Pemikiran Falsafah Sains Dan Relevansinya Terhadap

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Pemikiran Falsafah Sains Dan Relevansinya Terhadap PEMIKIRAN FALSAFAH SAINS DAN RELEVANSINYA TERHADAP PENDIDIKAN SAINS DI MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH (Studi Komparasi Seyyed Hossein Nasr dan Ian G. Barbour) Oleh: Mar’atus Sholihah NIM: 1320420004 TESIS Diajukan kepada Program Pascasarjana UIN Sunan Kalijaga untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat Guna Memperoleh Gelar Magister dalam Ilmu Pendidikan Islam Program Studi Pendidikan Guru MI Konsentrasi Sains MI YOGYAKARTA 2015 i MOTTO “Apa yang harus aku lakukan terhadap dunia ini? Aku dan dunia ini ibarat seorang pengembara dan sebatang pohon tempat ia berteduh. Lantas, ia pergi meneruskan perjalanannya dan meninggalkan pohon itu di belakangnya” (Nabi Muhammad SAW) “Aku diutus khusus sebagai pengajar” (Sabda Nabi Muhammad SAW) “In traditional societies, nature was seen as one’s wife But the modern West turned it into a prostitute” “To be modern is to destroy nature” (Seyyed Hossein Nasr) “Doubt frees us from illusions of having captured God in a creed It calls into question every religious symbol” (Ian Grame Barbour) vii PERSEMBAHAN Karya ilmiah khusus dipersembahkan dengan rasa syukur dan rendah hati kepada: Almamater kebanggaan, Program studi PGMI Sains Program Pascasarjana UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta serta Abah dan Ibu tercinta Masykur, B., dan Umi Rosadah Yang banyak sekali berkoban demi pendidikan putra-putrinya viii ABSTRAK Peradaban ilmu pengetahuan di dunia kaum Muslimin semakin terkalahkan oleh sains modern di dunia Barat, baik notabennya penganut agama Kristiani maupun Yahudi. Kaum Muslimin semakin menjadi konsumerisme dan bergantung pada kemajuan natural science dan teknologi yang dimiliki oleh Barat. Dunia Barat seakan-akan menggambarkan the real of modern science yang harus diikuti oleh negara-negara lain yang belum mampu untuk mengembangkan sains, termasuk negara-negara Muslim. Tantangan-tantangan baru berkenaan dengan kemajuan sains dan teknologi yang harus dihadapi umat manusia semakin berat, karena sains sekuler sudah mulai mempengaruhi masalah keimanan para ilmuwan dan pendukung kemajuan sains. Sains dan agama seolah-olah merupakan dua jenis ilmu pengetahuan yang berbeda dan mempunyai wilayah sendiri-sendiri, sehingga tidak akan bisa bersentuhan. Sains semakin dijadikan dewa bagi para ilmuwan Barat karena berhasil merubah paradigma agama dan melumpuhkan kebenaran yang terdapat pada agama, sebaliknya, agama dianggap sebagai sesuatu yang usang yang terlalu banyak memberikan pembatasan untuk kegiatan ilmiah. Kekacauan ini sudah mewarnai pendidikan sains yang dipelajari oleh seluruh peserta didik di bumi. Pendidikan sains MI/ SD yang diterapkan di sekolah-sekolah, khususnya Indonesia mengandung unsur-unsur yang berusaha memisahkan keterpaduan antara sains agama. Masalah muncul bukan dari aspek kurikulum, namun dari aspek pendidik dan buku-buku ajar sains yang berusaha memisahkan antara pendidikan sains dan pendidikan spiritualitas. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengembangkan pemikiran falsafah sains S. H. Nasr dan Barbour sebagai tokoh sekaligus ilmuwan yang berusaha mendialogkan dan mengintegrasikan sains dan agama. Penelitian juga bertujuan untuk mengungkap relevansi pemikiran falsafah sains keduanya terhadap pendidikan sains di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah dan melihat sisi persamaan serta perbedaan kedua tokoh. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan yang bersifat deskriptif komparatif analitik dengan pendekatan penelitian filosofis. Data-data dikumpulkan melalui metode sumber primer dan sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui dua teknik, yaitu rekonstruksi biografis dan deskriptif. Data dianalisis secara komparatif dari sumber primer dan sekunder. Hasil penelitian diungkap bahwa pemikiran falsafah sains agama (Islam dan Kristen) S.H. Nasr dan Barbour memiliki relevansi terhadap pendidikan sains di MI melalui kurikulum pendidikan sains yang dibuat oleh pemerintah, metode-metode dan model-model pembelajaran baru yang bermunculan beberapa tahun terakhir yang dikembangkan oleh pakar pendidikan sains, dan buku-buku ajar sains agama yang sudah diterapkan oleh para pendidik sains di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah. Pendidikan sains terintegrasi agama mulai dikembangkan di Indonesia melalui perjalanan para ilmuwan Muslim dan Kristen secara meluas. Seyyed Hossein Nasr dan Ian G. Barbour memberikan konstribusi besar bagi pengembangan pendidikan sains terintegrasi agama melalui teori-teori yang mereka cetuskan dan sudah merambah pada dunia pendidikan sains di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah dan Sekolah Dasar. ix PEDOMAN TRANSLITERASI ARAB – LATIN Penulisan transliterasi huruf (pengalihan huruf) Arab – Latin dalam tesis ini berpedoman pada Surat Keputusan Bersama Menteri Agama dan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor 158/1987 dan 0543b/U/1987. Secara garis besar uraiannya sebagai berikut: A. Konsonan Tunggal Huruf Nama Huruf Latin Keterangan Arab Tidak Alif dilambangkan Tidak dilambangkan ا Bā’ b be ب Tā’ t te ت (Ṡā’ ṡ es (dengan titik di atas ث Jīm j je ج (Ḥā’ ḥ ha (dengan titik di bawah ح Khā’ kh ka dan ha خ Dāl d de د (Żāl ż zet (dengan titik di atas ذ Rā’ r er ر zai z zet ز sīn s es س syīn sy es dan ye ش x Huruf Nama Huruf Latin Keterangan Arab (ṣād ṣ es (dengan titik di bawah ص (ḍād ḍ de (dengan titik di bawah ض (ṭā’ ṭ te (dengan titik di bawah ط (ẓȧ’ ẓ zet (dengan titik di bawah ظ ain ‘ koma terbalik di atas‘ ع gain g ge غ fā’ f ef ف qāf q qi ق kāf k ka ك lām l el ل mīm m em م nūn n en ن wāw w w و hā’ h ha ھـ hamzah ‘ apostrof ء yā’ Y Ye ي B. Konsonan Rangkap karena Syaddah ditulis Rangkap Ditulis Muta‘addidah ﻣـﺘﻌﺪّدة Ditulis ‘iddah ﻋﺪّة xi C. Tā’ marbūṭah Semua tā’ marbūtah ditulis dengan h, baik berada pada akhir kata tunggal ataupun berada di tengah penggabungan kata (kata yang diikuti oleh kata sandang “al”). Ketentuan ini tidak diperlukan bagi kata-kata Arab yang sudah terserap dalam bahasa indonesia, seperti shalat, zakat, dan sebagainya kecuali dikehendaki kata aslinya. Ditulis ḥikmah ﺣﻜﻤﺔ ditulis ‘illah ّﻋﻠ ـ ﺔ ’ditulis karāmah al-auliyā ﻛﺮاﻣﺔاﻷوﻟﯿﺎء D. Vokal Pendek Fatḥah Ditulis a --- َ◌ ---- Kasrah ditulis i --- ِ◌ ---- Ḍammah ditulis u --- ُ◌ ---- Fatḥah Ditulis fa‘ala ﻓﻌَﻞ Kasrah ditulis żukira ذُﻛﺮ Ḍammah ditulis yażhabu ﯾَﺬھﺐ E. Vokal Panjang 1. Fathah + alif Ditulis ā ditulis jāhiliyyah ﺟﺎھﻠـﯿّﺔ 2. Fathah + ya’ mati ditulis ā xii ditulis tansā ﺗَـﻨﺴﻰ 3. Kasrah + ya’ mati ditulis ī ditulis karīm ﻛﺮﯾـﻢ 4. Dammah + wawu mati ditulis ū ditulis furūḍ ﻓﺮوض F. Vokal Rangkap 1. Fathah + ya’ mati ditulis ai ditulis bainakum ﺑـﯿﻨﻜﻢ 2. Fathah + wawu mati ditulis au ditulis qaul ﻗﻮل G. Vokal Pendek yang Berurutan dalam Satu Kata dipisahkan dengan Apostrof ditulis A’antum أأﻧـﺘﻢ ditulis U‘iddat ا ُﻋﺪّت ditulis La’in syakartum ﻟﺌﻦ ﺷﻜﺮﺗـﻢ xiii H. Kata Sandang Alif + Lam a. Bila diikuti huruf Qamariyyah maka ditulis dengan menggunakan huruf awal “al”. ditulis Al-Qur’ān اﻟﻘﺮأن ditulis Al-Qiyās اﻟﻘﯿﺎس b. Bila diikuti huruf Syamsiyyah ditulis dengan menggandakan huruf Syamsiyyah yang mengikutinya, serta menghilangkan huruf l (el)-nya. ’ditulis As-Samā ّاﻟﺴﻤﺎء ditulis Asy-Syams اﻟﺸّﻤﺲ I. Penulisan Kata-kata dalam Rangkaian Kalimat ditulis Żawi al-furūḍ ذوﯩﺎﻟﻔﺮوض ditulis Ahl as-sunnah أھﻞ ّاﻟﺴ ّـﻨﺔ xiv KATA PENGANTAR Alhamdu-lillahi-rabbil-‘alamin. Itulah ungkapan paling tepat yang dapat penulis ungkapkan atas selesainya penulisan tesis ini. Proposal penulisan tesis sudah dilakukan sejak penulis duduk di semester dua, namun baru mampu menyelesaikan penulisan tesis di akhir semester empat. Penulis sangat bersyukur kepada beberapa pihak yang telah membantu mensukseskan karya ilmiah ini. Orang-orang tersebut membantu penulis untuk terus melangkah maju tanpa memperdulikan waktu yang telah tertinggal. Penulis menempuh banyak langkah dalam penyelesaian penulisan tesis, mulai dari penguasaan materi dan teori, pengumpulan data, verifikasi data, analisa data, sampai proses penulisan. Penulis mengalami dunia suka dan duka, hambatan dan kemudahan, masa statis dan dinamis dalam kerangka penulisan ini. Penelitian ini tidak mungkin selesai seperti sekarang ini tanpa motivasi dari berbagai pihak, mulai tahap pemikiran ide sampai penulisan. Penulis mendapat kritikan lembut nan tajam ketika ide tulisan masih berbentuk proposal, beberapa pihak yang telah bersedia memberikan kritik yang membangun kepada penulis adalah Dr. Mahmud Arif, M.Ag., Prof. Dr. Zuhdan Kun Prasetyo, M.Pd., Prof. Dr. Abdurrahman Assegaf dan Dr. Naimah. Penulis sangat berterimakasih kepada Dr. Arif yang bersedia meluangkan waktu untuk memberikan koreksi, komentar, arahan dan kritikan dengan kesabaran dan ketelatenan beliau yang luar biasa untuk memberikan penulis kemudahan dalam penyusunan tesis ini. Ucapan terimakasih yang mendalam juga penulis sampaikan kepada Prof. Zuhdan yang selalu mampu memberikan ide-ide baru dan kreatif kepada penulis, serta menjadi dosen pembimbing tesis kedua secara informal. Terimakasih juga penulis tujukan kepada xv Prof. Assegaf yang memperbaiki judul proposal tesis pertama kali dikarenakan keterbatasan kreatifitas penulis dalam membuat ide judul penelitian, serta selalu memberikan motivasi internal kepada penulis disela-sela kepesimisan penulis di masa lalu. Ucapan terimakasih terakhir penulis haturkan kepada Dr. Naimah yang menyempatkan waktu kepada penulis untuk berdiskusi dalam penyempurnaan tesis ini, beliau juga selalu mengajak penulis untuk aktif melakukan diskusi. Tahapan penyelesaian tesis selanjutnya adalah konsultasi terbimbing untuk perubahan, penyelesaian dan penyempurnaan penelitian ini. Penulis melakukan banyak kegiatan ekstra pada tahap penulisan, seperti hunting literatur dan data. Proses
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