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Study Booklet Year 8: Unit 1
A History of Rhetoric
Name
Class
Teacher
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Study Booklet Contents
BQ1 What is rhetoric?
6 Aristotle
17 Alexander the Great
BQ2 How do you construct an effective argument?
27 Cicero
BQ3 How is rhetoric used to drive action?
41 Elizabeth I
49 Marc Anthony (Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar)
55 Percy Shelley
BQ4 How is rhetoric used to highlight injustice?
62 Sojourner Truth
70 Emmeline Pankhurst
BQ5 How is rhetoric used to motivate?
77 Winston Churchill
83 Mahatma Gandhi
89 Martin Luther King
BQ6 How is rhetoric used for change?
98 Lennie James
105 Michelle Obama
112 Malala
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Key Definition word
Alliteration Repeating the same sound at the start of consecutive words.
Anecdote A short amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person.
Anaphora Starting each sentence with the same words.
Antithesis Direct opposites. Dialysis ‘Don’t do this, do that.’ Presenting an alternative argument. Direct Use of a proper noun (you) to address the audience. address Emotive Words or phrases that encourage the reader or audience to feel a language particular emotion. Credibility. "You should believe my argument because you believe me." or Ethos perhaps "...believe in me. “
Hyperbole Exaggeration to emphasise a point or idea. Hypophora A questions followed by the answer. Injustice If something is unfair. Logos Using logic and reasoning as your appeal: facts and figures. Pathos is the emotional influence of the speaker on the audience. Its goal Pathos is to make the audience feel something. Polemic A written debate or dispute. Proof Evidence to support your ideas or opinions.
Purpose The reason the writer is writing. Rhetorical A question that doesn’t require an answer, but is instead used to make a question point. Use of a list of three, or repetition of something three times, to emphasise Tricolon a point.
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BQ1: What is Rhetoric? Do now: circle the verbs
I would lead you I requested in my Be the serpent I am a strong leader If we don’t plan how on a new venture prayers underneath and I will lead us to to deal with this victory… attack effectively, we’ll be dealing with another…
Read the below, and summarise, in your own words, the 3 main points underneath.
What is Rhetoric?
Rhetoric is, as simply defined as possible, the art of persuasion: it is the art of getting people to do or think what you want.
The Art of Logic and Rhetoric by Dudley Fenner defines it as,
Rhetoric is the art of speaking or writing persuasively. Its techniques and their names, are derived from the classical world of ancient Greece and Rome. One popular Elizabethan metaphor for how it worked was an orator, or speaker, dragging his audience around by golden chains tied to their ears.
Studying rhetoric teaches students to write in a way that ensures people stand up and take notice. Studying rhetoric teaches students to write arguments that are convincing and eloquent. Studying rhetoric teaches students to express themselves in a way which is mature, considered, and well-crafted.
Some might say that life is all about getting what you want and rhetoric is the tool to use to make that more likely.
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Reading
Many historians credit the ancient city-state of Athens as the birthplace of rhetoric. A man’s success and influence in ancient Athens depended on his ability to persuade other men to vote him into power. As a result of this, small schools dedicated to teaching rhetoric (persuasion) began to form. The men that formed these schools were known as Sophists.
The Sophists would travel from city to city teaching young men in public spaces how to speak and debate. They taught their students how to make a weak argument stronger and a strong argument weak.
Sophists believed they could use language and the written or spoken word to win any debate on any subject even if they had no prior knowledge of the topic.
A great philosopher named Aristotle criticised the Sophists. He accused them of manipulating people’s emotions to persuade, rather than using truth.
Aristotle was very passionate about Rhetoric. In fact, he was so passionate, he wrote a book on it called, rather unimaginatively, The Art of Rhetoric. This book taught people how they could manipulate language and words to get what they wanted.
In fact, The Art of Rhetoric was so powerful that it influenced the way people persuade other people for the next 2,000 years. Aristotle is the King of Rhetoric.
Sophists: men that formed schools in Debate: a formal argument over key Manipulate: influence people into Ancient Greece topics thinking or acting in a particular way.
Pen to Paper
1. In which city was Rhetoric founded?
2. Why did people in this city start to study Rhetoric?
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3. What did Sophists believe they could do?
4. In your own words, why was Aristotle critical of the Sophists?
Who? Why might this person / these people use rhetoric? Me
My teachers
A politician
A company such as McDonalds
Pen to Paper
Write a short speech to persuade your teacher for the rest of the day off.
What three reasons could you give as to why it would be a good idea?
Consider the final sentence of your speech to make them feel as though you have a legitimate reason to be permitted your request.
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Big Question: What is Rhetoric?
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Do now:
Rhetoric is: An anecdote is: Underline the nouns: Create the abstract noun a. The art of asking a. Something that a. Cars have wheels for these concrete nouns: questions. can be proven b. Money brings you a. Long b. The art of to be true happiness b. Strong persuasion. b. Numerical facts, c. Dogs bark at c. Wide c. The art of often expressed strangers. d. High writing well. as percentages d. The art of c. A short amusing studying. or interesting story about a real incident or person
Reading
The Greek philosopher, Aristotle, in his The Art of Rhetoric, identified the three main components of a compelling and persuasive argument.
These are collectively known as the Aristotelian Triad (say it aloud A-ris-ta-tee-lian Try-ad):
It can be useful to consider the terms in this way:
• Ethos: you (credibility and trust) • Logos: content (logic and proof) • Pathos: audience (emotional reaction)
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Ethos
Ethos is all about the public persona you portray when you are trying to persuade someone of something. As Sam Leith says:
How you present yourself-ordinarily the job of the opening few moments of your address- is the foundation on which all the rest is built. It establishes the connection between speaker and the audience, and it steers how that speech will be received.
Your audience needs to believe that you are:
Trustworthy Knowledgeable about the subject you’re arguing for or against Someone who genuinely cares A good person
Perhaps most important of all, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, you will be seeking to persuade your audience that you are one of them: that your interests and their interests are identical in this case or, to be more convincing, in all cases.
Pen to Paper
Which of the following is the most effective example of somebody creating a ‘strong ethos’ for themselves? Give a reason for your answer. Sentence stem ………… is the best example of someone creating a strong ethos because…
1. Our expertise in building 2. My three decades of 3. Man try say he's better than houses is evidenced not only experience in public service, me by our 100 years in the my tireless commitment to Tell my man shut up business and our staff of the people of Mention my name in your qualified technicians, but in this community, and my tweets the decades of satisfied willingness to reach across Oi rudeboy, shut up customers who have come the aisle and cooperate with How can you be better than to expect nothing but the the opposition, make me the me? best. ideal candidate for your Shut up mayor. Best in the scene? Tell my man, yo, yo
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You have been asked to deliver an assembly to fellow students, persuading them to give up one break time a week, to help clear up litter in the local community. Use the space below to plan what you could say in the opening 30 seconds of your assembly to make your audience believe this is an important task.
Collective noun Rhetorical question Credibility
We, our, us Will you do the right thing? This is important to me, because...
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Do now:
Can you be there at 5 Don't speak to her so It serves you The ball hit me o'clock ...... ? ...... ? ...... on the nose. sharp sharp right right sharply sharply rightly rightly
We are going to write our assembly speech, ensuring that we include a sense of ethos (credibility) within our writing. Use a three-part plan to think through your ideas.
Collective noun Rhetorical question Credibility
We, our, us Do I have your help? This is important to me, because.. Preposition sentence Expand this sentence with where, Establishing importance statement when or why: trust is important
Throughout this speech… Because I care, trust is important to Without your help… me.
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Do now:
Commas are often misused and this can mean that what we write is misunderstood. Here are three key mistakes for you to correct. The run on sentence- all commas The unneeded comma The misplaced comma and no connectives or full stops.
Alexander the Great, was very Alexander the great got his title, because Alexander the Great led soldiers young, ruled Greece, ruled Persia, he was a strong leader. recklessly putting, their lives at was taught by Aristotle, made a huge risk in battle. powerful speech.
Reading: Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great, single-handedly changed the nature of the ancient world in little more than a decade.
Alexander was born in Pella, the ancient capital of Macedonia in July 356 BC. His parents were Philip II of Macedon and his wife Olympias. Alexander was educated by the philosopher Aristotle. Philip was assassinated in 336 BC and Alexander inherited a powerful yet volatile kingdom. He quickly dealt with his enemies at home and reasserted Macedonian power within Greece. He then set out to conquer the massive Persian Empire.
Against overwhelming odds, he led his army to victories across the Persian territories of Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt without suffering a single defeat. His greatest victory was at the Battle of Gaugamela, in what is now northern Iraq, in 331 BC. The young king of Macedonia, leader of the Greeks, overlord of Asia Minor and pharaoh of Egypt became 'great king' of Persia at the age of 25.
Over the next eight years, in his capacity as king, commander, politician, scholar and explorer, Alexander led his army a further 11,000 miles, founding over 70 cities and creating an empire that
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Alexander was acknowledged as a military genius who always led by example, although his belief in his own indestructibility meant he was often reckless with his own life and those of his soldiers. The fact that his army only refused to follow him once in 13 years of a reign during which there was constant fighting, indicates the loyalty he inspired.
He died of a fever in Babylon in June 323 BC.
1. Who was Alexander’s teacher?
2. What was so remarkable about Alexander’s time as ‘great king’ of Persia?
3. What does the writer mean when he or she writes that Alexander ‘always led by example’?
Reading: Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great decided to continue his conquest into India. But after ten years of fighting and being away from home, his men lacked the will to take part in another battle, especially against an opponent like King Porus and his army. So, Alexander gave one of the finest speeches in earliest rhetoric.
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Annotation task: as we read, summarise each section in one sentence. Identify where Alexander in his speech uses 2nd person personal singular pronoun (You), where he has used a 1st person plural pronoun (We; Our; Us), and for what purpose.
Why do you think Alexander uses ‘you’ in this section?
Why do you think Alexander uses ‘we’ in this section?
I Venture: a risky journey Endurance: the act of suffering Hesitate: pause something painful or difficult over a decision
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BQ1: What is rhetoric?
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BQ 2: How do you construct an effective argument?
Do now:
First singular pronoun Second singular pronoun Third plural pronoun In your own words, define Ethos.
Reading: Logos
Logos is your argument. It’s the way you allow your audience to believe (not know – rhetoric is all about belief; not knowledge) that your aims, your arguments, the conclusions to which you’re headed, are the right ones. Logos is logical appeal or the false creation of it, and the term logic is derived from it.
It is normally used to describe facts and figures that support the speaker's claims or thesis. Having a logos appeal also enhances ethos because information makes the speaker look knowledgeable and prepared to his or her audience.
Logos can be developed by: 1. Providing proof such as expert opinion or facts 2. Outlining the benefits to create a strong argument 3. Constructing logical arguments using dialysis or antithesis Providing proof
Facts are things which can be proven to be true. They show your audience that you know what you’re talking about, and they are impossible to argue against. Write down 3 facts that could be used to support an argument in favour of making smoking illegal:
Outlining the benefits
Explaining why something is effective or worth considering is always an ideal way to persuade people, but too little information and we lose ethos (credibility) and oddly, too much information and we also lose ethos. We must get the balance right to ensure that our argument feels logical, well thought-out and worth listening to. 21 | P a g e @ s a y s m i s s K at H o w a r d
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One way to do this is a tricolon.
A tricolon is to use a list of three, or repetition of the same idea three times over, to emphasise and strengthen a point. For some reason, our brains find only two reasons not convincing enough, but four reasons as though the person has tried too hard to win us over, and so we become less trusting of their argument.
Look at these advertisements: they all manage to do this effectively. Why choose those three benefits?
Using your three facts, create a paragraph that use the tricolon effect to persuade others that smoking is bad for their health. Are there any that you wish to change so the paragraph is more effective?
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Dialysis is using an alternative argument to strengthen your own: a ‘don’t do that, do this’ approach.
Antithesis is to use a direct opposite to achieve a stronger argument.
Select either dialysis (don’t do that, do this’) or antithesis (direct opposites) and write a final powerful line for your paragraph.
Constructing a Logical Argument: putting it all together A logical argument is an argument based on facts and what makes sense, rather than emotional responses. For example: We need to ban smoking because smoking is evil!
Is not logical. It is an emotional opinion.
However,
We need to ban smoking because it increases the chances of contracting lung cancer. is a logical argument because it is based on facts. Logical arguments can also be created by building up information to lead to a final argument. This is where you consider which of your ideas are strongest, and this helps you to order them effectively. This is known as a syllogism. For example, you may want to persuade people that smoking is disgusting, and some people may not believe you- so you build an argument. 1. All cigarettes are disgusting 2. The smoker smokes cigarettes 3. Therefore, the smoker is also disgusting.
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Complete the following arguments:
Coffee is disgusting. Teenagers are lazy.
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. Therefore, coffee must be disgusting. Therefore, all teenagers are lazy.
Pen to Paper
Proof Benefits Dialysis Antithesis
In your opinion, to what extent are two of these devices essential in building a logical argument?
But Because So
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Pen to Paper
Write a mini-speech of just 100 words, explaining why the school should do more to improve its litter situation. Construct a logos argument by including the two devices you believe to be most effective.
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Do now: Homework Task
Answers 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
TOTAL
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Reading: Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero was born in the hill town of Arpinum, about 60 What was Cicero’s strength? miles southeast of Rome. His father, a wealthy member of the equestrian order, paid to educate Cicero and his younger brother in philosophy and rhetoric in Rome and Greece. After a brief military service, he studied Roman law. Cicero publicly argued his first legal case in 81 B.C., successfully defending a man charged with parricide.
Cicero approved the execution of a noble man, a breach of Roman law that meant he was sent into exile.
During his exile, Cicero refused overtures from Caesar that might have protected him. Cicero was away from Rome when civil war between Why might this have caused Caesar and Pompey broke out. He cautiously returned to Rome to people to lose faith in Cicero? receive Caesar’s pardon.
Cicero was not asked to join the conspiracy to assassinate Caesar in 44 B.C., but he was quick to celebrate it after the fact., Cicero made brief attempts at alliances with key figures, first defending Mark Antony and then denouncing him as a public enemy in a series of speeches. Antony arranged to have him declared a public enemy. Cicero was caught and killed by Antony’s soldiers, who are said to have cut off his head and right hand and brought them for display in Rome—Antony’s revenge for Cicero’s speeches and writings.
Exile: being barred from Pardon: forgiven for an Denounce: publicly Assassinate: murder, usually your country. error or offence. declare to be wrong or for political reasons. evil
Reading: Cicero
This speech was delivered with the intention of convincing the lower class, or common man, that Catiline would not represent their interests and they should not support him. Cicero wanted to ensure that he had the trust of the audience, but that he had presented a logical argument.
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Why use prayers?
What is used here in an attempt to strengthen the argument?
What is the importance of the repetition of ‘if’?
What does he swear by to reinforce his point? Would that convince his audience?
How does Cicero want us to feel? How do we know?
Consider that Cicero was eventually assassinated: does this make him an effective orator (speaker) or an ineffective one, we could wonder?
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Do now:
The first word of a Names of the days Names of languages The names of We are in danger of sentence should or months should should have a capital subjects at school ignoring the advice, have a capital letter. have a capital letter. letter. are not capitlised when we should be unless they are the listening to it. names of languages: distressingly few sunday is usually the My friend is My favourite Is this: pupils can locate best day for bilingual: he speaks subjects are german, a) Dialysis Greece on a map. relaxation. greek, french and science and history. b) Hyperbole english. c) Anecdote
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Whole class feedback
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Response
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Use an Use an apostrophe When a singular We often try to use Should students apostrophe to show as a contraction. It noun ends in an s, an apostrophe to wear uniform? possession. replaces letters to there is no need to make a plural. This is Clearly the answer is ajoin two words. add an additional s. incorrect! yes.
What is this an example of? The womans hat Could have: couldve James pen Opinion’s a) Rhetorical question The mans speech Can not: cant The class books Question’s b) Tricolon c) Anaphora The childs questions Should not: shouldnt The bus passengers Opposite’s d) Hypophora
Critical Reading: The Arts of Logic and Rhetoric by Dudley Fenner
These are selections from Dudley Fenner’s The Artes of Logike and Rethorike (1584), one of many similar books published during Shakespeare’s lifetime. It gives an insight into one of the key ways in which the language of Julius Caesar is constructed.
What is rhetoric? Rhetoric is the art of speaking persuasively in public. Its techniques What does orator mean? and their names, are derived from the classical world of ancient Greece and Rome. One popular Elizabethan metaphor for how it worked was an orator, or speaker, dragging his audience around by golden chains tied to their ears.
How was it taught? What does the amount of books published on According to the critic Brian Vickers, more textbooks of rhetoric rhetoric tell us about its purpose? were published during the period in which Shakespeare was writing than in any other in history. One example of how the information in them was used survives from Canterbury School, which was attended by Shakespeare’s contemporary, the poet and playwright Christopher Marlowe. In the fifth form there, boys were 32 | P a g e @ s a y s m i s s K at H o w a r d
Date: ______expected to memorize rhetorical figures. The critic Garry Wells describes these figures as ‘the signature devices of the ancient orators: for the Roman rhetorician Quintilian, a figure was anything which goes beyond an obvious and ordinary statement’. They are also referred to as tropes, schemata or ornaments, and generally reflect their classical heritage by having Greek names. Anaphora is:
One example would be anaphora, the repetition of a word or An example of anaphora is: phrase at the beginning of a clause to hammer home a point. In epiphora, a word or phrase is repeated at the end of successive clauses. Why might schools have considered the teaching of rhetoric as important? How might Shakespeare himself attended Stratford Grammar School, where it be useful? the curriculum would have been similar. Besides the memorising of figures, boys would probably have been expected to practice rhetoric through suasorie: formal speeches of persuasion delivered for and against a certain argument. In this way of teaching, one set exercise might be to argue in favour of or against marriage. Pupils might also be expected to argue a point from a certain imagined position, which would all add up to an excellent training for a future dramatist.
Indeed, according to the critic Garry Wills, the characters in Julius Caesar ‘speak the way Elizabethan schoolboys were taught that Romans had spoken’.
Orator: a formal speaker Dramatist: another word Anaphora: a word or Epiphora: a word or phrase for an actor phrase repeated at the repeated at the end of start of sentences or sentences or clauses. clauses.
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Pen to Paper
Imagine you are giving a talk to the Student Council on attending school from 8am to 12pm. In your opening speech you need to address the year group, but you need to address them in a way which would give you a good ethos in their eyes.
Which term did you think would give you the best ethos in the eyes of your audience? Give a reason for your answer, using tricolon.
“Welcome…”
Mates Fellow students Friends Fellow sufferers Idiots
Now, imagine that you are delivering the same speech to the Senior Leadership Team. Your purpose to persuade is the same, but your audience is different. What opening line could you use to create ethos?
Thank you for your time today,
Colleagues Friends Educators Esteemed leaders Investors of learning
Write a mini-speech that would persuade one of these audiences. Consider: How you will ensure you build ethos with your audience Three key points for your audience to be persuaded
Proof Benefits Dialysis Antithesis
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Do now:
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‘Friends, Romans, Insert a colon in Insert a semi colon Look at this What are the four Countrymen, lend these sentences: in these sentences: sentence. What main text types used me your ears.’ possible ways could when writing
you punctuate it? rhetorically? This is an example There are three Freedom is of: main reasons to everything 1. a) Logos have faith in me everything is Our teacher who b) Proof as a leader I freedom. often gets cross c) Tricolon have kindness, when we’re 2. d) Dialysis compassion and late wasn’t cross at loyalty. all We must speak 3. The view of out we need to writing an listen. author’s opinion. 4. Consider the We need to value of life this speak out we will help you to need to speak cherish it. now.
Reading: Pathos
Pathos is all about making your audience feel something. Images of starving children that you see on charity appeals are all about Pathos. As Sam Leith explains, in his book on Rhetoric:
Pathos is the appeal you see uppermost in the heart-wrenching, expensively printed flyers that pop through your letter box asking for donations to charity. Rather than use logos-detailed arguments and eye-glazing statistics about the ways in which the charity achieves the greatest good, distributes its funds, etc.- the advert shoots straight for the heart.
The cute chipmunk on the front cover gives way to a mass of fur and bloody entrails inside, making you think twice before investing in that fur coat. Adverts about the human experiences of people in poverty-stricken places of the world. Charity appeals with clips of people hugging in hospital rooms. It’s all pathos. Pathos is the way you make an audience feel. If you can stir their emotions, they will listen.
Human beings are full of emotion. And because of that, we’re easily influenced by its effects. In a perfect world, only arguments using logos would persuade us to do anything, because you cannot argue with the facts. However, if we have an emotional reaction, it stays with us, and ultimately makes something more
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Reflecting on the Reading
1. In your own words, what is Pathos?
2. In your opinion, why does the use of Logos not work without Pathos?
There are lots of emotions that can be useful in persuading people to do what we want: • Fear to change the way we approach a situation • Pride to motivate us • Anger against injustice • Sympathy to encourage us to act Can you think of any others?
There are four key ways to incorporate pathos when persuading people.
Anecdotes Direct address Emotive language Hyperbole
Where have we seen any of these devices before?
Anecdotes Anecdotes are a great way to invoke pathos in your audience. An anecdote is a story. Anecdotes are short, interesting, or funny stories about an event or occurrence that may have happened to the speaker or writer and they show that the speaker or writer has an understanding or experience relating to the topic. For example, in a speech persuading people to have courage, the speaker might tell a story about a time that they were brave even though it was difficult. Anecdotes show that the persuader is a real human being with real life experience, thoughts, and feelings.
Direct address As we saw in Alexander the Great’s speech, the use of personal pronouns is a really powerful way to draw the audience in to feel as though your message is specifically for them. Direct address makes sure your audience feel as though the words are meant for them personally, and that the speaker has thought about what is important to them. 37 | P a g e @ s a y s m i s s K at H o w a r d
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Emotive Language Language can be used to make people feel strongly about something. Emotive language is language that attempts to stir emotions in the reader.
Hyperbole By exaggerating your point, it can appeal to the emotions of your audience: make it more urgent for us to take action, make it more terrifying for us to be afraid, or just make it more saddening to make us sympathise.
Which is more effective?
a) Smoking rips lives b) Smoking will ruin you. c) Smoking will ruin d) The friends that apart. everything and smoked are the everyone in its path. friends I’ve lost.
Imagine you are on a lifeboat which can only hold three more people. Which three people from the following list would you bring on board and why? In your book, write down your 3 choices and give reasons for your choices: one which uses a logos argument, and one which uses a pathos argument: • Restaurant manager, 44, married with two children. • Russia first year medical student, 23, • Single mother, 34, has three children • Accountant, 58, amateur marathon runner • 18 year old student, going into the army. • Female fashion model, 25, grew up on a farm. • Internationally famous movie star, 38. • Homeless person, 40, Oxford University graduate • Top ranked Olympic swimmer from Brazil, speaks no English. • Billionaire’s daughter, 8 years old, certified genius.
Look at each advert. How does each one use pathos to persuade the audience? 38 | P a g e @ s a y s m i s s K at H o w a r d
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The lettering says, ‘we are running out of time: act now before it’s too late.’
Big Question: how do you construct an effective argument?
How do you construct an effective argument using rhetoric?
BQ3: How is rhetoric used to drive action?
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Do now:
Which of the following When we write a An anecdote is: In your opinion, which statements is an example of letter, we open with: statement use pathos logos? more effectively and Dear Something that can why? We must pass this be proven to be true law or else all of the starving people in this nation will die. Hello Buy my phone so that Homelessness amongst Numerical facts, often I can afford to take my children has risen 25% in expressed as cute kitten to the vet this country in the past I am speaking to percentages and pay for some life- decade. you today saving treatment! As a social worker, I can tell you from my direct a short amusing or You will never be experience that things interesting story happy in life if you do have got worse for about a real incident not seize this children in this country. or person opportunity!
Reading: Antithesis
Antithesis is when you mention one thing: then you mention another. Generally with antithesis, the two things you mention are opposites. Take this example from Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’:
To be, or not to be.
Here’s an example from Neil Armstrong: That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind
In your own words, what is antithesis?
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As rhetorical speeches are about two opposing sides of an argument, antithesis can be really useful. Imagine you had to write a speech arguing against the wearing of school uniform at school. You could say:
School uniforms are uncomfortable. Tracksuits are comfortable.
What other examples of antithesis could you use in such a speech?
Reading: Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I was Queen of England from 1558 to 1603, and is often regarded as one of England's greatest monarchs.
Elizabeth came to power in 1558, inheriting problems with religion, poverty and rules. Elizabeth restored the stability and the status of the monarchy: • She solved the religious tensions by following a 'middle way' which allowed Catholics and Puritans to keep their private beliefs as long as they went to the Church of England in public. However, she hunted, tortured and executed Catholic priests who came into England to undermine her power. • She survived plots and rebellions, and executed Mary Queen of Scots in 1587 because she saw her as a threat to her throne. • At the time women were seen as weak and inappropriate leaders of a nation. To combat this perception she tried to use her unmarried status as a way of strengthening her political control in England and abroad.
The Speech to the Troops at Tilbury was delivered on 9 August 1588 by Queen Elizabeth I of England to the land forces earlier assembled at Tilbury in Essex in preparation for repelling the expected invasion by the Spanish Armada.
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Elizabeth tells the troops that she wanted to deliver her speech to the troops in person – against advice.
Why does she include her faith in God?
Which device is used here- and why?
Elizabeth moves to a collective noun at this later part of the speech- why?
What does she predict will happen as a result of this battle?
multitudes treachery tyrants
feeble scorn virtues
obedience concord valour
1. How would this situation have made the soldiers feel before listening to Elizabeth?
2. How might the soldiers have felt after listening to Elizabeth I address them?
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3. Write out the phrase from the speech that uses antithesis and explain why you think Queen Elizabeth has used it.
4. How does Elizabeth appeal to ethos, logos and pathos?
Ethos:
Logos:
Pathos:
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Do now:
Which of the following We use commas to Which of the following is a In your own words, define statements use antithesis? separate a list of similar simple sentence? ethos. words or phrases. We do not normally use a comma Can you think of two before and at the end of a devices that you could use list of single words. Insert to create a sense of ethos? the commas into these sentences:
There are daggers in It’s important to write Without hope, there is men’s smiles in clear simple nothing. (Macbeth) accurate words.
We do not live alone. They were more Let freedom ring in the We are members of friendly more talkative valleys. one body. (Inspector more open than last Goole, An Inspector time we met them. Calls)
I hesitated long before They travelled through We shall walk to a I put this theory to the Bulgaria Slovakia the better future with our test of practice. (Jekyll Czech Republic and heads held high. and Hyde). Poland.
Imagine you had to write a letter to the Senior Leadership Team, arguing against the wearing of school uniform at school.
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Your address
Date
Their address
Dear
I am writing to you to…
Reason one
Reason two
Some may argue..
What next?
Yours sincerely,
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Plan and model
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Do now:
What is a clause? What are all of the The person and number of the Verbal Irony occurs when following sentences subject of the clause decide the a speaker says one thing, an example of? type of verb. This is called but means another. For subject–verb agreement. Select example, saying ‘lovely the right use of verb use. weather’ as it pours with A sentence containing Friends, Romans, rain. Like sarcasm, but not He hates being defeated. one subject and one countrymen, lend always mocking others. He hate being defeated. verb. me your ears;
Part of a sentence by your godlike Which of these is verbal We often looks to make bad which contains a and never-to-be- irony? choices. subject and a verb. forgotten We often look to make bad kindness Sure, I would love to choices. empty the bin.
Part of a sentence, You cannot argue Is you ready? which doesn’t have to with the experts Are you going out Are you ready? have any particular dressed like that?
words in it.
That spider could eat Would I have They don’t do enough for us. me for breakfast. A single word with an betrayed you? They doesn’t do enough for us. adjective before it. Never.
Reading: Marc Antony in William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar
The following is a famous speech from William Shakespeare’s play, Julius Caesar. The play tells of how the famous Roman Emperor, Julius Caesar is killed on the steps of the Senate by a group of conspirators led by his trusted friend Brutus. Brutus, kills Caesar because he is worried that Caesar is exploiting his power. In this speech, Marc Antony, a loyal friend of Caesar’s, has been allowed by Brutus and the other conspirators to make a funeral oration for Caesar on condition that he not blame them for Caesar's death. However, while Antony's speech outwardly begins by justifying the actions of Brutus and the assassins, Antony uses rhetoric and genuine reminders to ultimately portray Caesar in such a positive light that the crowd are enraged against the conspirators.
As we read, look out for rhetorical devices that Marc Antony includes to subtly turn his audience against Brutus.
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Why does he choose this tricolon order? How does this help him to gain the audience’s trust?
By choosing to give Brutus’ opinion and not his own, what does this suggest?
The Lupercal, short for Lupercalia, was a celebration of the start of Spring. Marc Antony had presented Caesar with a laurel wreath as a symbol of kingship.
What device is used here to appeal to the audience?
How does this use of hyperbole demonstrate how Marc Antony feels to the audience?
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Interred Grievous Honourable
Thrice Withholds Brutish
Reflecting on the Reading
1. What was the purpose of Marc Antony’s speech? a)
b)
2. Look back at Marc Antony’s Funeral Speech. Which repeated phrase is an example of verbal Irony?
3. Why do you think Marc Antony uses it?
The line sounds like Antony is giving ‘lives after them’ suggests that he is advice. By sounding credible and wise talking about the men that live, rather he is creating a sense of ethos. than Caesar.
The evil that men do lives after them;
‘
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Why does Antony use hypophora here?
Did this in Caesar seem ambitious?
When that the poor have cried, Caesar
hath wept:
‘How does this quotation encourage pathos?
‘Why use this repeated verbal irony?
And Brutus is an honourable man.
How is this used for the final time within the speech?
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Do now:
What is verbal irony? Which of this is dialysis? A compound sentence is Complex sentences have at two independent clauses least one subordinate clause joined together. Which of that adds more detail and these are compound information to the sentence. sentences? Which of these are complex sentence?
Ignore the past and Antony was not Marc Antony is asked not change the future. honest but he didn’t to speak badly of Brutus, lie. but is not comfortable to do this. We are not the mistakes Antony was loyal and Marc Antony states that we make. Caesar was respected. Caesar was not evil, because he was Is it too late now to say The audience were honourable. sorry? tricked into thinking The speech appeals to Brutus was pathos, so the audience honourable. turn on Brutus.
How does Marc Antony use rhetoric to expose Brutus and the other conspirers?
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Pen to Paper
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Do now:
Identify the sentence type: fragment, simple or complex. If something is polemic, what is it? Honestly. Elizabeth’s soldiers Lives were Because of rhetoric, felt valued. shattered. we can create a convincing argument,
We’re going to explore a different way to use rhetoric: to drive change. However, this writer of rhetoric is a poet. The poetry is polemic- it debates or disputes whether individuals acted in a way that was fair and just.
Reading: The Peterloo Massacre
On the 16th of August 1819 the huge open area around what's now St Peter's Square, Manchester, played host to an outrage against over 60,000 peaceful pro-democracy and anti-poverty protesters; an event which became known as The Peterloo Massacre.
An estimated 18 people, including four women and a child, died from sabre cuts and trampling. Nearly 700 men, women and children received extremely serious injuries. All in the name of liberty and freedom from poverty.
The Massacre occurred during a period of immense political tension and mass protests. Fewer than 2% of the population had the vote, and hunger was rife with the disastrous corn laws making bread unaffordable.
On the morning of the 16th of August 1819the crowd began to gather, conducting themselves, according to contemporary accounts, with dignity and discipline, the majority dressed in their Sunday best.
The key speaker was to be famed orator Henry Hunt, the platform consisted of a simple cart, located in the front of what's now the Manchester Central Conference Centre, and the space was filled with banners - REFORM, UNIVERSAL SUFFRAGE, EQUAL REPRESENTATION and, touchingly, LOVE. Many of the banner poles were topped with the red cap of liberty - a powerful symbol at the time.
Local magistrates watching from a window near the field panicked at the sight of the assembly, and read the riot act, (in)effectively ordering what little of the crowd could hear them to disperse.
The local Yeomanry were given the task of arresting the speakers. The Yeomanry, led by Captain Hugh Birley and Major Thomas Trafford, were essentially a paramilitary force drawn from the ranks of the local mill and shop owners. On horseback, armed with sabres and clubs, they charged when the crowd linked arms to try and stop the arrests, and proceeded to strike down banners and people with 54 | P a g e @ s a y s m i s s K at H o w a r d
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As with the Tiananmen Square Massacre, there were unlikely heroes among the military. An unnamed cavalry officer attempted to strike up the swords of the yeomanry, crying - "For shame, gentlemen: what are you about? The people cannot get away!" But the majority joined in with the attack.
The term 'Peterloo', was intended to mock the soldiers who attacked unarmed civilians by echoing the term 'Waterloo' - the soldiers from that battle being seen by many as genuine heroes.
Percy Shelley, a Romantic poet was so appalled at the way in which the protesters has been treated, he wrote the Masque of Anarchy. It was banned from publication for thirty years before being published. The full poem is 91 stanzas: we will study a selection. Peterloo was important to Shelley because he opposed repression of the people.
He loathed the government and was himself under investigation before he left for the continent.
Peterloo highlighted the brutality of the government but also provided some hope that a revolution or at least some form of mass protest would occur.
Massacre: mass killing of people. Liberty: freedom of action or Yeomanry: Cavalry (horsemen) of speech. the army. Oppose: to be against an idea or Repression: forcing to be quiet; Loathe: strong dislike. belief. usually referring to public voice.
Reflecting on the reading
1. How many people were killed or injured as a result of the massacre?
2. What did the crowd wear to carry out their peaceful protest?
3. How were the arrests made violently?
4. Why did Shelley feel so compelled to write this poem?
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Reading: Percy Shelley
Who is Shelley directly addressing?
Why does he emphasise freedom?
What does this verse create a sense of: ethos, logos or pathos?
He gives an imperative here: how would this make the survivors feel?
Why use lions to describe the protestors?
What device has been used here?
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Big Question: How is rhetoric used to drive action?
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Do now: Homework Task
Answers 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
TOTAL
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Whole class feedback
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Response
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BQ4: How is rhetoric used to highlight injustice? Do now:
For And Nor But Or Yet So
Complete these sentences by using a connective and a second clause.
The dog ran
She laughed at the television
He ironed the sheets carefully
The car started with a bang
Reading: Sojourner Truth
Born into slavery in 1797, Isabella Baumfree, who later changed her name to Sojourner Truth, would become one of the most powerful advocates for human rights in the nineteenth century. Her early childhood was spent on a New York estate owned by a Dutch American named Colonel Johannes Hardenbergh. Like other slaves, she experienced the miseries of being sold and was cruelly beaten and mistreated. Around 1815 she fell in love with a fellow slave named Robert, but they were forced apart by Robert’s master. Isabella was instead forced to marry a slave named Thomas, with whom she had five children.
In 1827, after her master failed to honor his promise to free her or to uphold the New York Anti-Slavery Law of 1827, Isabella ran away, or, as she later informed her master, “I did not run away, I walked away by daylight….”
Isabella became an itinerant preacher and in 1843 changed her name to Sojourner Truth. During this period she became involved in the growing antislavery movement, and by the 1850s she was involved in the woman’s rights movement as well. At the 1851 Women’s Rights Convention held in Akron, Ohio, Sojourner Truth delivered what is now recognized as one of the most famous abolitionist and women’s rights speeches in American history, “Ain’t I a Woman?” She continued to speak out for the rights of African Americans and women during and after the Civil War. Sojourner Truth died in Battle Creek, Michigan, in 1883.
1. How was Sojourner treated as a slave?
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2. What rhetorical device does the title of her speech use?
Reading: Sojourner Truth, Ain’t I a Woman?
Who is Truth’s audience? How do we know?
What metaphor does Truth use here?
Why does Truth think men are afraid to give women rights?
What anecdote does Truth use here? Why?
How does Truth use the role of Jesus and God to reinforce her argument?
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Pen to Paper
1. What is the main message of Truth’s speech?
Women would be able to Men will eventually be forced to give Women would be able to accomplish more than men, if given women the rights they have been accomplish less than men, if given the proper rights. fighting for. the proper rights.
2. “As for intellect, all I can say is, if women have a pint and man a quart — why can’t she have her little pint full?” How does this metaphor support Truth’s argument?
It emphasizes how men shouldn't It shows how men fear giving It reveals that Truth wishes for worry about giving women equal women equal rights because they women to have the same access to rights if they truly believe that know women are more intelligent education as men because she women are less intelligent than them believes they are less intelligent
3. Truth describes men and women as being capable of completing the same work. How are men and women treated differently now? What modern day examples do we have of this?
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Do now:
Imperative statements use Which of these is proof? Which of these is Declarative statements are the most basic verb to appealing to pathos? short clauses that makes a instruct the audience. Can bold statement, and you turn these imperative avoids any excess words statements into dialysis? beyond: subject-verb– object–place-time. Which It’s time to stand up; It’s time to stand up; sentences are declarative Have fun. it’s time to speak; it’s it’s time to speak; it’s statements? time to take action. time to take action.
Enjoy your meal. 87% of women 87% of women Millions of people are interviewed said now interviewed said now at risk. was the time for was the time for action. action. London is the capital of Great Britain. Don’t be late. With women crying With women crying out for equality, don’t out for equality, don’t Tidy your room. you think it’s time we you think it’s time we
took action? took action? Is it too early?
Something needs to be done.
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Identify these rhetorical devices within the article. How does the writer put their opinion across effectively?
Proof Anecdote Emotive language Tricolon Direct address Collective noun
Why women (even me) are scared to ask for a pay rise says JANET STREET-PORTER By JANET STREET PORTER FOR THE DAILY MAIL PUBLISHED: 22:04, 12 October 2014
As far as I’m concerned, women should never admit a weakness at work. Lie and bluff like men do — to get ahead you not only have to be confident, you must not display any vulnerability. But there’s one area where the vast majority of us (me included) fail miserably — and that’s when it comes to asking for a pay rise. Somehow words fail us at the key moment and we are still grateful to have a job at all, let alone one that’s paid the same as the blokes we work alongside.
Should women lie and bluff like men do in the work place in order to get ahead?
Our reticence to value ourselves properly is great for chief executives — as long as we don’t brazenly ask for equal pay (which we are legally entitled to), they save money.
The boss of Microsoft (100,000 employees, of which only a fifth are female) addressed a conference for women in computing recently and was asked what advice he’d give female workers who feel uncomfortable asking for a rise. He said that even asking for more money was a bad idea in the first place! In fact, he said we should wait to be recognised for our input and that not asking for a rise ‘was good karma’.
The boss of Microsoft (100,000 employees, of which only a fifth are female) addressed a conference for women in computing and said not asking for a rise was 'good karma'
He thought female workers ‘should trust the system’ — yes, a system run by men with more male employees than female. On that basis, women would still be in workhouses or in mills weaving cotton and putting our laundry through mangles. Is this chap still living in the Stone Age? He seems to think the best workers are the ones who don’t complain, keep their heads down and diligently give the company 110 per cent, and then gratefully accept whatever crumbs are tossed in their direction from the management. Doesn’t that sound like something out of Dickens! Men, on the other hand, are never slow to come forward, revitalise their CVs, polish up their credentials and embellish their achievements, all in pursuit of another step up the pecking order. Far too many women are hesitant, and remain trapped in jobs for which they are over-qualified or paid beneath their worth — so what are the best tactics to use to achieve what we deserve? Even though Microsoft man later apologised, his remarks provide an insight into how most bosses think.
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They give pay rises — to men and women — only when they are pushed, and men are better at shoving to the front than women. Ironically it is women who pay most of the household bills and manage the nation’s finances, not that this is reflected in the staff at the Treasury. Women earn 35 per cent less than men on average and when it comes to management, 25 per cent less than male counterparts — proving there’s some way to go. When does our lack of confidence start? The Office for National Statistics said that as teenagers, girls are not as happy as boys, though they work harder. They are less happy with their looks, family life and possessions, though four out of five want to go to university, against three out of five boys.
Theresa May told women not to mimic men but Janet wonders whether this approach gets results
This dissatisfaction then turns into a lack of confidence in the workplace. It’s all very well for Theresa May to tell girls not to mimic men, but is that approach going to get results? Speaking at a mentoring scheme for girls, she said ‘equality has become a dirty word’ and women should ‘celebrate’ their different approach to work. Fine words, but will they get us the rise we deserve? Women are usually the first to be laid off, as more are on zero hours contracts, in part-time work and on the minimum wage. They accept the smallest rises dished out by employers, fearful of being made redundant when they are often breadwinners. Older women are terrified that if they are laid off, they will never get another job — and they are right. Whenever I have asked for more money, I always compromise — even loud-mouthed JSP is frightened of the scrapheap. Despite everything, deep down I think it’s better to be busy than not working at all. In a way, isn’t my mindset as dreadful as that stupid boss of Microsoft?
Vulnerability Reticence Diligently
Revitalise Dissatisfaction Compromise
1. Summarise the key message of the article in fifteen words or less, using one of the vocabulary from above.
2. Who is this article aimed at? How do you know?
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4. How does this article contrast with Sojourner Truth’s speech?
5. How would you describe the tone here?
Confident and aggressive? Confident and assertive? Confident and angry?
6. How effectively does Street-Porter highlight injustice?
But Because So
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Do now:
What are the four main Give an example of What four key purposes What is the difference text types used when hyperbole. can rhetorical writing between a rhetorical writing rhetorically? have? question and hypophora?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Q1
To continue to look at how rhetoric is used to highlight injustice, we will study the Suffragettes, who protested and campaigned for the Women’s vote.
Reading: Emmeline Pankhurst
The WSPU (Suffragettes)
Emmeline Pankhurst, who had been a member of the Manchester Suffragist group, had grown impatient with the NUWSS (The National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies) and decided to form her own suffrage movement. She believed it would take an active organisation, with young working-class women, to draw attention to the cause.
By 1909 the WSPU had branches all over the country. It published a newspaper called 'Votes for Women' that sold 20,000 copies each week.
The Suffragettes motto was ‘Deeds Not Words’. They wanted to heighten the profile of the suffrage movement in the media and parliament as well as achieve success more quickly than the NUWSS was allowing. From 1912 onwards they became more militant in their methods of campaign. Law breaking,
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Date: ______violence, and hunger strikes all became part of their campaign tactics. They are one of the few political groups that cause positive change through violent acts. In 1918, the Representation of the People Act gave the vote to all men over the age of 21 and women over the age of 30 who were householders or married to a householder. In 1928, women over the age of 21 were given the same voting rights as men; Emmeline Pankhurst died weeks before the bill was passed.
Reflecting on the Reading
1. What was the Suffragettes’ motto?
2. Why did they carry out violent acts?
3. What law was passed in 1918?
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Pankhurst delivered her famous “Freedom or Death” speech to a crowd of supporters at the Parsons Theater in Hartford, Connecticut
Notice Pankhurst’s switch between past and present: why do this?
Is Pankhurst saying women are equal?
Militant Permeate Emancipate Intervals
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1. What reasons does Pankhurst give for women having equal rights?
2. How does she create a sense of ethos?
3. How does this speech differ from Sojourner Truth’s speech? Think about the points used to create an argument.
4. How does Pankhurst structure her argument: what are the topics for beginning, middle and end?
5. Next lesson we are going to plan and write our own article about which is the best gender: what three top tips can you use from Truth, Street-Porter and Pankhurst?
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Do now:
Subordinating conjunctions: after, Circle all the sentences that use Circle all the sentences that appeal (al)though, as, before, if, since, that, hyperbole. to logos. until, when Amend these sentences to use a subordinating conjunction.
the vote for women was This argument for equality has Did you know, over 78% of introduced, things looked gone on long enough. women state that they are hopeful. treated differently to men in the workplace? equality finally exists, then we Whilst we argue, women If we stand by for even one can rest. continue to suffer beyond all more day, are we not just as imagination. guilty?
there is no such thing as a Can you live with yourself? If Stop putting men first: put gender pay gap, there is still you can, you do not deserve a people first. work to be done. world of fair treatment.
Pen to Paper
Write an opinion article with the Headline: Battle of the Sexes: (you fill in the headline here)
Collective noun Rhetorical question Credibility
We, our, us Do I have your help? This is important to me, because.. Preposition sentence Expand this sentence with where, Establishing importance statement when or why: trust is important
Throughout this speech… Because I care, trust is important to Without raising awareness of this me. issue..
Teacher model and plan:
Headline:
Key ideas:
1.
2.
3.
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BQ4: How is rhetoric used to highlight injustice?
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How is rhetoric used to motivate? Do now:
Pronouns: choose the Write an example of An appositive is a second noun, or a phrase, that comes after correct pronoun. anaphora about why another noun to explain it more fully. every day should be Complete the appositives to make complete sentences. Friday.
I don’t know Aristotle, ______, (her, she). was an important figure in the early days of rhetoric.
(Us, We) girls Alexander the Great, ______, was a are meeting at student of Aristotle. 7:00 p.m.
That car is Julius Caesar, (theirs, their’s). ______, was killed by his friend, Brutus. We aren’t sure
(who, whom)
got here first.
Q1 Reading
Twice named Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Winston Churchill forged alliances with the United States and Soviet Union to defeat Nazi Germany in World War II. He was a British politician, military officer and writer who served as the Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1940 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1955.
After the allied defeat and ensuing rescue of more than 335,000 men from the beaches around Dunkirk on the north coast of France in late May and early June 1940, Winston Churchill made a radio broadcast on June 4, urging the British people to fight on.
Create a three-line summary of Winston Churchill, using appositives to expand your sentences.
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Reading: Winston Churchill’s We Shall Fight on the Beaches radio broadcast
As we read, consider: what was the purpose of the broadcast? Why does Churchill use ‘we’ throughout? How does he refer to the enemy? Why did this speech become iconic?
How does Winston Churchill convince his audience to remain strong, despite the hardships of war?
Tyranny Odious Surrender
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Pen to Paper
1. What device is heavily used to emphasise Churchill’s message in the final part of his speech?
2. How would it leave the audience feeling?
3. What do you think is the lasting message he wants to leave with the British people? Use quotations to support your ideas.
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Do now:
Underline the anaphora within the sentences.
1. It was the best of times, it 2. The apartment was on the 3. So let freedom ring from was the worst of times, it top floor—a small living- the prodigious hilltops of was the age of wisdom, it room, a small dining- New Hampshire. Let was the age room, a small bedroom, freedom ring from the of foolishness, it was the and a bath. mighty mountains of New epoch of belief, it was the York. Let freedom ring from epoch of incredulity, it was the heightening Alleghenies the season of Light, it was of Pennsylvania... the season of Darkness.
For And Nor But Or Yet So
We shall stand up to evil
We refuse to tolerate this behaviour
We will never surrender
Reading: Structuring a rhetorical piece of writing or speaking
Introduce yourself and create a sense of ETHOS
Collective noun Polite and respectful Outline the topic
Outline the topic and why it’s important: appeal to LOGOS
Proof: facts and figures Proof: expert opinion tricolon
Some might say: present the counter argument
However: convince, convince, convince
Direct address Anaphora Antithesis
Close with powerful PATHOS
Collective noun Emotive language anecdote
How do you want your audience to feel?
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Plan a speech for the following task:
You can choose one superhero power to help others: fly or stop time. Which one do you choose? Why?
Introduce yourself and create a sense of ETHOS
Collective noun Polite and respectful Outline the topic
Outline the topic and why it is important: appeal to LOGOS
Proof: facts and figures Proof: expert opinion tricolon
Some might say: present the counter argument
However: convince, convince, convince
Direct address Anaphora Antithesis
Close with powerful PATHOS
Collective noun Emotive language anecdote
How do you want your audience to feel?
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Write your mini speech in 70 words or less. Which of your ideas is most effective for convincing your audience?
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Do now:
Can you recall four Name two devices you What is verbal irony? Define and explain the connectives? would use to appeal to When the speaker purpose of hypophora. pathos. says the opposite of what he/she means
If the speaker doesn't realise he/she said something offensive
When everyone knows what is being talked about except one person
Reading
India was part of the British Commonwealth from 1858 to 1947; The rule is also called Crown Rule, British Raj in India, or direct rule in India. The Quit India Movement (translated into several Indian languages as the Leave India Movement), also known as the August Movement, was a movement launched at the Bombay session of the All- India Congress Committee by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, during World War II, demanding an end to British Rule of India. The All-India Congress Committee launched a mass protest demanding what Gandhi called "An Orderly British Withdrawal" from India. Ghandi’s speech was addressed on August 8th 1942 at Bombay (Modern day Mumbai) to the A.I.C.C (All India Congress Committee [the Central decision-making assembly of the Indian National Congress Party]). Undoubtedly, Gandhi’s use of “Ahimsa” (respect for all living things and avoidance of violence towards others) throughout his entire text and the use of a fundamental, or universal, “God,” which is relatable to both Muslims and Hindus alike. Ghandi spoke not to the committee, but to the Indian people.
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1. What did Ghandi want the Indian population to do as a result of his speech?
2. Why was it important for him to address the population of India, and not the committee?
3. How would his reputation as a peace keeper help him to persuade his audience? (Think: Ethos, Logos, Pathos):
Reading: Ghandi’s Quit India Speech (edited) By opening with this use of dialysis, Ghandi outlines his purpose to the audience.
This is empowering to those who may feel as though they don’t have power or control
He flatters Congress here and avoids blaming anyone for mistakes of the past
He uses adjectives such as ‘silent’ to reinforce his message of non- violence.
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Why is this declarative statement effective at the end of the speech?
dictatorship attained meticulously imperfect shortcomings democracy
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Do now:
Add adverbs to the following sentences to make them more urgent or dramatic. Write an example of an appositive. We need to take action. This decision needs some I make good choices. thought.
Homework questions
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Whole class feedback
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Response
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Do now:
Which of these sentences uses a comma incorrectly? Ghandi loved to travel, he Pankhurst was such a role Luther King actively When Antony delivered his spoke at events around model, she inspired campaigned, his ‘I have a oration, several of the the world. women in America and dream’ speech was audience turned against Great Britain. delivered to over 200,000 Brutus and other key people. conspirers. With a comma splice, you have several options. Either: use a conjunction to correct it, use a semi colon if the two sentences link together, or use a full stop to keep the clauses separate.
Correct the sentences that you identified as using a comma incorrectly.
Reading
Underline all the simple sentences, circle all the compound sentences. Q4 (Compound: two independent clauses).
Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1954 until his assassination in 1968. Born in Atlanta, King is best known for advancing civil rights through nonviolence and civil disobedience, tactics his Christian beliefs and the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi helped inspire. King led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and in 1957 became the first president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). With the SCLC, he led an unsuccessful 1962 struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, and helped organize the nonviolent 1963 protests in Birmingham, Alabama. He also helped organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee. King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971.
Activist Disobedience Segregation Posthumously
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"I Have a Dream" is a public speech that was delivered by American civil rights activist Martin Luther King Jr. during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963, in which he called for civil and economic rights and an end to racism in the United States. Delivered to over 200,000 civil rights supporters from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., the speech was a defining moment of the civil rights movement. Beginning with a reference to the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed millions of slaves in 1863, King said "one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free". Toward the end of the speech, King departed from his prepared text for a partly improvised peroration on the theme "I have a dream", prompted by Mahalia Jackson's cry: "Tell them about the dream, Martin!“ In this part of the speech, which most excited the listeners and has now become its most famous, King described his dreams of freedom and equality arising from a land of slavery and hatred. The speech was ranked the top American speech of the 20th century in a 1999 poll of scholars of public address. Widely hailed as a masterpiece of rhetoric, King's speech invokes pivotal documents in American history, including the Declaration of Independence, the Emancipation Proclamation and the United States Constitution. According to U.S. Representative John Lewis, who also spoke that day as the president of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, "Dr. King had the power, the ability, and the capacity to transform those steps on the Lincoln Memorial into a monumental area that will forever be recognized. By speaking the way he did, he educated, he inspired, he informed not just the people there, but people throughout America and unborn generations." The ideas in the speech reflect King's social experiences of ethnocentric abuse, the mistreatment and exploitation of black people. The speech draws upon appeals to America's myths as a nation founded to provide freedom and justice to all people, and then reinforces and transcends those secular mythologies by placing them within a spiritual context by arguing that racial justice is also in accord with God's will.
Emancipation Improvised Peroration
Ranked Hailed Secular
Reflecting on the Reading
1. When was the ‘I have a Dream’ speech delivered?
2. To how many people was the speech delivered?
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3. What is remarkable about the end of the speech?
4. In what year was the speech declared to be the best American speech of all time?
5. What does the writer mean when he or she writes that the speech is hailed as ‘a masterpiece of rhetoric’?
As we watch and follow the speech in our booklets, annotate the speech. Circle three phrases you find interesting. Annotate them, explaining why you find them interesting. Find three rhetorical devices. How would they cause the audience to react? Write a summary sentence of each paragraph.
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Which of these sentences would use a colon and which would use a semi colon?
Believing in yourself is Believing in yourself is Thousands disagree I Some may say that people essential it is the only way essential once you do, would say they were deserve second chances 93 | P a g e @ s a y s m i s s K at H o w a r d
Date: ______we will succeed what could you achieve? wrong. this is something worth thinking about.
Reflecting on the reading
Look back at your notes for the Martin Luther King speech.
Let’s consider the structure first of all - what does he say when and why? Use your summary sentences to help you.
Introduces himself and creates a sense of ETHOS
Outlines the topic and why it’s important: appeal to LOGOS
Some might say: presents the counter argument
However: convince, convince, convince
Close with powerful PATHOS
How does he want the audience to feel?
Next, which statements or sentences did you think were most effective and why? For each one, identify the devices that have been used, how the audience would react, and why a particular word within the statement is powerful or persuasive.
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How effectively does Martin Luther King motivate the crowd to be open to change?
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BQ5: How is rhetoric used to motivate?
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BQ6: How is rhetoric used for change?
Do now:
Complete the sentences using connectives:
We tolerate intolerance
Statistics show us the truth
Over half of you will realise the dangers
We should look to change the future
Define the terms: Direct address Proof Hyperbole
Reading
Knife crime in England and Wales rises to record high, ONS figures show
23 April 2020
Knife crime in England and Wales increased last year to a new record high, figures released by the Office for National Statistics have shown.
The ONS said police recorded 45,627 offences in the year to December 2019.That is 7% more than in 2018, and the highest since knife crime statistics were first collected in 2010-11. The figures - which do not include Greater Manchester Police because of IT issues - showed a 13% rise in the West Midlands.
Downing Street acknowledged there was "more to be done to crack down on thugs carrying knives and ensuring they are properly punished". And Diana Fawcett, chief executive of the charity Victim Support, stressed that while the UK's streets were currently "quieter" due to coronavirus, victims of historic knife crime were still coming to terms with their experience.
"Many victims will still be dealing with the emotional consequences of threats or attacks which took place long ago," she said. Robbery offences were also up - for the fourth year running - with an annual increase of 12%, to 83,930 offences. There were 670 cases of murder and manslaughter in 2019, excluding Greater Manchester Police, which is up 15 on the year before. The total includes 39 people whose bodies were found in a lorry in Grays, Essex, in October.
1. What does the article mean by ‘a record high’?
2. Which expert companies or individuals does the article quote?
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Reading: Lennie James
Acclaimed actor and writer Lennie James, who will star in Fallout, the TV version of Roy Williams's play about teenage violence, has watched in horror as the death toll mounts. Here, in an open letter to the knife carriers, he draws on his own difficult upbringing to ask young people to think before they carry weapons.
What is an open letter?
Why is direct address so powerful in Lennie James’ use of rhetoric?
Which line is most powerful, in your opinion and why?
How does he try to build ethos with his audience?
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Pen to Paper
Next lesson, we will write a speech to persuade others that we need to reduce knife crime. What can we take from both of these articles to use in our own writing? How can we appeal to ethos, logos and pathos?
Drafting ideas
Building ethos
Logos
Pathos
Big Question: How is Rhetoric used for change?
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Do now:
Rhetoric is: An anecdote is: Write a headline for your Write a sentence for your a. The art of asking a. Something that article that uses hyperbole. article that uses dialysis. questions. can be proven b. The art of to be true persuasion. b. Numerical facts, c. The art of often expressed writing well. as percentages d. The art of c. a short amusing studying. or interesting story about a real incident or person
Write a speech to persuade your audience that something must be done to reduce knife crime.
Use a range of rhetorical devices and structure your response using the rhetorical structure to persuade your audience.
Who are your audience? How do you want to make them feel? How will this help to reduce knife crime?
Introduce yourself and create a sense of ETHOS
Outline the topic and why it’s important: appeal to LOGOS
Some might say: presents the counter argument
However: convince, convince, convince
Close with powerful PATHOS
How do you want the audience to feel?
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103 | P a g e @ s a y s m i s s K at H o w a r d
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Do now:
Which of the following An example of emotive An example of dialysis Exclamation marks are not require an apostrophe language would be: would be: suitable for formal writing. Don't for possession? use an exclamation mark unless it's absolutely necessary.
Use an exclamation mark after an Which seats are exclamation, especially after one ours? Don’t you care Don’t you care beginning with what or how. The bull lowered about the planet about the planet its head. you will leave to you will leave to Which of these requires an Whose are these future generations? future generations? exclamation mark? spectacles? Just over 70% of Just over 70% of What do you think this is My bags buckle people who do not people who do not How many legs does the broke. recycle. recycle. spider have Believe in me. Believe in me. When will the madness stop Either we stand up, Either we stand up, She asked when the madness or we stay silent. or we stay silent. would stop
Q2
Reading
Michelle Obama is a lawyer and writer who was the First Lady of the United States from 2009 to 2017. She is the wife of the 44th U.S. president, Barack Obama. As first lady, Michelle focused her attention on social issues such as poverty, healthy living and education.
As we read, think about why she would have written this letter to herself, and how she has used rhetorical language to convince herself, and of what.
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Pen to Paper
1. How would we describe the tone of the letter?
2. What is Michelle hoping that the Michelle of the past will do and why?
3. How does this differ from the letters we have studied or written so far?
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4. Which rhetorical device has been used more effectively in this? Describe the effect.
5. Why might someone write a letter to themselves in this way?
If you were to write to your younger self, what advice would you have for them?
Would they pay attention to your advice? If not, why might that be?
Which rhetorical devices would help you to create a sense of ethos with your younger self?
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Do now:
Put these verbs in order from the least to most powerful, 1= least and 5= most. nudge propel drive push force
Use one in a sentence that you could use in a letter to your younger self.
If you could give three pieces of advice to your younger self, what would they be?
Which element of the rhetoric will you maybe include more when writing in a more personal tone, and which might you use less? Be ready to explain why.
Ethos Logos Pathos
Which rhetorical devices would be most useful in persuading them to take your advice? Choose three that you think would be most effective and be ready to explain why.
Rhetorical question Hypophora Hyperbole Direct address Anecdote Proof Anaphora Tricolon
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Teacher model and plan
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But Because so
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Do now:
Where did rhetoric How did Marc Antony turn What does proof help you Who was the famous originate from? the crowd’s opinion? to achieve within a Suffragette that fought for persuasive speech or piece the women’s right to vote? of writing?
Reading Q4
Malala Yousafzai 1997 I was born in Mingora, Pakistan on July 12, 1997. Welcoming a baby girl is not always cause for celebration in Pakistan — but my father, Ziauddin Yousafzai, was determined to give me every opportunity a boy would have. 2008 My father was a teacher and ran a girls’ school in our village. I loved school. But everything changed when the Taliban took control of our town in Swat Valley. The extremists banned many things — like owning a television and playing music — and enforced harsh punishments for those who defied their orders. And they said girls could no longer go to school. In January 2008 when I was just 11 years old, I said goodbye to my classmates, not knowing when — if ever — I would see them again. 2012 I spoke out publicly on behalf of girls and our right to learn. And this made me a target. In October 2012, on my way home from school, a masked gunman boarded my school bus and asked, “Who is Malala?” He shot me on the left side of my head. I woke up 10 days later in a hospital in Birmingham, England. The doctors and nurses told me about the attack — and that people around the world were praying for my recovery.
2014 After months of surgeries and rehabilitation, I joined my family in our new home in the U.K. It was then I knew I had a choice: I could live a quiet life or I could make the most of this new life I had been given. I determined to continue my fight until every girl could go to school. With my father, who has always been my ally and inspiration, I established Malala Fund, a charity dedicated to giving every girl an opportunity to achieve a future she chooses. In recognition of our work, I received the Nobel Peace Prize in December 2014 and became the youngest-ever Nobel laureate.
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2018 Now I am studying Philosophy, Politics and Economics at the University of Oxford. And every day I fight to ensure all girls receive 12 years of free, safe, quality education. I travel to many countries to meet girls fighting poverty, wars, child marriage and gender discrimination to go to school. And we hold leaders accountable for their promises to girls. With more than 130 million girls out of school today, there is more work to be done.
1. How old was Malala when she was shot?
2. Why do you think Malala’s father was ‘determined to give [her] every opportunity a boy would have?
3. What award did Malala win and what’s remarkable about the fact that she did so?
4. List 4 things that Malala fights for girls to have.
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Here is an extract of the twenty-minute speech that Malala gave at the United Nations Youth Assembly in 2013
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Do now:
Knowledge Quiz Engage task Starting each sentence with the same words is a device known as: 1
Hyperbole Hypophora Anaphora Alliteration
2 Pathos is defined as: The emotional influence of The emotional influence of The influence of logic that The influence of the audience on the the speaker on the the speaker has on the credibility that the speaker speaker. audience. audience. has to the audience.
3 Which three components create effective rhetoric?
Logos, ethos, pathetic Pathos, ethos, Pathos, logos, ethos Persuasion, ethos, logos fallacy manipulation
4 What is an effective way of maintaining logos to persuade others?
Metaphor Pathos Direct address tricolon
5 What does Elizabeth I use to establish ethos with her audience?
Says she is as strong as a Avoids the fact she is a Says she is as feeble as a Emphasises she is a man woman man woman
Which of the following statements use antithesis? 6
Sometimes all we fear is fear itself. We do not live alone. We Friends, Romans, Without hope, there is are members of one body. Countrymen, lend me your nothing. ears.
7 Marc Antony’s line, ‘But Brutus was an honourable man,’ is an example of:
Verbal anecdote Verbal dialysis Verbal irony Verbal argument
8 Rhetoric was established by which Greek philosphoyer?
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Socrates Sophists Aerista Aristotle
9 Which text form does did Percy Shelley use for his rhetoric form?
Speech Poetry Letter Article
10 Sojourner Truth’s rhetoric speech ‘Ain’t I a woman?’ argues that Jesus:
Existed because of women Existed despite of women Died because of women Died despite of women
11 Both Sojourner Truth and Emmeline Pankhurst use rhetorical language to:
Argue for women to be Argue for employment Argue for racial Argue for equal rights superior law equality
12 Using collective nouns will:
Include logos Build pathos Build ethos Build proof
13 Which of these are subordinating conjunctions? after because of when
14 Which of these statements uses hypophora? Should we stop? Of course We can never stop: we We must take action: not: we have only just We must act, act now! can only move forwards. action is freedom. begun.
15 Why is pathos essential to persuading an audience?
It shows you are It shows you are It shows you are an expert It shows you care trustworthy believable
16 Complete the appositive for the sentence, ‘Winston Churchill…………… gave people hope.’
Prime Minster for Great Died but Tried and succeeded in often Britain
17 Which line does Winston repeat to convey his rhetorical message?
We shall fight We shall try We shall live We shall have pride
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18 What is the statement ‘some might say’ an example of?
Dialysis Counter productive Argument Counter argument
19 Ghandi’s repeated use of ‘our,’ ‘us’ and ‘we’ are examples of what?
Collective nouns Collective purpose Common purpose Personal pronouns
20 Martin Luther King’s speech was polemic because:
It fought against wages It found against inequality It fought against religion It fought against freedom
21 ‘the flames of withering injustice’ is an example of:
Ethical language Statistical language Powerful language Emotive language
22 Rhetorical language can be used to encourage: (circle all that apply)
Change Injustice Action Facts
23 Formal language is required to build: pathos logos ethos criticism
24 An anecdote is: a short amusing or Numerical facts, often Something that can be A powerful opening line to interesting story about a expressed as percentages proven to be true a speech real incident or person
25 Why does Malala address the audience as ‘my friends’?
To create pathos To build logos To create ethos To empathise
Total: /25
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Whole class feedback
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Response
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