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Abstract This Thesis Is a Study of the Effects of Socio-Economic Change on a Category of Middle-Aged Women in Kuwait. These

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Abstract This Thesis Is a Study of the Effects of Socio-Economic Change on a Category of Middle-Aged Women in Kuwait. These Abstract This thesis is a study of the effects of socio-economic change on a category of middle-aged women in Kuwait. These women are from Kuwait's middle class and were young when Kuwait's economy was subject to massive change due to the discovery of oil. The study was based on the results of field work carried out in Kuwait. The central argument states that due to their strict upbringing and socialization, these women were unable to adjust to modern Kuwait and subsequently feel alienated and suffer from a loss of identity. Among the few outlets available to these women is Zir which gives them a temporary release and alleviation from these feelings. However, the alleviation through i5r is only a temporary measure and in fact can lead to increased feelings of alienation. The argument states that in order to prevent further alienation, special attention must be paid to these women. Special importance has been given to the effect of Islamic concepts underlying the position of women and the way these concepts are manifested in female "religious" practices. These practices are discussed in order to draw a comparison between them and zir which is also considered a type of popular religious practice. Also to compare zir as a predominently sunni practice with some shi l l practices. This thesis also examines the case of two categories of the same age group, a certain importance has been given to each category's reaction to change. The first category is that of middle-aged Failakan [from Kuwaiti Failaka island] women. This category had a different life in the past which was more active than that of Kuwaiti middle-aged. At present, this category suffers from alienation, this is particularly the case with those Failakan women who moved to Kuwait after the discovery of oil. It is argued that this category's feeling of alienation is deeper than that felt by our Kuwaiti middle-aged women. The second category is that of middle-aged aristocratic women who, due to the particularities of their life before the discovery of oil, have favoured socio-economic change and do not share the feelings of alienation with their middle-aged middle class counterparts. This thesis also examines the case of another "parallel" group. This is a group of young women (many of whom are the daughters of the above categories) who, although having different backgrounds, share the loss of identity felt by the middle-aged women. These women are searching for identity in a Moslem world through Islamic fundamentalism. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotations from It should be published without prior written consent, and information derived from it should be acknowl- edged "Throughout the time spent working on this thesis I was privileged to have the support and encouragement of my friend and brother, Adel Ashkanani. Unfortunately, before completing this work, my brother passed away. It is to his memory that this work is dedicated." MIDDLE-AGED WOMEN IN KUWAIT: !I 0 VICTIMS OF CHANGE -, by Zubaydah All M. Ashkanani Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of Anthropology University of Durham June 1988 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. - 1 9 SEP 1988 A Note on Transliteration In this thesis the system of transliteration from Arabic to English' used, is that of the Library of Congress. i Acknowledgements I would like to thank my father, All Ashkanani, for the financial support he provided throughout this study. I would also like to thank my mother for her support and encouragement. At the University of Durham, I wish to thank David Brooks, my super- visor, who gave me guidance and advice and devoted a great deal of his time to reading and commenting upon this work and to making many valuable suggestions. My thanks are also due to Robert Laitonin the Anthropology Department of Durham University. I would like to thank my friend, Miriam al-Agruoga, from the Kuwait Folklore Centre for her help and guidance, Ahmed All from the National Council for Arts and Culture; Aziza al-Bassam, Tom Brett, Christine Leighton, Jehad Isteitiyeh, Rima al-Barudi, and Shirin Saebnoori. Thanks are also due to Doctor Bacier al-Najjar for reading an early version of this thesis. I would especially like to thank all the Mamas and patients who, throughout this study, treated me as a real daughter and provided me with invaluable information. I conclude by once more thanking all those who helped, participated and contributed to the completion of this study, but point out that all comments, ideas, interpretations and translations are my own responsibility. 11 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDEMENTS CHAPTER ONE 2 INTRODUCTION .Notes 22 CHAPTER TWO 23 KUWAITI MIDDLE-AGED WOMEN VICTIMS OF A 23 CHANGED WORLD 2.1 INTRODUCTION 23 2.2 THE TRANSFORMATION OF KUWIAT 31 2.3 THE SOCIAL COMPOSITION OF KUWAIT 38 2.4 SEPARATE AND SECLUDED: A CONTAINED WORLD 46 2.5 MIDDLE AGE IN A THREATENING WORLD 52 2.6 TRADITIONAL HEALING OR MODERN MEDICINE 57 2.7 EDUCATION: THE RELATIVE DEPRIVATION OF MIDDLE-AGED WOMEN 63 2.7.1 TRADITIONAL EDUCATION 63 2.7.2 MODERN SCHOOLING 66 2.7.3 ADULT EDUCATION AND ILLITERACY 68 2.7.4 ADVANCED EDUCATION 76 2.8 THE LEGAL POSITION OF WOMEN: CONTINUED VULNERABILITY 79 • 2.9 THE REALITY OF ALIENATION: CONTRASTING EXAMPLES 83 89 2.10 GENDER AND GENERATION TENSIONS Notes 94 Ill CHAPTER THREE 97 THE IMAGE OF WOMEN IN ISLAM 97 3.1 INTRODUCTION 97 3.2 KNOWLEDGE IN ISLAM: CONTROL BY REASON 100 3.2.1 FITNA': AN IMAGE OF DISORDER , 104 3.2.2 SEPARATION: CONTAINING DISORDER 108 3.3 JINN IN ISLAM 112 3.3.1 JINN: DISORDERLY BEINGS 115 3.3.2 ANGELS: (MALAIKA) 121 3.3.3 WOMEN: EMBODIED DISORDER 126 3.4 POPULAR BELIEFS CONCERNING JINN IN KUWAIT 128 3.4.1 CONTEMPORARY ATTITUDES TOWARDS JINN 136 Notes 142 CHAPTER FOUR FORMS OF ISLAM 4.1 HUSSAYN'S MARTYRDOM 147 4.2 THE HUSSAYNIYAH 150 4.3 THE SYIDAH AND THE MULLAYAH 163 4.4 ATTITUDES TOWARDS SAYIDAHS AND MULLAYAH 176 4.5 MALID 181 4.6 FAILAKA THE SACRED ISLAND 183 Notes iv CHAPTER FIVE ZAR 5.1 ZTR IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD: A REVIEW 201 5.2 THE ZAR RITUALS OF KUWAIT 213 5.3 THE CLASSIFICATION ZAR RITUALS 219 5.4 CHANGING ATTITUDES TO ZTR RITUALS 224 5.5 OTHER TRADITIONAL TREATMENTS 228 5.6 THE LANGUAGE OF POSSESSION 231 5.7 THE DAR 231 5.8.1 PREPARATION FOR A SUFRA ZAR RITUAL 237 5.9 A SEVEN DAY SUFRA 240 5.9.1 THE BRIDE 240 5.9.2 THE WEEK OF RITUAL 241 5.10 A TAMBURA ZAR 257 Notes CHAPTER SIX THE MAMA AND IL MAMA 6.1 THE MAMA:MISTRESS OF ZAR 263 6. 1.1 BECOMING A MAMA 268 6.1.2 MAMAS AND THEIR -DAUGHTERS- 274 6.2 THE AUTUMN OF DISCONTENT 276 6.3 ZTR IN FAILAKA 280 5.4 IL MAMA 288 6.5 IL MAMA CEREMONY 291 6.6 IL MAMA, AND CHANGE 300 V CHAPTER SEVEN 305 DIFFERENT REACTIONS TO CHANGES 305 7.1 FAILAKA 306 7.1.1. A HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 306 7.1.2 THE SOCIAL COMPOSITION OF FAILAKANS 309 7.1.3 FAILAKA IN THE PAST 311 7.1.4 FAILAKAN WOMEN IN THE PAST 314 7.1.5 HEALTH SERVICES AND EDUCATION IN FAILAKA 320 7.1.6 FAILAKAN WOMEN TODAY 322 7.2.1 ARISTOCRATIC WOMEN AND CHANGE 332 7.3.1 YOUNG RELIGIOUS WOMEN AND CHANGE 343 Notes 359 CONCLUSION 361 REFERENCES 378 Chapter One INTRODUCTION CHAPTER ONE Introduction ... The various changes brought about after discovery of oil in Kuwait, have affected almost every aspect of life in the country. The small har- bour, once dependant on fishing, pearl diving, other manual crafts and a small scale commerce, has become one of the richest countries of the world. The ways in which oil revenues were invested created a society charac- terized by wealth and prosperity. The Government has provided free modern schools, university, technical colleges, free health services, modern houses and streets, sophisticated social services and much more. It was unavoidable that this socio-economic change brought about pro- found changes on the social and moral levels. Yet as is almost always the case, social values changed at a slower pace than the material world. The category of middle aged middle class women with whom we are dealing in this thesis, were brought up in very traditional and highly religious families. They were married very young. Their scope of life did not reach beyond their family of origin, and the extended family of their husbands, and few aspects of the community life, all these three which would consist for them the whole "society" were strictly sex segregated. Unlike themselves, their husbands were familiar with public life, the centre of which was the Aug (Market). Many men were accustomed to travel abroad, but very few of them would take their wives and daughters with -2- them. Such was the case only among a few aristocratic families. , Many middle aged women of the aristocratic class do not suffer the impact of present change due to their familiarity with the modern countries, and the lack of the vast gap, which exists in other cases, bet- ween them and their husbands. Another point which made them favour change Is that women of this class were among the first women to be educated.
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