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A History of Rhetoric

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A History of Rhetoric Date: _________________________ Study Booklet Year 8: Unit 1 A History of Rhetoric Name Class Teacher 1 | P a g e @ s a y s m i s s K at H o w a r d Date: _________________________ Study Booklet Contents BQ1 What is rhetoric? 6 Aristotle 17 Alexander the Great BQ2 How do you construct an effective argument? 27 Cicero BQ3 How is rhetoric used to drive action? 41 Elizabeth I 49 Marc Anthony (Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar) 55 Percy Shelley BQ4 How is rhetoric used to highlight injustice? 62 Sojourner Truth 70 Emmeline Pankhurst BQ5 How is rhetoric used to motivate? 77 Winston Churchill 83 Mahatma Gandhi 89 Martin Luther King BQ6 How is rhetoric used for change? 98 Lennie James 105 Michelle Obama 112 Malala 2 | P a g e @ s a y s m i s s K at H o w a r d Date: _________________________ Key Definition word Alliteration Repeating the same sound at the start of consecutive words. Anecdote A short amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person. Anaphora Starting each sentence with the same words. Antithesis Direct opposites. Dialysis ‘Don’t do this, do that.’ Presenting an alternative argument. Direct Use of a proper noun (you) to address the audience. address Emotive Words or phrases that encourage the reader or audience to feel a language particular emotion. Credibility. "You should believe my argument because you believe me." or Ethos perhaps "...believe in me. “ Hyperbole Exaggeration to emphasise a point or idea. Hypophora A questions followed by the answer. Injustice If something is unfair. Logos Using logic and reasoning as your appeal: facts and figures. Pathos is the emotional influence of the speaker on the audience. Its goal Pathos is to make the audience feel something. Polemic A written debate or dispute. Proof Evidence to support your ideas or opinions. Purpose The reason the writer is writing. Rhetorical A question that doesn’t require an answer, but is instead used to make a question point. Use of a list of three, or repetition of something three times, to emphasise Tricolon a point. 3 | P a g e @ s a y s m i s s K at H o w a r d Date: _________________________ 4 | P a g e @ s a y s m i s s K at H o w a r d Date: _________________________ 5 | P a g e @ s a y s m i s s K at H o w a r d Date: _________________________ BQ1: What is Rhetoric? Do now: circle the verbs I would lead you I requested in my Be the serpent I am a strong leader If we don’t plan how on a new venture prayers underneath and I will lead us to to deal with this victory… attack effectively, we’ll be dealing with another… Read the below, and summarise, in your own words, the 3 main points underneath. What is Rhetoric? Rhetoric is, as simply defined as possible, the art of persuasion: it is the art of getting people to do or think what you want. The Art of Logic and Rhetoric by Dudley Fenner defines it as, Rhetoric is the art of speaking or writing persuasively. Its techniques and their names, are derived from the classical world of ancient Greece and Rome. One popular Elizabethan metaphor for how it worked was an orator, or speaker, dragging his audience around by golden chains tied to their ears. Studying rhetoric teaches students to write in a way that ensures people stand up and take notice. Studying rhetoric teaches students to write arguments that are convincing and eloquent. Studying rhetoric teaches students to express themselves in a way which is mature, considered, and well-crafted. Some might say that life is all about getting what you want and rhetoric is the tool to use to make that more likely. 6 | P a g e @ s a y s m i s s K at H o w a r d Date: _________________________ Reading Many historians credit the ancient city-state of Athens as the birthplace of rhetoric. A man’s success and influence in ancient Athens depended on his ability to persuade other men to vote him into power. As a result of this, small schools dedicated to teaching rhetoric (persuasion) began to form. The men that formed these schools were known as Sophists. The Sophists would travel from city to city teaching young men in public spaces how to speak and debate. They taught their students how to make a weak argument stronger and a strong argument weak. Sophists believed they could use language and the written or spoken word to win any debate on any subject even if they had no prior knowledge of the topic. A great philosopher named Aristotle criticised the Sophists. He accused them of manipulating people’s emotions to persuade, rather than using truth. Aristotle was very passionate about Rhetoric. In fact, he was so passionate, he wrote a book on it called, rather unimaginatively, The Art of Rhetoric. This book taught people how they could manipulate language and words to get what they wanted. In fact, The Art of Rhetoric was so powerful that it influenced the way people persuade other people for the next 2,000 years. Aristotle is the King of Rhetoric. Sophists: men that formed schools in Debate: a formal argument over key Manipulate: influence people into Ancient Greece topics thinking or acting in a particular way. Pen to Paper 1. In which city was Rhetoric founded? 2. Why did people in this city start to study Rhetoric? 7 | P a g e @ s a y s m i s s K at H o w a r d Date: _________________________ 3. What did Sophists believe they could do? 4. In your own words, why was Aristotle critical of the Sophists? Who? Why might this person / these people use rhetoric? Me My teachers A politician A company such as McDonalds Pen to Paper Write a short speech to persuade your teacher for the rest of the day off. What three reasons could you give as to why it would be a good idea? Consider the final sentence of your speech to make them feel as though you have a legitimate reason to be permitted your request. 8 | P a g e @ s a y s m i s s K at H o w a r d Date: _________________________ Big Question: What is Rhetoric? 9 | P a g e @ s a y s m i s s K at H o w a r d Date: _________________________ Do now: Rhetoric is: An anecdote is: Underline the nouns: Create the abstract noun a. The art of asking a. Something that a. Cars have wheels for these concrete nouns: questions. can be proven b. Money brings you a. Long b. The art of to be true happiness b. Strong persuasion. b. Numerical facts, c. Dogs bark at c. Wide c. The art of often expressed strangers. d. High writing well. as percentages d. The art of c. A short amusing studying. or interesting story about a real incident or person Reading The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, in his The Art of Rhetoric, identified the three main components of a compelling and persuasive argument. These are collectively known as the Aristotelian Triad (say it aloud A-ris-ta-tee-lian Try-ad): It can be useful to consider the terms in this way: • Ethos: you (credibility and trust) • Logos: content (logic and proof) • Pathos: audience (emotional reaction) 10 | P a g e @ s a y s m i s s K at H o w a r d Date: _________________________ Ethos Ethos is all about the public persona you portray when you are trying to persuade someone of something. As Sam Leith says: How you present yourself-ordinarily the job of the opening few moments of your address- is the foundation on which all the rest is built. It establishes the connection between speaker and the audience, and it steers how that speech will be received. Your audience needs to believe that you are: Trustworthy Knowledgeable about the subject you’re arguing for or against Someone who genuinely cares A good person Perhaps most important of all, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, you will be seeking to persuade your audience that you are one of them: that your interests and their interests are identical in this case or, to be more convincing, in all cases. Pen to Paper Which of the following is the most effective example of somebody creating a ‘strong ethos’ for themselves? Give a reason for your answer. Sentence stem ………… is the best example of someone creating a strong ethos because… 1. Our expertise in building 2. My three decades of 3. Man try say he's better than houses is evidenced not only experience in public service, me by our 100 years in the my tireless commitment to Tell my man shut up business and our staff of the people of Mention my name in your qualified technicians, but in this community, and my tweets the decades of satisfied willingness to reach across Oi rudeboy, shut up customers who have come the aisle and cooperate with How can you be better than to expect nothing but the the opposition, make me the me? best. ideal candidate for your Shut up mayor. Best in the scene? Tell my man, yo, yo 11 | P a g e @ s a y s m i s s K at H o w a r d Date: _________________________ You have been asked to deliver an assembly to fellow students, persuading them to give up one break time a week, to help clear up litter in the local community.
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