The Anglican Assertion in Lancashire: the Role of the Commissioners' Churches in Three Lancashire Townships, 1818-1856 by Will
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The Anglican Assertion in Lancashire: The Role of The Commissioners’ Churches in Three Lancashire Townships, 1818-1856 by William Walker A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment for the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Central Lancashire. July 2018 i STUDENT DECLARATION FORM Concurrent registration for two or more academic awards I declare that while registered as a candidate for the research degree, I have not been a registered candidate or enrolled student for another award of the University or other academic or professional institution. ________________________________________________________________ Material submitted for another award I declare that no material contained in the thesis has been used in any other submission for an academic award and is solely my own work. _________________________________________________________________ Signature of Candidate _______________________________________ Type of Award Doctor of Philosophy School Humanities and Social Sciences ii ABSTRACT The years between 1818 and 1856 encompass the life of the Church Building Commission, one agency of a determined assertion by the Anglican Church. Under the Commissioners’ aegis 82 of the 612 new places of worship were planted in Lancashire. The intention is to analyse the rationale and impact of a remarkable church building project and its role in the Anglican initiative in the county. The thesis is the first detailed local study of the churches’ distinctive role, beyond the assessment of their artistic worth. M.H. Port in Six Hundred New Churches (2006) produced the definitive work on the architecture and central administration of “Waterloo Churches”.1 He had less to say on their social and religious importance. In order to explore the rationale, impact and role of the churches, I adopted a case study approach selecting three churches in south central Lancashire, one from each deanery of Manchester Diocese which was created out of Chester Diocese in 1847. These were St George’s Chorley (consecrated in 1825), its namesake in Tyldesley (1825) and St Stephen’s Tockholes (1833). The sample provided variety in socio-economic and religious contexts but also some similarity, in that all three were townships on a Lancashire denominational frontier. The thesis describes the immense diversity and complexity in causation and motivation behind these churches, but highlighting the presence at local level of a strong belief in reclaiming Protestant Dissenters for the national church. It concludes, in contrast with most previous judgements, that the Commissioners’ churches in these townships achieved significant success, albeit in contrasting manner and pace and for different reasons. Their distinctively Gothic architecture was striking and more appropriate to worship than critics have allowed. The financial challenges were not as debilitating as routinely supposed. The changing parochial boundaries around Commissioners’ churches were rational and encouraged community building rather than the destruction of identities. The intense commitment of clergy associated with the new churches helped to effect a type of Anglican counter-reformation in Lancashire. 1 M.H.Port, Six Hundred New Churches. The Church Building Commission 1818-1856, (2nd ed., Reading, 2006). iii CONTENTS Title Page i Student Declaration ii Abstract iii Table of Contents iv List of Tables, Maps, Plates and Figures vii Acknowledgements x Abbreviations xi Glossary xii PART A: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE: THE NATIONAL CONTEXT 2 a) Foreword 2 b) The National Context: Causation 3 c) The National Context: Motivation 9 d) The National Context: Impact 23 e) Questions Raised 27 CHAPTER TWO: THE REGIONAL CONTEXT 28 a) The Regional Approach 28 b) The Regional Context: Lancashire in Chester and Manchester Dioceses 29 c) South Central Lancashire: The Local Case Study Approach 46 i) St George’s Chorley, consecrated 1825 48 ii) St George’s Tyldesley, consecrated 1825 55 iii) St Stephen’s Tockholes, consecrated 1833 63 d) The Local Sources 68 e) Themes and the Structure of the Thesis 69 iv PART B: THEMATIC CHAPTERS 71 CHAPTER THREE: CAUSATION AND MOTIVATION IN THE TOWNSHIPS a) And Was A Commissioners’ Church Builded Here!? 71 b) Motivation in the Townships 78 c) Commonality and Diversity 94 CHAPTER FOUR: TEMPLES WORTHY OF HIS PRESENCE? 95 a) The Issues 96 b) Design 99 c) Realisation 138 d) Worthy Temples? 151 CHAPTER FIVE: PROCUREMENT- FATAL ANSWERS? 154 a) Issues Following Consecration 154 b) Equipping The Churches 154 c) Endowment 156 d) Maintenance 168 e) Fatal Answers? 175 CHAPTER SIX: IMPACT - BATTLESHIPS, SOON OBSOLESCENT? 177 a) The Expected Impact 177 b) The First Generation, to 1851 181 i) Tyldesley 181 ii) Tockholes 185 iii) Chorley 193 c) After 1851 200 d) Reflections about Impact: The Three Townships and Beyond 213 e) The Impact of the Commissioners’ Churches: A Summary 236 v CHAPTER SEVEN: THE WIDER IMPACT- CONFLICT AND CONFUSION? a) Conflict, Confusion and Cohesion 238 b) Conflict 238 c) Tension Between Anglican Churches 251 d) Confusion of Community Identities 255 e) The Cultural Contribution 265 f) Conflict and Confusion? A Summary 277 PART C: CONCLUSION 278 CHAPTER EIGHT: THE ROLE OF THE COMMISSIONERS’ CHURCHES 278 a) Introduction to the Conclusion 278 b) The Role of the Churches Locally 280 c) The Regional Impact of the Commissioners’ Churches 284 d) Beyond Lancashire 288 e) The Place of the Commissioners’ Churches in History 292 f) Summary: The Role of the Commissioners’ Churches 304 Bibliography 306 vi TABLES, MAPS, PLATES and FIGURES Tables 2.1A Numbers of Places of Worship, with sittings, in Lancashire Parishes, 1824 36 2.1B Comparison of Relative Strength of Three Denominations, 37 as illustrated by Baines, 1824 2.2A Church Renewal and Extension by Bishops of Chester, 1726-1848 38 2.2B New Anglican Church Building in Lancashire, 1801-1850 38 2.2C Lancashire Gifts to Queen Anne’s Bounty, in 22 year periods, 1770-1838 38 2.2D Monies Collected for National Schools in Response to Royal Letter 1823 38 2.3 Geographical Spread of Commissioners’ Churches in Lancashire Parishes 1824 44 2.4 The Growth of Chorley and its Places of Worship in the Nineteenth Century 48 2.5 Population Figures for Tyldesley 1801-1841 58 2.6 Tyldesley’s Population 1851-1881 59 2.7 Chronology of Places of Worship Tyldesely with Shakerley c.1750-1900 62 2.8 The Population of Tockholes in the Nineteenth Century 64 5.1 The Three Commissioners’ Churches. A Variety of Funding for Endowment 159 5.2A Returns(£) in the Liber Ecclesiasticus for Nineteenth Century Lancashire Chapels 160 built with the first grant under the 1818 Act 5.2B Blackburn Churches Consecrated pre 1818. Value of Livings in 1835 (£) 161 5.3 Blackburn Parish: New Churches Endowments (£) 1818-1845 162 5.4 St George’s Tyldesley: Township of Residence for those Buried, 1825-1849 165 5.5 Pew Holders at St George’s Chorley, 1825-1849 166 5.6 Jacob Robson’s Candidates for a Select Vestry, 28 March 1827 170 5.7 Gilmour Robinson’s Local Supporters, 1830-1857 174 6.1 Statistical Evidence for the Success of Tyldesley Churches and Chapels, 1829-51 182 6.2 Places of Worship Tockholes Township ( and the relevant parts of Livesey, 187 and Lower Darwen) to 1851 6.3A Church of England School Attendance Figures, Tockholes 1831-1854 187 6.3B Rites of Passage: St Stephen’s Tockholes, 1830-1856 188 6.3C Numbers of Communicants, St Michael’s and St Stephen’s Tockholes, 1811-1893 188 6.4 Communicants at St Stephen’s Tockholes , 1830-1844 189 6.5 Statistical Evidence: Chorley’s Main Places of Worship, 1829-1851 195 6.6 Attendance Figures for The Three Townships 1851 213 6.7 Comparing Anglican Performance Across Townships, 1851 216 6.8 Lancashire Commissioners Churches: Possible Factors Conditioning Perfomance 217 6.9A Church Provision and Sittings in Selected Dioceses by 1851 230 6.9B Numbers and Percentages of Sittings and Attendances for Denominations 230 in Selected Counties, 1851 7.1 Tension Points in Chorley and Tyldesley Vestries 1820-1856 240 7.2 Occupations of People Attending for Rites of Passage at St George’s Chorley, 254 1836-1899 vii Maps 2.1 Chester Diocese in Lancashire c. 1847 30 2.2 The First Commissioners Churches in Lancashire, 1818-29 45 2.3 Chorley in 1798 50 2.4 Chorley in 1846 51 2.5 Chorley in 1909 51 2.6 South Lancashire Parishes c.1790 53 2,7 Leigh Parish and its Six Townships c.1786 56 2.8 The Growth of Tyldesley in the Nineteenth Century 57 2.9 Tyldesley’s Location in relation to major towns and routes, 1770-1830 58 2.10 Tyldesley and its Places of Worship, 1828 61 2.11 Tockholes, the By-Passed Township, 1780-1873 64 2.12 Tockholes in Blackburn Parish c.1818 66 2.13 Church and Chapels in Tockholes,1833 66 4.1 Churches Referred to in the Text, Chapter 4. 95 4.2 Chorley Coal Mine Workings c.1855 114 5.1A South Lancashire Parishes c.1790 153 5.1B Leigh Parish and its Townships c.1786 153 5.1C Blackburn Parish c.1818 153 6.1 Tyldesley Parish: Churches by 1893 181 6.2 St Stephen’s District Chapelry, 1842-1877 186 6.3 Chorley 1846: St George’s District in South and East Chorley 194 6.4 District Development affecting Tockholes, 1833-77 207 6.5 Chorley in 1909 207 6.6 St George’s Chorley: The Developed Parish by 1909 211 6.7 The Commissioners Churches in Lancashire by 1856 223 6.8 Towns, Estates and Churches referred to in pages, 225-7 229 7.1 Tockholes District Chapelry 1833: Tockholes, Livesey and Lower Darwen 256 7.2 Tockholes District Chapelry 1842: Tockholes and some of Livesey 257 and Lower Darwen 7.3 Tockholes