Comparative Study of Public / Civil Service
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FOREWORD The Public or Civil Service Commission is an important organ of modern state. In most of the countries, it has been established as a constitutional body. It is constituted by a constitutional provision, law or an executive order with prime responsibilities of selecting suitable candidates for various civil service posts and providing necessary advice to the government in various aspects of civil service management like recruitment, appointment, promotion and departmental actions. The Commissions provide a workplace that is free from discrimination. Further the Commissions recognise and utilise the diversity, highest ethical standards, and are responsive to the governments in providing frank, honest, comprehensive, accurate and timely advices. They also deliver services fairly, effectively, impartially to the public and promote equity in employment in professional manner based on merit. The first Meeting of the Chiefs of Public/Civil Service Commissions of SAARC Member States was held in New Delhi from 20 – 22 November 2010, wherein, it was felt that there could be an exchange of views and ideas on matters relating to the recruitment, selection and promotion of civil servants and the exchange of best practices. It was also observed by the delegates of that a wide range of dissimilarities were prevailing in the functions assigned to the Commissions in the region. It was desired to have strong and dynamic Public/ Civil Services that have attributes of accountability, transparency, and trust and respect of the people. In this context, the SAARC Secretariat was entrusted the responsibility to undertake a comparative research study on similarities/dissimilarities of the Public/Civil Service Commissions of SAARC Member States. The SAARC Secretariat assigned this study to the SAARC Human Resource Development Center (SHRDC), Islamabad, Pakistan. In the 2nd Meeting of Chiefs of Public/Civil Service Commissions of SAARC Member States, hosted by Federal Public Service Commission, Pakistan held on December 4-6, 2012, the Director, SHRDC, presented the salient features and questionnaire for the objectives of the study: • Compare similarities and dissimilarities of the Public/ Civil Service Commissions of the SAARC Member States • Identify the strengths, weaknesses and challenges faced by the Commissions • Review the Commissions best practices prevailing in the region and • Share best international practices to indigenize what may suite the Commissions of the SAARC Member States. The meeting approved the questionnaire after incorporating the suggestions/ inputs of the delegates. The SHRDC has prepared a draft report for circulation among the respective Public/Civil Service Commissions through SAARC Secretariat. As the second meeting had decided to discuss the report during the third meeting of the Chiefs of Public/Civil Service Commissions of SAARC Member States which is scheduled to be held in Colombo, Sri Lanka from 10-12 January 2014. i The report reveals similarities and dissimilarities, strengths, weaknesses, grey areas and challenges and identifies best practices prevailing in the Public/Civil Service Commissions of SAARC Member States. The recruitment system of some of the developed countries has also been highlighted in order to review the best international practices for the latter's adaptation, as may suite the Commissions. I am confident that in light of the study recommendations, the Public/Civil Services Commissions would be able to reach a road map that could be beneficial in the region, to promote merit-based and impartial mechanisms to select public/civil Servants. I hope that the third meeting of the Chiefs of Public / Civil Service Commissions of SAARC Member States would take appropriate decisions to implement the recommendations of the study. The early comments and inputs, if any, from the respective Commissions would enable the SHRDC to incorporate them and finalize for presenting the final report before the 3rd Meeting in Colombo, Sri Lanka. H.E. Mr. Ahmed Saleem Secretary General SAARC Secretariat Kathmandu-Nepal ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am highly indebted to Mr. Ahmed Saleem, Secretary General, SAARC Secretariat, for assigning this research study to SHRDC and acknowledge his keen interest and support during the course of this assignment. I am thankful to all the delegates of the 2nd meeting of the Chiefs of the Public/ Civil Service Commissions of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, held on December 4-6, 2012 in Islamabad, Pakistan for their encouragement and input in finalizing the study questionnaire. I wish to express my deepest appreciation to the Chairpersons, Members/ Commissioners, Secretaries, Additional Secretaries, Director Generals and allied officers/officials of the Public/Civil Service Commissions of the SAARC Member States for their support and cooperation in completing the questionnaire and providing relevant information/documents. It was not possible for SHRDC to carry out this assignment without their valuable assistance. I am grateful to the Ministries of External/Foreign Affairs of the SAARC Member States for their facilitation and cooperation during the course of this study. I acknowledge the services of Mr. Dhan Bahadur Oli, Director (IPA-Admn.) SAARC Secretariat for lending a helping hand during this crucial period. I have a high regard for Mian Muhammad Sarwar, Director General and Mr. Nasir Pervaiz, Assistant Director, FPSC Islamabad for giving detailed briefing/ presentation in understanding the functions and other related matters of the Commission. I extend my thanks to M/S PURE Foundation for their help and support for data entry and analysis of the study results. Finally, I would like to appreciate and acknowledge the efforts of the Research Team in report writing and the staff members of SHRDC for their cooperation, help and providing conducive working environment. They have worked hard even beyond the office hours in completing this research study. Dr. Riffat Aysha Anis Director SAARC HRD Centre Islamabad-Pakistan iii ACRONYMS ARC Administrative Reforms Commission ARS Administrative Reforms Secretariat BCS Bangladesh Civil Service BCSR Bhutan Civil Service Regulations BPSC Bangladesh Public Service Commission CDC Community Development Council CS Central Secretariat CSA Civil Service Academy CSA Civil Service Act CSB Central Selection Board CSC Civil Service Commission CSC Civil Service College CSMD Civil Service Management Directorate CSP Civil Service of Pakistan CSS Central Superior Services CSSB Civil Service Selection Board CTP Common Training Programme DFAT Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade DPC Departmental Promotion Committee EID Employee Identity EPF Employees Provident Fund FPO Final Passing Out FPSC Federal Public Service Commission FSAC Fast Stream Assessment Centre GTP Graduate Trainee Program HRMIS Human Resource Management Information System IAS Indian Administrative Service IARCSC Independent Administrative Reform and Civil Service Commission ICT Information and Communication Technology IPS Indian Police Service IVR Interactive Voice Response System KVACC Kathmandu Valley Application Collection Centre MAP Management Associate Programme MCQ Multiple Choice Question MCS Malaysian Civil Service NAB National Accountability Bureau NCGR National Commission for Government Reforms NRB National Reconstruction Bureau OBC Other Backward Classes OMR Optical Mark Reader PAR Public Administrative Reform PAS Pakistan Administrative Service PSA Public Service Act PSC Public Service Commission PSD Public Service Division RCSC Royal Civil Service Commission RD Regional Directorate SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SAS Singapore Administrative Service SC Scheduled Castes SCS Singapore Civil Service SCS Singapore Civil Service SHRDC SAARC Human Resource Development Centre ST Scheduled Tribes STP Specialized Training Programme UK United Kingdom UPSC Union Public Service Commission ZO Zonal Office CONTENTS Foreword i Acknowledgment iii Acronyms iv Executive Summary 1 Chapter-1 Introduction 1. Introduction 12 1.1. The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) 12 1.2. Public/Civil Service Commission 12 2. Background of the Study 12 3. History of Public/Civil Service Commissions 13 4. Objectives of the Study 14 5. Methodology 14 6. Outcomes of the Study 15 Chapter-2 Major Civil Service Reforms in SAARC Member States 1. Objective of Civil Service Reforms 17 2. Civil Service Reforms in Afghanistan 17 2.1. Major Achievements during the Last Decade 17 2.2. Benefits of Reform for the Government 18 2.3. Benefits of Reform for Civil Service Organizations 18 2.4. Benefits of Reforms for Individuals 18 3. Civil Service Reforms in India 18 3.1. The First Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) 18 3.2. Recruitment Reforms 20 3.3. Reforms in Training Aspect of Civil Services 21 3.4. Grading Reform 22 3.5. Performance Appraisal 22 3.6. Management of the Civil Services 23 3.7. Implementation of the Recommendations 23 4. Civil Services Reforms in Nepal 24 4.1. Buch Commission 2009 24 4.2. Administration Reorganization Planning Commission, 2013 24 4.3. Veda Nanda Jha Commission, 2025 24 4.4. Dr. Bhesh Bahadur Thapa Commission, 2032 24 4.5. High Level Administrative Reform Commission, 2048 24 5. Civil Services Reforms in Pakistan 24 5.1. Major Reforms Since 1947 Before General Musharraf Era 24 5.2. Administrative Reforms Initiatives in General Musharraf Era 27 5.3. Impact of Civil Service Reforms on Civil Service Delivery