge, Travers, 22, 36, 40 Lake District (Cumbria), 26–7, 46–7 Maginn, William, 144 Ambleside (Briery Close), 27, 114 Manchester, 12, 18, 19–24, 28, 32, 34, Ambleside (Lesketh How), 27, 46 35, 42–3, 59, 86, 101, 108, 114, Grasmere (Lancrigg), 27, 46 122, 130, 131, 134, 136, 137 Skelwith (Mill Brow), 26, 46, 88 Manchester Guardian, 36 Lamb, Charles, 14 Manning, Anne, 76 Essays of Elia, 98 Manning, Cardinal, 123 Lawrence, George Marryat, Frederick Guy Livingstone, 74 Diary in America, 133 Leader, 112, 184n.49 Marsh, Anne, see Caldwell, Anne Marsh Lea Hurst (Matlock), 47 Martineau, Harriet, 3, 12, 27, 46, 77, Lee, Holme, see Parr, Harriet 113, 115, 189n.30 LeFanu, Joseph Sheridan ‘A Manchester Strike’, 38 House by the Churchyard, The, 149 Martineau, James, 12, 176n.14, Leigh Smith, Barbara (Mme 188n.20 Bodichon), 49, 132 Martineau, Maria, 119 Lennox, Charlotte Massie, William Female Quixote, The, 14 Sydenham, 17 Lever, Charles, 75 Alice Paulet, 17 Lewes, George Henry, 2, 3, 104, 120, Masson, David, 172 138, 145, 184n.49 Mather, Cotton, 139, 140, 141 Life of Goethe, 116 Memorable Providences, 139, 141 Linton, Eliza Lynn, 4 Maurice, Frederick, 50 Literary Gazette, 7 Mayne, Fanny Littel’s Living Age, 135 Jane Rutherford, 73 London, 48–51, 108 Melville, Herman, 187n.13 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 132 Mill, John Stuart, 145 200 Index

Milnes, Richard Monkton (Lord Pall Mall Gazette, 130, 144, 153, 165 Houghton), 43, 48, 50, 52 Parker, Theodore, 131 Milton, John, 15, 116 Parkes, Bessie Raynor, 2, 49 Minto, William, 172 Parr, Harriet (‘Holme Lee’), 3, 76 Mitford, Mary Pasley, 33, 63, 101 Our Village, 98 Payne, George, 10 Mohl, Mary (‘Clarkey’), 43, 47, 52–3, Pierpont, John, 131 55, 56, 57, 126, 128, 129, 130, Portico Library, 14, 16, 19, 20, 35, 40, 164, 179n.9 57, 74–6, 106, 116, 131, 139, 148, Mohl, Julius, 52 157, 188n.28 Montégut, Emile, 111 Potter, Sir John, 35 Moodie, Susanna Preston, Margaret, 101 Roughing it in the Bush, 132 Preston, Mrs Jane, 26, 46, 47, 179 n.6 Moore, Thomas, 7, 15 Preston, William, 95 Epicurean, The, 7 Priestley, Joseph, 12 Life and Death of Lord Edward Proctor, Bryan Waller (‘Barry Fitzgerald, 17 Cornwall’), 58 More, Hannah, 14, 116 Proctor, Mrs Adelaide, 50 Morris, Pam, 168 Prospective Review, 185n.50 Mozley, Harriet, 32 Pryke, Jo, 25, 173 Punch, 50 Nasmyth, James, 23, 109, 190n.65 Newby, Thomas Cautley, 70, 117, 186n.72 Quarterly Review, 37, 117 Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 16–17, 18, 104 Quillinan, Edward, 27 Nicholls, Arthur, 114, 115 Nightingale (family), 47, 52 Radcliffe, Ann, 29, 151 Nightingale, Florence, 48, 106, 134 Rambler, 14 Nightingale, Parthenope (Lady Verney), 60 Reade, Charles, 75 North American Review, 75, 133 Christie Johnstone, 73, 74–5 North British Review, 104 Récamier, Mme de, 52, 53 Norton, Caroline, 38, 39, 75 Revue des Deux Mondes, 55, 75 Child of the Islands, The, 38 Ritchie, Anne Thackeray, 1, 7, 79 Dream, The, 38 Robberds, John Gooch, 18 Stuart of Dunleath, 76, 77 Robberds, Mary (later Herford), 22 A Voice from the Factories, 38 Roberts, Margaret Norton, Charles Eliot, 1, 24, 48, 58, Mademoiselle Mori, 59, 180–1n.25 68, 69, 77, 99, 122, 126, 130, 131, Robinson, Crabbe, 27 133, 134, 154, 190n.55 Robinson, Mrs Lydia (Lady Scott), 70, Notes of Travel and Study in Italy, 116, 117, 186n.72 187n.4 Robson, Anne (sister-in-law), 101, 103, 65 Nussey, Ellen, 115, 116, 118, 120 Rogers, Samuel, 50 Ginevra, 177–8n.17 Oliphant, Margaret, 2, 4, 73, 76 Italy, 59 Agnes, 5 Rossetti, Christine Mrs Margaret Maitland, 4 ‘Goblin Market’, 75 Salem Chapel, 148 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 51 Ruskin, John, 11, 27, 43, 46, 57, 69, Palfrey, John Gorham, 140 75, 97, 98 History of New England, 140 Modern Painters, 57 Index 201

Sablé, Mme de, 55, 56 Smith, Elder (publishers), 63, 69, 135, Saint-Pierre, Bernadin 184n.31 Paul and Virginia, 9 Southey, Robert, 15, 116 Sartain’s Union Magazine, 26, 32, 40, The Doctor, 32 45, 46, 134 Souvestre, Emile, 53, 56 Scheffer, Ary, 52, 53 Spectator, 105 Schwabe, Adolphe, 21, 43 Spenser, Edmund, 13 Schwabe, Julie (Mrs Salis), 52, 53, 136, Standard, 2 179n.9 Stevenson, Elizabeth (mother), see Schwabe, Salis, 21, 43, 53 Holland, Elizabeth Scoresby, William, 48, 115, 157 Stevenson, John (brother), 6, 8–9, 26 An Account of the Arctic Regions, 75, Stevenson, Robert Louis 157 Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, 93 Scott, Lady, see Robinson, Mrs Lydia Stevenson, William (father), 6–8, 14, Scott, Sir Walter, 7, 14, 15 178n.27, 190n.65 Life of Napoleon, 7 Stone, Elizabeth (Mrs Wheeler), Marmion, 75 William Langshawe, The Cotton Lord, Scotland 38, 39–40, 102 Auchencairn, 48, 153, 179 n.8 The Young Milliner, 38, 102 Dunoon, 48, 115, 157 Stoneman, Patsy, 105, 169, 170 Edinburgh, 17, 18, 124 Story, Mrs Emelyn, 56, 57, 58–9, 130, Glasgow, 48 137, 139 Sévigné, Mme de, 17, 113, 125, 129, Story, William Wetmore, 56, 57, 58–9, 185n.68 80, 130, 137, 138 Sewell, Elizabeth, 14, 74, 76, 176n.21 Roba di Roma, 59, 181n.26 Autobiography, 14 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 3, 43, 132, Ursula, 74 135–7, 187n.17 Shaen, Annie, 45, 113 Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 136 Shaen, Emily, 57 Minister’s Wooing, The, 136 Shakespeare, William, 14, 15 Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands, Sharpe’s London Magazine, 105 135, 136 Sharps, John Geoffrey, 127, 145, 149, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 136 183n.28, 187n.9 Sunday School Penny Magazine, 32, Shaw, Colonel Robert, 131 40 Shaw, Mrs, 131 Switzerland, 126 Shelston, Alan, 178n.21, 188n.26 Sherwood, Martha Mary, 14 Tasso, Torquato, 15 Silverdale (Morecambe Bay), 24–5, 26, Tauchnitz, Verlag, 149 30, 46, 47, 104, 124, 153 Taylor, Mary, 117, 120 Skrine, Peter, 127 Tennyson, Alfred Lord Smedley, Frank, 75 In Memoriam, 75 Smith, Adam Ternan, Ellen, 68 Wealth of Nations, 37 Thackeray, William Makepeace, 50, Smith, Anthony 51, 52, 67, 69, 75, 144 Martha, 73 Adventures of Philip, 154 Smith, George, 3,4,5, 48, 56, 59, Pendennis, 154 69–70, 73, 77, 115, 116, 117, 118, Thompson, General Perronet, 157, 158 120, 128, 133, 138, 144, 145, 149, Thompson, Isabel, 125, 128, 157 150, 154, 160, 163, 164, 186n.75 Thomson, Anthony Todd, 14, 179n.8 202 Index

Thomson, Mrs Todd, see Byerley, Garibaldi on Caprera, 127 Katharine Virgil, 161 Thomson, Catherine (Mrs Stevenson, step-mother), 6, 7 Wales, 25–6, 104 Thomson, James, 14 Ffestiniog, 11, 25, 104 Ticknor and Fields (publishers), 134 Plas yn Penrhyn, 11, 25 Times, 117 Ward, Adolphus William, 140, 148, Tollett, Ellen, 47 161, 173, 189n.30, 189–90n.46 Tonna, Charlotte Elizabeth (family), 11, 15, 49 Helen Fleetwood, 38 Wedgwood, Julia, 76 Wrongs of Women, The, 38, 102 Wellesley Index, 153 Toulmin, Camilla Westminster Review, 8, 101, 104, 138 ‘Orphan Milliners, The’, 102 Wheeler, Michael, 39, 102 Travis, Deborah (Knyvett), 35 Wheelright, Laetitia, 117 Trimmer, Sarah, 13, 32 Whewell, William, 21, 47 History of the Robins, 13 Whitby (‘Monkshaven’), 48, 76, 96, Trollope, Anthony, 75 137, 154–7, 190n.58 Trollope, Frances, 17, 76, 186n.3 Whitehill, Jane, 7, 57 Domestic Manners of the Americans, Wight, Orlando, 130 17, 39, 131 Wilde, Hamilton, 130 Jessie Phillips, 38, 39, 102–4 Williams, William Smith, 161 Michael Armstrong, the Factory Boy, Wills, William Henry, 65, 66, 67, 68 38, 39 Wilson, Reverend Carus, 117 Trollope, Mrs Theodosia, 125 Winkworth, Alice, 19 Trollope, Thomas Adolphus, 52, 125 Winkworth, Catherine (‘Katie’), 3, 19, True Briton, 73 37, 39, 57, 129, 136 Turner, Ann, 17 Winkworth, Emily, 19, 25 Turner, Mary (Mrs Gooch Robberds), 18 Winkworth, Susanna, 1, 12, 19 Turner, William, 16, 18 women writers, 3–4, 38, 74, 76–7, Twinn, Frances, 156 182n.51 Wood, Mrs Henry, 76, 149 Uglow, Jenny, 23, 47, 48, 51, 59, 80, Wordsworth, Mrs Mary, 46 98, 105, 123, 152, 161, 183n.23, Wordsworth, William, 15, 25, 27, 28, 183n.31, 187n.9 30, 31, 161, 183n.15 Unitarians (and Unitarianism), 12–13, Michael, 33, 96 20, 38, 43, 130, 145 Prelude, The, 75 Universal Magazine, 81 Wright, Thomas, 35 Upham, Charles Narratives of Sorcery and Magic, 75, Lectures on Witchcraft, 140–1 140 Salem Witchcraft, 189n.30 Yonge, Charlotte, 74, 76 Vaughan, Henry, 15 Yonge, George Vecchi, Colonel History of Whitby, 157