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TAXON: Plectranthus SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk scutellarioides (L.) R. Br. Taxon: Plectranthus scutellarioides (L.) R. Br. Family: Lamiaceae Common Name(s): coleus Synonym(s): Coleus blumei Benth. painted nettle Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. painted-leaf plant Ocimum scutellarioides L. variegated coleus Solenostemon blumei (Benth.) M. SolenostemonGomez scutellarioides (L.) StenogyneCodd fauriei H. Lév. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 22 Feb 2021 WRA Score: 8.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Perennial Herb, Minor Weed, Contact Allergenicity, Shade Tolerant, Seeds Freely Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals 405 Toxic to animals 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens Creation Date: 22 Feb 2021 (Plectranthus Page 1 of 15 scutellarioides (L.) R. Br.) TAXON: Plectranthus SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk scutellarioides (L.) R. Br. Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 y 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 1 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 y growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 22 Feb 2021 (Plectranthus Page 2 of 15 scutellarioides (L.) R. Br.) TAXON: Plectranthus SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk scutellarioides (L.) R. Br. Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [Assessment is of naturalized plant. It may be possible that certain cultivars possess traits which make them more, or less, likely to establish and potentially have negative impacts] "Between 60 and 200 named cultivars of coleus have been I developed in horticulture. Staples, G.W. & Herbst, D.R. 2005. A Tropical Garden Flora Plant size varies from large and shrubby to dwarf herbs and even - Plants Cultivated in the Hawaiian Islands and Other some trailing cultivars. Leaf shape and size are also extremely Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI variable, as are blade texture (flat vs. undulate, ruffled, or puckered) and degree of incision along the blade margin. Perhaps the most notable feature of coleus cultivars, however, is the variation in color, intensity, and patterning of the foliage, which afford the gardener a rich palette of landscaping choices." [Cultivars exist, but are not highly domesticated] "Native to eastern Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of Asia and Malesia, now pantropical through cultivation; in Hawai'i the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University various forms are cultivated, some of which are now naturalized in of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. disturbed parts of mesic to wet forest, 30-300 m, at least on Kaua'i, O'ahu, Maui, and Hawai'i." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. (2021). Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native Asia-Temperate CHINA: China [Fujian Sheng, Guangdong Sheng, Guangxi Zhuangzu Zizhiqu] USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant EASTERN ASIA: Taiwan Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources Asia-Tropical Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India, Sri Lanka Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. PAPUASIA: Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 17 Feb 2021] INDO-CHINA: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam MALESIA: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines Australasia AUSTRALIA: Australia [Queensland (n.), Western Australia (n.), Northern Territory (n.)]" Creation Date: 22 Feb 2021 (Plectranthus Page 3 of 15 scutellarioides (L.) R. Br.) TAXON: Plectranthus SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk scutellarioides (L.) R. Br. Qsn # Question Answer 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. (2021). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/. [Accessed 17 Feb 2021] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Source(s) Notes Gargiullo, M.B., Magnuson, B.L & Kimball, L.D. 2008. A "Habitat: Cultivated in tropical and temperate regions. Altitude: Field Guide to Plants of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press Widely cultivated." US, New York, NY Missouri Botanical Garden. (2021). Plectranthus scutellarioides. http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. "Zone: 10 to 11" [Accessed 19 Feb 2021] [Potential elevation range exceeds 1000 m] "DISTRIBUTION. India, Suddee, S., Paton, A. J., & Parnell, J. A. N. 2004. A Himalaya, Sri Lanka, China, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, taxonomic revision of tribe Ocimeae Dumort.(Lamiaceae) Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia, and widely cultivated in other tropical in continental South East Asia II. Plectranthinae. Kew regions. Map 5. ECOLOGY. Cultivated and sometimes naturalised; Bulletin, 59(3): 379-414 100 - 1600 m. Flowering & fruiting all year round." Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes Suddee, S., Paton, A. J., & Parnell, J. A. N. 2004. A "DISTRIBUTION. India, Himalaya, Sri Lanka, China, Burma, Thailand, taxonomic revision of tribe Ocimeae Dumort.(Lamiaceae) Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia, and widely cultivated in continental South East Asia II. Plectranthinae. Kew in other tropical regions." Bulletin, 59(3): 379-414 "Native to eastern Asia and Malesia, now pantropical through Wagner, W.L., Herbst, D.R.& Sohmer, S.H. 1999. Manual of cultivation; in Hawai'i various forms are cultivated, some of which the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition. University are now naturalized in disturbed parts of mesic to wet forest, 30-300 of Hawai͚i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. m, at least on Kaua'i, O'ahu, Maui, and Hawai'i. Cultivated on O'ahu as early as 1890 (Brigham s.n., BISH)." Gargiullo, M.B., Magnuson, B.L & Kimball, L.D. 2008. A "Range: Native to SE Asia and New Guinea. Naturalized in the tropics Field Guide to Plants of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press worldwide, invasive in some places. Notes: This is the only species of US, New York, NY Plectranthus in Costa Rica." Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Suddee, S., Paton, A. J., & Parnell, J. A. N. 2004. A "DISTRIBUTION. India, Himalaya, Sri Lanka, China, Burma, Thailand, taxonomic revision of tribe Ocimeae Dumort.(Lamiaceae) Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Australia, and widely cultivated in continental South East Asia II. Plectranthinae. Kew in other tropical regions." Bulletin, 59(3): 379-414 Creation Date: 22 Feb 2021 (Plectranthus Page 4 of 15 scutellarioides (L.) R. Br.) TAXON: Plectranthus SCORE: 8.0 RATING: High Risk scutellarioides (L.) R. Br. Qsn # Question Answer "Habitat: Cultivated in tropical and temperate regions. Altitude: Gargiullo, M.B., Magnuson, B.L & Kimball, L.D. 2008. A Widely cultivated. Range: Native to SE Asia and New Guinea. Field Guide to Plants of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press Naturalized in the tropics worldwide, invasive in some places.
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  • Antifungal Activity, Yield, and Composition of Ocimum Gratissimum Essential Oil

    Antifungal Activity, Yield, and Composition of Ocimum Gratissimum Essential Oil

    Antifungal activity, yield, and composition of Ocimum gratissimum essential oil F.B.M. Mohr1, C. Lermen1, Z.C. Gazim1, J.E. Gonçalves2, 3 and O. Alberton1 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agricultura, Universidade Paranaense, Umuarama, PR, Brasil 2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia Limpas e em Promoção da Saúde, UniCesumar, Maringá, PR, Brasil 3Instituto Cesumar de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, Maringá, PR, Brasil Corresponding author: O. Alberton E-mail: [email protected] / [email protected] Genet. Mol. Res. 16 (1): gmr16019542 Received November 18, 2016 Accepted December 19, 2016 Published March 16, 2017 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/gmr16019542 Copyright © 2017 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) 4.0 License. ABSTRACT. Ocimum gratissimum L. or clove basil, belongs to the Lamiaceae family, has various desirable uses and applications. Beyond its aromatic, seasoning, and medicinal applications, this plant also has antimicrobial activity. This study was aimed at assessing the antifungal activity, yield, and composition of the essential oil (EO) of O. gratissimum. The species was cultivated in garden beds with dystrophic red latosol soil type containing high organic-matter content. The EO was obtained by hydrodistillation of dried leaves in a modified Clevenger apparatus, followed by determination of its content. Chemical characterization was carried out by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Microbial activity was assessed using the broth microdilution method, by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), in order to compare the antimicrobial effect of EO in 10 isolates-Fusarium oxysporum f.