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Mineral Nutrition and Die-Back in Terminalia Ivorensis A. Chev. in Ghana

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Mineral Nutrition and Die-Back in Terminalia Ivorensis A. Chev. in Ghana Journal of Tropical Ecology (1997) 13:317-335. With 1 figure Copyright © 1997 Cambridge University Press Mineral nutrition and die-back in Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev. in Ghana VICTOR K AGYEMAN* and E. Y. SAFOf *Forestry Research Institute of Ghana and fDepartment of Crop Science, University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 63, Kumasi, Ghana. ABSTRACT. This investigation examined the hypothesis that nutrient deficiency is related to the die-back of Terminalia ivorensis. The study was conducted on three major soil groups in natural forest and T. ivorensis plantations. Five soil chemical factors, Total nitrogen, organic carbon, effect- ive CEC, exchangeable calcium and magnesium, were positively related to die-back. Foliar nitro- gen concentrations in trees suffering from die-back were almost 50% of those of healthy trees. The concentrations of magnesium in the leaves of T. ivorensis experiencing die-back were also low. Conversely, high concentrations of foliar calcium were associated with trees under stress. A highly significant relationship was observed between die-back ranks and leaf size. KEY WORDS: die-back, Ghana, plantation, tropical forest, Terminalia ivorensis, soil chemical prop- erties, foliar nutrient concentrations. INTRODUCTION Terminalia ivorensis A. Chev. occurs naturally in a geographic region extending along the West African sub-region which receives between 1200 and 1800 mm rainfall per annum. The species is a strong light demander and must have overhead light for good early growth. It is not thought to be a long-lived tree (Taylor 1960). In Ghana, T. ivorensis is distributed throughout the forest zone, but achieves its greatest density in forest reserves within the south-east subtype of moist semi-deciduous forest (Hall & Swaine 1981). Terminalia ivorensis was the most popular tree for reforestation in Ghana during the period between 1950-1970. This is because it is fast growing, self- pruning, and has a straight bole and excellent form (Lamb & Ntima 1971). Nearly 100 different plantations of T. ivorensis totalling 2500 ha had been estab- lished on a wide range of sites at 28 locations/forest reserves scattered through- out Southern Ghana by 1970 (Canon 1979). It is estimated from the Forest Inventory Project data (unpublished) that by 1985 c. 3600 ha of T. ivorensis plantations had been established in the country. However, by 1975 about 34% of T. ivorensis plantations in Ghana had suffered die-back (Canon 1979). Cur- rent estimates from the Forestry Department of Ghana reveal that die-back 317 318 VICTOR K. AGYEMAN AND E. Y. SAFO has affected 50-60% of the plantations. Because of the die-back problem the establishment of the tree in plantations was virtually stopped in the 1980s. Die-back occurs throughout the entire West African region especially, Ghana and Cote d'lvoire where extensive plantations of the species exist. It is however, more common in the wet evergreen forests than other forest types (Canon 1979) and affects T. ivorensis plantations between the ages of 10-20 y. The disease is primarily characterized by the cessation of growth leading to deterioration over a period of time and ultimately death. The first obvious indicators of die-back are wilting and abnormally chlorotic and diminutive leaves (Ofosu-Asiedu & Canon 1976). Following leaf fall the branches and branchlets begin to die and the sapwood becomes stained. When an entire branch is dying back, branchlets at the extreme distal portion have smaller leaves and lose their leaves' faster than branchlets which are closer to the main branch. Malagnoux (1973) observed that growth cessation occurred 2y before the symptoms of the disease appeared. In a study of a 5-ha increment plot in a 30-y old plantation of T. ivorensis at Pra-Anum Forest Reserve in Ghana, Jones (1969) noted that almost all the trees died within 10 y after the inception of the disease in the plot. Several hypotheses have been put forward as to the possible cause of die- back. De Neef (1975) argued that die-back might be attributed to root competi- tion. Ofosu-Asiedu & Canon (1976) noted the frequent association of a fungus, the imperfect stage of Endothia species, with die-back. However, pathogenicity tests undertaken by Canon (1979) showed that the fungus was not the primary cause of die-back and only attacked trees which are already under extreme water and defoliation stress. Malagnoux (1973) noted that the disease was associated with the cerambycide beetle, Plocaederus viridipennis (Hope). How- ever, later studies by Brunck & Malagnoux (1976) showed that the Ceramby- cide beetle and other insects were strictly secondary pests which attacked trees already under stress through leaf defoliation. Other studies into the causes of die-back involving thinning (De Neef 1975), water stress (Canon 1979, Malagnoux 1973) and soil drainage (Canon 1979) were inconclusive. However, the results have led some workers (Bernhard-Reversat 1974, Brunck & Malagnoux 1976, Canon 1979) to suggest that mineral deficiency might be the cause of the disease. An earlier study by Canon (1979) revealed that the number and density of T. ivorensis trees in the natural forest was not significantly related to any geo- graphic location or feature but was related to the great soil groups of Ghana as classified by Charter (Bramrner 1962). In order to investigate the relation- ship of soil chemical properties as well as foliar nutrient concentrations and die-back, this study was carried out on T. ivorensis growing on different soil types in Ghana. It is generally known that several conditions limit the effect- iveness of soil tests for evaluating the nutrient requirement of tree plants and Mineral nutrition and die-back in Terminalia 319 that any effective method of plant diagnosis for nutrient deficiency should include both soil and foliar analysis (Foth 1978, Lutz 1951). MATERIALS AND METHODS Study sites The study involved three major soil groups in the forest zone^of Ghana on which T. ivorensis grows extensively. These soils are classified locally as: (a) Forest ochrosols (luvisols, acrisols and cambisols (FAO-UNESCO 1974) or alfi- sols and ultisols (Soil Survey Staff 1975) ). (b) Forest ochrosol-oxysol integrades (ferralsols, acrisols and luvisols (FAO-UNESCO 1974) or oxisols, ultisols and alfisols (Soil Survey Staff 1975)). (c) Forest oxysols (ferralsols, gleysols and acrisols (FAO-UNESCO 1974) or oxisols, inceptisols and ultisols (Soil Survey Staff 1975)). The oxysols are highly leached and acidic with a very low nutrient status (Brammer 1962). The ochrosols are relatively well-drained, neutral to slightly acidic and better supplied with nutrients. There is no sharp boundary between the ochrosol and oxysol soil groups. The variation represents a continuum (Nye & Greenland 1960). Nine sites were chosen, three on each soil group. The three sites on each soil group were: (i) plantation with die-back; (ii) plantation without die-back; and (iii) natural forest. Details of the selected sites are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Summary of sites sampled on three great soil groups in the forest zone of Ghana. Mean annual rainfall and mean daily temperature were taken over a period of 5 y. LOCATION CLIMATE Lat. Long. Alt. Annual Daily (°'N) (0/W) (m) rainfall temp. SOIL GROUP' Reserve (mm) (°C) FOREST TYPE2 Ochrosol South 6 35 0 57 180 1490 27.3 Moist Formangsu semi-deciduous, S/E Subtype Jimira 6 30 1 54 190 1280 27.4 Moist semi-deciduous, N/W subtype Bobiri 6 38 1 16 150 1295 27.4 Moist semi-deciduous, N/W subtype Ochrosol-Oxysol Denyau 6 02 1 47 80 1565 Moist evergreen Intergrade (2 sites) Tonton 6 04 2 05 90 1590 — Moist evergreen Oxysol Nueng-North 5 09 2 01 40 1650 Wet evergreen (2 sites) Nueng-South 5 05 2 05 55 1650 — Wet evergreen ' After Brammer (1962) 2 After Hall & Swaine (1981) 320 VICTOR K. AGYEMAN AND E. Y. SAFO In selecting the sites for sampling, conditions which might contribute to die-back or affect nutrient imbalance in the soil and foliage of trees were con- sidered. These were that: (a) fire should not have swept through the plantation after its establishment; (b) food crops should not have been cultivated on the land after its establishment, and (c) other tree species should not have been planted together with the Terminalia. Plantation with die-back. On these sites, distinct phases of deterioration were identified as follows: (a) Trees completely dead with no leaves — Rank 1 (b) Trees with bark starting to peel off, some of the branches broken and with chlorotic and diminutive leaves (middle stage of die-back) — Rank 2 (c) Trees with bark and branches intact but having chlorotic and diminutive leaves (inception of die-back) — Rank 3 (d) Trees with healthy leaves — Rank 4 Two 1.0-ha plots were demarcated, each containing several patches of die-back and healthy trees for soil nutrient analyses. Within the two 1-ha plots in each soil group, 20 trees (five trees in each of the four ranks mentioned above) were chosen. Altogether 60 trees were chosen in plantations with die-back in the three soil groups. Plantations without die-back. Since die-back patches appear to expand over time (Ofosu-Asiedu & Canon 1976) a plantation area without die-back which was almost of the same age (15-17 y) as the plantation experiencing die-back and occurring nearby in the same soil group was chosen as an example of T. ivorensis not currently at risk from die-back. A 1-ha plot was demarcated and five trees were chosen at random. A total of 15 trees were chosen in the three soil groups. These trees were designated as rank 5. Site in the natural tropical forest. A total of 15 mature, healthy T. ivorensis trees (estimated to be over 100 y old) growing in the natural forest were chosen and designated rank 6.
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