Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization

Humanity faces a global crisis in the governance of knowledge, technology and culture. The crisis is manifest in many ways.

• Without access to essential medicines, millions suffer and die; • Morally repugnant inequality of access to education, knowledge and technology undermines development and social cohesion; • Anticompetitive practices in the knowledge economy impose enormous costs on and retard innovation; • Authors, artists and inventors face mounting barriers to follow-on innovation; • Concentrated ownership and control of knowledge, technology, biological resources and culture harm development, diversity and democratic institutions; • Technological measures designed to enforce intellectual property rights in digital environments threaten core exceptions in copyright laws for disabled persons, libraries, educators, authors and consumers, and undermine privacy and freedom; • Key mechanisms to compensate and support creative individuals and communities are unfair to both creative persons and consumers; • Private interests misappropriate social and public goods, and lock up the public domain.

At the same time, there are astoundingly promising innovations in information, medical and other essential technologies, as well as in social movements and business models. We are witnessing highly successful campaigns for access to drugs for AIDS, scientific journals, genomic information and other databases, and hundreds of innovative collaborative efforts to create public goods, including the Internet, the World Wide Web, Wikipedia, the , GNU and other free and open software projects, as well as distance education tools and medical research tools. Technologies such as Google now provide tens of millions with powerful tools to find information. Alternative compensation systems have been proposed to expand access and interest in cultural works, while providing both artists and consumers with efficient and fair systems for compensation. There is renewed interest in compensatory liability rules, innovation prizes, or competitive intermediators, as models for economic incentives for science and technology that can facilitate sequential follow-on innovation and avoid monopolist abuses. In 2001, the World Trade Organization (WTO) declared that member countries should “promote access to medicines for all.”

Humanity stands at a crossroads – a fork in our moral code and a test of our ability to adapt and grow. Will we evaluate, learn and profit from the best of these new ideas and opportunities, or will we respond to the most unimaginative pleas to suppress all of this in favor of intellectually weak, ideologically rigid, and sometimes brutally unfair and inefficient policies? Much will depend upon the future direction of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), a global body setting standards that regulate the production, distribution and use of knowledge.

A 1967 Convention sought to encourage creative activity by establishing WIPO to promote the protection of intellectual property. The mission was expanded in 1974, when WIPO became part of the , under an agreement that asked WIPO to take “appropriate action to promote creative intellectual activity,” and facilitate the transfer of technology to developing countries, “in order to accelerate economic, social and cultural development.”

As an intergovernmental organization, however, WIPO embraced a culture of creating and expanding monopoly privileges, often without regard to consequences. The continuous expansion of these privileges and their enforcement mechanisms has led to grave social and economic costs, and has hampered and threatened other important systems of creativity and innovation. WIPO needs to enable its members to understand the real economic and social consequences of excessive intellectual property protections, and the importance of striking a balance between the public domain and competition on the one hand, and the realm of property rights on the other. The mantras that "more is better" or "that less is never good" are disingenuous and dangerous -- and have greatly compromised the standing of WIPO, especially among experts in intellectual property policy. WIPO must change.

We do not ask that WIPO abandon efforts to promote the appropriate protection of intellectual property, or abandon all efforts to harmonize or improve these laws. But we insist that WIPO work from the broader framework described in the 1974 agreement with the UN, and take a more balanced and realistic view of the social benefits and costs of intellectual property rights as a tool, but not the only tool, for supporting creativity intellectual activity.

WIPO must also express a more balanced view of the relative benefits of harmonization and diversity, and seek to impose global conformity only when it truly benefits all of humanity. A “one size fits all” approach that embraces the highest levels of intellectual property protection for everyone leads to unjust and burdensome outcomes for countries that are struggling to meet the most basic needs of their citizens.

The WIPO General Assembly has now been asked to establish a development agenda. The initial proposal, first put forth by the governments of Argentina and Brazil, would profoundly refashion the WIPO agenda toward development and new approaches to support innovation and creativity. This is a long overdue and much needed first step toward a new WIPO mission and work program. It is not perfect. The WIPO Convention should formally recognize the need to take into account the “development needs of its Member States, particularly developing countries and least-developed countries,” as has been proposed, but this does not go far enough. Some have argued that the WIPO should only “promote the protection of intellectual property,” and not consider, any policies that roll back intellectual property claims or protect and enhance the public domain. This limiting view stifles critical thinking. Better expressions of the mission can be found, including the requirement in the 1974 UN/WIPO agreement that WIPO “promote creative intellectual activity and facilitate the transfer of technology related to industrial property.” The functions of WIPO should not only be to promote “efficient protection” and “harmonization” of intellectual property laws, but to formally embrace the notions of balance, appropriateness and the stimulation of both competitive and collaborative models of creative activity within national, regional and transnational systems of innovation.

The proposal for a development agenda has created the first real opportunity to debate the future of WIPO. It is not only an agenda for developing countries. It is an agenda for everyone, North and South. It must move forward. All nations and people must join and expand the debate on the future of WIPO.

There must be a moratorium on new treaties and harmonization of standards that expand and strengthen monopolies and further restrict access to knowledge. For generations WIPO has responded primarily to the narrow concerns of powerful publishers, pharmaceutical manufacturers, plant breeders and other commercial interests. Recently, WIPO has become more open to civil society and public interest groups, and this openness is welcome. But WIPO must now address the substantive concerns of these groups, such as the protection of rights and human rights. Long-neglected concerns of the poor, the sick, the visually impaired and others must be given priority.

The proposed development agenda points in the right direction. By stopping efforts to adopt new treaties on substantive patent law, broadcasters rights and databases, WIPO will create space to address far more urgent needs.

The proposals for the creation of standing committees and working groups on technology transfer and development are welcome. WIPO should also consider the creation of one or more bodies to systematically address the control of anticompetitive practices and the protection of consumer rights.

2 We support the call for a Treaty on Access to Knowledge and Technology. The Standing Committee on Patents and the Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights should solicit views from member countries and the public on elements of such a treaty.

The WIPO technical assistance programs must be fundamentally reformed. Developing countries must have the tools to implement the WTO Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, and “use, to the full” the flexibilities in the TRIPS to “promote access to medicines for all.” WIPO must help developing countries address the limitations and exceptions in patent and copyright laws that are essential for fairness, development and innovation. If the WIPO Secretariat cannot understand the concerns and represent the interests of the poor, the entire technical assistance program should be moved to an independent body that is accountable to developing countries.

Enormous differences in bargaining power lead to unfair outcomes between creative individuals and communities (both modern and traditional) and the commercial entities that sell culture and knowledge goods. WIPO must honor and support creative individuals and communities by investigating the nature of relevant unfair business practices, and promote best practice models and reforms that protect creative individuals and communities in these situations, consistent with norms of the relevant communities.

Delegations representing the WIPO member states and the WIPO Secretariat have been asked to choose a future. We want a change of direction, new priorities, and better outcomes for humanity. We cannot wait for another generation. It is time to seize the moment and move forward.

Signing the Geneva Declaration on the Future of WIPO (as of September 29, 2004)

• • Jean Claude Guedon, Professor of • Medecins sans Frontieres, Access to Comparative Literature at the University Essential Medicines Campaign of Montreal, Canada • International Federation of Library • Bernt Hugenholtz, Professor of Law, Associations and Institutions (IFLA) Institute for Information Law,University • Martin Khor, Third World Network of Amsterdam • Cory Doctorow, European Affairs • Jerome H. Reichman, Bunyan S. Womble Coordinator, Electronic Frontier Professor of Law, Duke University School Foundation of Law, Durham, NC USA • Sir John Sulston, Winner of 2002 Nobel • Yochai Benkler, Professor of Law, Yale Prize for Physiology or Medicine Former Law School Director of the Wellcome Trust Sanger • William W. Fisher III, Professor, Harvard Institute, Cambridge, UK Law School • Burton Richter, Paul Piggott Professor in • James Love, Consumer Project on the Physical Sciences, Stanford Technology University, Nobel Laureate, Physics, 1976 • Rishab Aiyer Ghosh, MERIT, University • Paul A. David, Professor of Economics & of , . Senior Fellow of the Stanford Institute for • Jean Ann Fox and Mark Silbergeld, Economic Policy Research, Stanford Consumer Federation of America University, Senior Fellow of the Oxford • Ed Mierzwinski, Public Interest Research Internet Institute & Professor Emeritus of Group Economics and Economic History, • Felix Cohen, Director, , University of Oxford, Emeritus Fellow of the Dutch Consumers' Association All Souls College, Oxford • Benedicte Federspiel, The Consumer • Philippe Aigrain, Founder and CEO, Council, . Society for Public Information Spaces • Spring Gombe, Health Action • George Konrad, former President of International (HAI) International P.E.N. • Celine Charveriat, Oxfam International • Lawrence Lessig, Professor of Law at • , Linux Project Stanford Law School, Founder of the • Roman Macaya, Ph.D., Executive Stanford Center for Internet and Society, Director, National Chamber of Generic Chairman of the Creative Commons Products, Costa Rica

3 • Peter Drahos, Professor and Head of • Professor Michael H. Davis, Progressive Progam, Regulatory Institutions Network, Intellectual Property Law Association, Research School of Social Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio Canberra, Australia • Dean Baker, Co-Director, the Center for • Professor Michael Geist, Canada Research Economic and Policy Research Chair in Internet and E-commerce Law, • Michelle Munro, Policy and Program University of Ottawa, Faculty of Law Advisor, HIV/AIDS and Health, CARE • Cliff Bamford, Retired Senior Architect Canada for Internet Operations at Microsoft • Ville Oksanen, Chairman, Electronic • Istvan Rev, Central European University Frontier Finland and Open Society Institute • N. H. Israni, Chairman - IPR Committee, • Pamela Samuelson, Chancellor's Professor Indian Drug Manufacturers'Association of Law and Information Management, • Bruno Berthelet, Bureau d'Etudes en University of California at Berkeley Génie Informatique,Hasgard • Julie E. Cohen, Professor of Law, • Marko Ulvila, Coalition for Environment Georgetown University Law Center and Development, Finland • John Howkins, Director, IP Charter • Vera Franz, Information Program, Open • Damien Cirotteau, Media Innovation Unit, Society Institute Firenze Tecnologia, Firenze, Italy • Darius Cuplinskas, Information Program, • Robin Gross, IP Justice Executive Open Society Institute Director • Veni Markovski, Chairman of the Board, • Dr Tim Hubbard, Head of Human Internet Society - Bulgaria Genome Analysis, Wellcome Trust Sanger • Andreas Dietl, EU Affairs Director, Institute, Cambridge, UK European Digital Rights • Dr. Volker Grassmuck, Helmholtz- • Daniel de Beer, Researcher, Vrij Zentrum fuer Kulturtechnik, Humboldt Universiteit Brussel, Belgium University, , co-founder of • Marlyn Tadros, Ph.D., Executive Director, privatkopie.net Virtual Activism - Center for Knowledge • Richard Elliott, Director of Legal Society Research & Policy Canadian HIV/AIDS • Enrique A. Chaparro, IFIP TC11 & Legal Network Fundacion Via Libre, Buenos Aires, • Mr. B.K. Keayla, Convenor, National Argentina Working Group on Patent Laws, New • San Patten, MSc., Community-Based Delhi, India Research Coordinator, Alberta • American Library Association Community Council on HIV • American Association of Law Libraries • Martin Olivera, Asociáte a SOLAR! • Association of Research Libraries Software Libre Argentina • Special Libraries Association • Mr Chr.A. Alberdingk Thijm, SOLV • Dr Graham Dutfield, Herchel Smith Advocaten Senior Research Fellow, Queen Mary • DeeDee Halleck, Deep Dish Satellite Intellectual Property Research Institute, Network Centre for Commercial Law Studies, • Andrea Glorioso, Technical Coordinator, Queen Mary, University of London, U.K. Media Innovation Unit - Firenze • Mike Godwin, Legal Director, Public Tecnologia (Firenze, Italy) Knowledge • David Vaver, Professor of Intellectual • Professor Kevin Outterson, West Virginia Property & Information Technology Law, University College of Law University of Oxford; Director, Oxford • Ken McEldowney, Executive Director, Intellectual Property Research Centre, St Consumer Action Peter's College, Oxford • Robert Weissman, Director, Essential • Richard Neill, Trinity College, Cambridge Action University, U.K. • Nicola Ballenden, Senior Health Policy • Richard . Nelson. George Blumenthal Officer, Australian Consumers' Professor of International and Public Association Affairs, Columbia University, New York, • Ken McEldowney, Executive Director, NY Consumer Action • Andrew Pam, Chief Scientist, Xanadu. • Pedro de Paranagua Moniz - IDCID Partner, Glass Wings. Manager, Serious International Trade Law and Development Cybernetics. Board Member, Electronic Institute - Brazil Frontiers Australia • Brian Kahin, Visiting Professor, School of • Alberto Cammozzo, on behalf of PLUTO Information, Ford School of Public Policy Project and Department of Communication • Lauren Gelman, Center for Internet and Studies, University of Michigan Society, Stanford Law School

4 • Yovko Lambrev, • Gazanfer Aksakoglu, Member HAI, Association - Bulgaria Professor and Head, Department of • Philippa Lawson, Executive Director, Community Medicine, Dokuz Eylul Canadian Internet Policy and Public University, Izmir, Turkey Interest Clinic (CIPPIC), University of • Dr Andrew Herxheimer, Co-founder, Ottawa, Faculty of Law DIPEx, Emeritus Fellow, UK Cochrane • Jaco Aizenman L., Founder, FSC - Free Centre Software Consortium • Marco Cappato, former MEP, Executive • Dr. Marc Holitscher, Senior Researcher, Director of Associazione University of Zurich, International for freedom of scientific research Relations Department, • Douwe Korff, Professor of International • Peter Suber, Open Access Project Law, London Metropolitan University, Director, Public Knowledge, Research London (UK) Professor of Philosophy, Earlham College • Rik van Riel, , Inc • Samuel E. Trosow, Assistant Professor, • Shanthi Pal, Essential Drugs and University of Western Ontario Medicines Policy, World Health • Frannie Wellings, Electronic Privacy Organization Information Center • Professor Brook K. Baker, Northeastern • Nicola Bernardini, Media Innovation Unit U. School of Law - Firenze Tecnologia • Michael Teimman, Chief Technology • Michael Landau, Professor of Law, Officer, Red Hat Director, Intellectual Property Program, • Patrick Nielsen Hayden, Senior Editor, Georgia State University Tor Books • Aidan Hollis, Associate Professor, • Peterson Maina, Chairman, Circuits & Department of Economics,University of Packets Community Calgary • Duncan Stewart Linedata Services, • Dr Guido Westkamp LL.M., Senior Inc.,Massachusetts Lecturer in Intellectual Property, Queen • Hugh Hancock, Artistic Director, Strange Mary Intellectual Property Research Company Institute, London • Neil Gorman - Sr. Executive Assistant - • Malla Pollack, Visiting Associate Ethical Technologies,Illinois Professor, Univ. of Idaho, College of Law • Michael L. Love Ph.D, Department of • Mark Davison, Associate Professor Mark Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Davison, Faculty of Law, Monash School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University University • Dave Bu rstein, Chair Fast Net Futures • Claudia Koltzenburg, M.A., Conference, Special Correspondent, Projektmanagement DFG-Projekt GAP - WBAI-FM 99.5 German Academic Publishers • Maria Amelia Viteri-Burbano, American • Chun Eung Hwi, General Secretary, University PeaceNet • Taran Rampersad, Editor, Linux Gazette • Cormac Russell, Producer/Game • Robin Koshy, Centre for Trade and Designer, 1Up Studios Development, New Delhi • Mark C. Langston, Sr. Unix SysAdmin, • Kathy Bowrey, Faculty of Law, GOSSiP Project University of NSW, Australia • Asomiddin Atoev, Consultant, Public • Dr Ian Brown, University College London Fund Civil Initiative on Policy of Internet, and President, European Digital Rights Tajikistan • Chandrakant Patel, Geneva • Khalil Elouardighi, ACT UP-Paris Representative, SEATINI • Dr Matthew Rimmer, Faculty of Law, • Dr. Rainer Kuhlen, Department of ANU, Australia Computer and Information • Computer Professionals for Social Science,University of Konstanz Responsibility • Dr. Simon Moores, Director, • Jonathan Weinberg, Professor of Law, Zentelligence Research, Ltd. Wayne State University • Roopa Rathnam, Oxfam GB, India • Prof. Dr.F.W. Grosheide, Molengraaff • Dinyar Godrej, Co-editor, New Institute for Private Law, Center for Internationalist, Rotterdam, The Intellectual Property Law (CIER), Utrecht Netherlands University • Dr Markus Kuhn, Lecturer, Computer • Nils Philippsen, Software Developer, Red Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK Hat GmbH, • Francis Norton, Author and Developer, • Jeremy Hunsinger, Center for Digital Norton Online Publishing Discourse and Culture, Virginia Tech • Charles Medawar, Social Audit Ltd

5 • Marjut Salokannel, LL.D. Director, • Roger J. Weeks, Systems & Network Academy of Finland Project Administrator, Mendocino Community • Sasha Costanza-Chock, Free Press Global Network Communication Project • Christof Wolf, independent filmmaker, • Jeff Kuntzman, M.L.S., Internet Librarian, Germany Denison Memorial Library, University of • Paula Graham Consultant, alt+synergy, Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences London • Chris Evich, Associate Technical • Jefferson Berlin, Vice President, SD&A Engineer, Red Hat Teleservices, Inc., ElSegundo, CA • Stephen M. Maurer, Lecturer, Goldman • Rui Soares, Consultant, Lisbon - Portugal School of Public Policy, University of • Wolfgang Draxinger, lead programmer - California at Berkeley DARKSTARgames, Munich, Germany • Philippa Saunders, Essential Drugs • Gerald Wilhelm, Software Developer, Project, London Berlin, Germany • Robert Virkus, Enough Software, • Daniel Jacober, Unix System Engineer, Germany Switzerland • Jonathan Tasini, President Emeritus, • Dr. Jens Eickhoff, EADS Astrium, National Writers Union, UAW Local 1981 Friedrichshafen, Germany • Asociación de linuxeros de Córdoba • Rainer Kuißl, Nuremburg, Germany, IT- Córdoba, Spain, www.linuxcordoba.org Professional • Tomislav Medak, Multimedia Institutem, • Michael Kassnel, software developer, Zagreb, Croatia. Germany • Alvaro Villalobos Jugo, Director • Jeff Snyder, composer, New York Ejecutivo, ADIFAN-Asociación de • Brian Scott, Professor, California State Industrias Farmacéuticas de Origen y University Northridge Capital Nacionales, Peru • Julia & Tarik Banzi, Al-Andalus • João Miguel Neves, ANSOL - Associação • Larisa Mann, University of California at Nacional para o Software Livre, Portugal Berkeley • Jeremy Douglass, University of • Hugh Stimson, Intern, Smithsonian California, Santa Barbara, United States Conservation Research Center • Boatema Boateng, Department of • Johannes Lechner, IT Project Manager Communication, University of California, and Consultant, Germany San Diego, California • Dr. Thomas Bliesener, Mélix - • Carla Hesse, Professor of History, Especialistas en Software Libre, México University of California, Berkeley • Dr Matthew Rimmer, Faculty of Law, • Bernard Hugueney, computer science ANU, Australia engineer, teacher and research scientist, • Beth Burrows, President, The Edmonds France Institute, Edmonds, Washington • Sally Burch, Executive Director, ALAI, • Jed Cousin, Technical Director, Atomic Ecuador XR, Inc. St. Cloud, MN • Osvaldo León, President, ALAI, Ecuador • Romain FARAUT, IT & Financial • Eduardo Tamayo, ALAI, Ecuador Specialist • Serafín Ilvay, ALAI, Ecuador • Dr. Tigran Zargaryan, Yerevan State • Graham Greenleaf, Professor of Law, University Library, Head ofAutomation University of New South Wales, Sydney, Department Australia • Pedro Mendizábal Simonetti, President, • Harold L. Burstyn, Patent Attorney and CPSR-Perú Adjunct Professor, L. C. Smith College of • Misha Verbitsky, EPSRC Advanced Engineering & Computer Science, Fellow. Glasgow University, Math Syracuse University Department • Dipl. Psych. Peter Pirron, Mannheim, • Bernd Schrader Systemadministration, Federal Republik of Germany Germany • James Governor, Principal Analyst, • Frank Warmerdam, Geospatial RedMonk, LLC Programmer, Ontario, Canada • Javier Perez, Independent IT Consultant • Lenore Coral, Chair, Music Library • Martin Svoboda, Director, State Technical Association Legislation Committee, Library, Prague, Czechia Music Library Association • Eric Mueller Systementwicklung/System • Guilherme Roschke, George Washington Development, Gustavsburg, Germany University Law School • Markus Beckedahl, Chairman of • Professor Manuel B. Graeber, Head, Netzwerk Neue Medien e.V. (Network Department of Neuropathology, Imperial New Media), Germany College London, UK

6 • Bekir Gur, PhD Student, Utah State • Daniel Phillips, Red Hat Inc. University, US • David Woodhouse, • Jon Lebkowsky, CEO, Polycot developer, Red Hat Inc. Consulting, L.L.C., Austin, Texas • Karsten Wade, RHCE, Techical Writer • Saif Gangjee, Doctoral Researcher in • John Ellsmore, FACING PAGES, Intellectual Property Rights, Faculty of Canterbury VIC, Australia Law, University of Oxford • Alex Maier, Marketing Assistant EMEA, • Nick Harvey, Editor, Nilgiri Press Red Hat GmbH, Dornach bei München • Sergio Ferraris- Sud Nord Multimedia, • Dr. Robert S. Stephenson, E-learning Roma Italy Architect, Associate Professor, Biological • Robyn Briese, CIEL Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit • Stephan Beirer, Dipl.-Phys., Theoretical MI Biophysics, Humboldt University, Berlin, • Dr. Michel J. Menou, Consultant in Germany Information and Knowledge Management, • Alexis Grant, MSc -- Speech and Visiting Professor of Information Policy, Language Processing, University of City University London, Les Rosiers sur Edinburgh Loire, France • Hendrik Belitz, Postgraduate research • Dr. V B LAL, Senior Consultant, IP fellow, Germany Project, Indira Gandhi National Open • Dr. Guenter Bechly, Staatliches Museum University (IGNOU), New Delhi (India) fuer Naturkunde Stuttgart, Germany • Anuranjan Sethi, Law Student, NALSAR • Bertram (Chip) Bruce, Professor, Library University of Law, Hyderabad, India & Information Science, University of • Nelson Cruz, Editor of PCManias.com, Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA Portugal. • Dipl.-Technoi nform. Thorsten Gecks, • Eric E. Johnson, Software Developer, Lehrstuhl für Angewandte Informatik III Redwood City, CA, USA (Robotik und Eingebettete Systeme), • James Deville, Deville Computers and Universität Bayreuth Consulting, Bothell, WA, USA • Frank Klomp, CRM Alliance BV, • Heather Ford, Creative Commons Amsterdam, The Netherlands Southern Africa • Alfred Peters, IT-Architect, Hannover, • Helena Bendova, librarian of the Institute Germany for German Studies, Philosophical Faculty • Jens Ziemann, Red Hat GmbH, Germany of the Charles University in Prague, Czech • Meri Koivusalo, Coalition for Research Republic and Action for Social Justice and Human • Ivonne Valeria Muñoz Torres, MCE, Dignity (CRASH), , Finland Dirk Digital & E-Security Rights Management, Ricken, Institut für Allgemeine México Nachrichtentechnik, Hanover, Germany • Valérie Peugeot, Vecam, France • Hans Klein, Associate Professor of Public • Michael Ashburner FRS, Professor of Policy, Georgia Institute of Techhnology Biology, University of Cambridge • Urs P. Thomas MBA, PhD, Website • Nicolas Cahen, ICT Assessor, Centro Publisher, EcoLomics International, Cultural Poveda (www.poveda.org ) Santo Geneva Zack Cerza, New Maintainer with Domingo, República Dominicana the Debian Project. • Wim Vandevelde, G.A.T. - Grupo • Julian Jonker, University of Cape Town Português de Activistas sobre Tratamentos Faculty of Law, South Africa de VIH/SIDA, Lisboa, Portugal • Michael Lines, University of Alberta, • Suzanne Hillman, Quality Assurance Red Canada Hat, Inc. • Russell McOrmond, Ottawa, Ontario, • Carlos Passarelli, Brazilian Canada. Host of digital-copyright.ca and Interdisciplinary AIDS Association co-coordinator of (ABIA), Brazilian Network for People GOSLINGcommunity.org Integration (REBRIP) • Roger Rohrbach, Ecstatic • Kjetil Kjernsmo, Oslo, Norway Communications, San Francisco, CA • Matthew Davis, RHCE, Red Hat Global • Dharmaraju, Programme Manager, Oxfam Support Services GB, Hyderabad, AP, India • Pat Goodrich, Student Services • Mark H. Webbink, Sr. Vice President and Coordinator, Virginia Tech Graduate Deputy General Counsel - Intellectual School, Blacksburg, VA, USA Property, Red Hat, Inc. Raleigh, NC • Dr Michael Spence, St Catherine's • Anna Marie Stirr, Columbia University College, University of Oxford Department of Music, New York, NY • Organisation-Electronic Information for • Alexandre Oliva, Free Software Libraries-eIFL.net Developer, Red Hat, Inc., Brazil

7 • Dirk Ricken, Institut für Allgemeine • Jin Kien, Tan, Southeast Asian Council Nachrichtentechnik, Hannover, Germany for Food Security and Fair Trade • Kalyanee Shah, President, SEWA, Nepal (SEACON) • Council of Canadians • Emilija Banionyte, Lithuanian Research • Dr. Luis Baliarda, Presidente, La Camara Library Consortium, President Industrial de Laboratorios Farmaceuticos • Susan Nevelow Mart, Reference Argentinos (CILFA) Librarian, University of California - • Mirta Noemi Levis, Secretaria Ejecutiva, Hastings College of the Law La Asociación Latinoamericana de • Alexander G.D. van der Wolk, Industrias Farmaceutica (ALIFAR) Amsterdam, the Netherlands • American Association of Law Libraries • KARLA PRUDENCIO IMAÑA, Legal • Adam J. Goldberg, Consumers Union Assistant, Sorvill, Patent and trademark • Karsten Hopp, Red Hat Deutschland Consultants , La Paz, Bolivia • Jens Hardings, Universidad de Chile, • Andrea Ines Palomeque Liendo, Chile Consultora Propiedad Inrtelectual, La Paz • Alessandra Nilo, President, Gestos- - Bolivia Soropositividade, Comunicação e Gênero • Erika Dueñas, Lic en Relaciones • Diana Andrade, Directora Comunicación Internacionales, Gerente Ejecutiva de la y Proyectos, Intercom - Ecuanex, Ecuador Cámara de la Industria Farmacéutica • Chantal Moukoko, Université de Douala, Boliviana, La Paz - Bolivia France • M.Angélica Sánchez Vogel, • Florian Oelmaier, CEO SyTrust GmbH, Vicepresidenta Ejecutiva, Asociación Germany Industrial de Laboratorios Farmacéuticos • Gajanan Wakankar, Ambassador (Retired) Chilenos, Asilfa A.G. of India to Jordan, INDIA • Eric J. Iversen, NIFU STEP center for • Gino Cintolesi Brill, Barcelona, Espana innovation research: Oslo, Norway • Kay E. Vandergrift, Professor Emerita, • Daille Pettit, Acquisitions/Collections School of Communication, Information Librarian, James Madison University, and Library Studies, Rutgers University Harrisonburg, VA • Gabriela Giacomini, independiente, • Mauro Guarinieri, Chair, Board of ARGENTINA Directors, European AIDS Treatment • Jane Anne Hannigan, Professor Emeritia, Group Columbia University, New York • Ketevan Lapachi, PhD, Tbilisi, Georgia, • Sharon McQueen, Lecturer and Doctoral Co-Founder of Association for Candidate, School of Library and Competition and Consumer's Sovereignty Information Studies, University of (AC&CS), Former Deputy Head of the Wisconsin - Madison State Antimonopoly Service of Georgia • Marimuthu Nadason, President, ERA • Luk Naets, secretary, ecological Consumer Malaysia consumerorganization Velt from Belgium • John Lozier, Executive Director, Harping • Claudine Xenidou-Dervou , Catherine for Harmony Foundation, Morgantown, Synellis, Sasa Tzedaki, Anna Fragkau, WV Steering Committee of the Hellenic • Till Westermayer, Netzwerk Neue Medien Academic Libraries Link, Greece e.V., Germany • Josue Aranda Rojas, Librarian, Mexico • Bjoern Fay, Mathematisches Institut, • Clara Gonnelli, president, ACU, Justus Liebig-Universitaet Giessen, Associazione Consumatori Utenti onlus, Germany , Italy • Comedia - the Swiss media union • Audrey Nay,Teacher Librarian, NSW, • Marleen Stikker, Director, Waag Society / Australia for old and nieuw media, Amsterdam • EKPIZO-Consumers Association the • Paul Keller, Head Public Research, Waag Quality of Life - Greece Society / for old an nieuw media, • Bernard Lang, Directeur de Recherche à Amsterdam l'Institut National de Recherche en • Guillaume Coté, ingénieur en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA), informatique, Paris, France France • Bejon Misra, Chairman, Consumer • Maria Jesus Morillo, National Library, Coordination Council (CCC) , Delhi, India Spain • Nicolas Taffin, C&F editions, France • Mataiasi Labati, Executive Director, • Juan Gabriel López Guix, University of Consumer Council of Barcelona • Peter Macinnis, author and encyclopedist, • Olga Drossou, Heinrich Böll Foundation, Sydney, Australia Berlin

8 • Marietta Gargatagli, Profesora • Steve Mallett, http://steve.osdir.com universitaria, Universidad Autónoma de • Ben Wood, UK Barcelona. España • Timothy Goral, Connecticut • Zapopan Martín Muela Meza, PhD • Sam Glass, Manchester Candidate, Department of Information • David Kulawick, Ottawa, Canada Studies, University of Sheffield, United • Christian Wilcox, http://codefuture.net Kingdom • Brett Coburn, Auburn, AL, USA • Emilija Banionyte, President, Lithuanian • Chris Hoare, Leicester, United Kingdom Research Library Consortium • Dave Hinton, London, UK • KONG Sidaroth, Open Fo rum • Prashant Iyengar, India Information Exchange Coordinator, Open • Jonathan Renaut Forum of Cambodia, Phnom • Neil E. Hobbs Penh/Cambodia, Member of the APC • David , Toronto, Canada Council • Denis Moskowitz, Somerville, • Kate Makowiecka, Copyright Massachusetts Coordinator, Murdoch University, Perth, • Victor Grey Western Australia • Tim Cullen • Somaya Langley, Web Audio Analyst, • Andrew Levine, New Jersey, United National Library of Australia States • Amalia Pastora Pati, Médica - Licenciada • D. Christian Harrison, Provo UT en Letras, UNiversidad Nacional de • Jon Dubovsky Rosario, Argentina • Ken Snider, Toronto, Canada • Andrew Garton, Director/Producer, • Brad Sears c2o/Toy Satellite, Collingwood,Australia • Patrick Misterovich, Springfield, Missouri • Lic. Ronald M. Nostas A., PRESIDENTE, • Dan Davies Brackett, Canada La Cámara de la Industria Farmacéutica • Andrew Brown, UK Boliviana, CIFABOL, La Paz - Bolivia • Paul Campbell • Lic. Erika Dueñas Loayza, GERENTE • Clay Murphy EJECUTIVA, La Cámara de la Industria • Paul Campbell Farmacéutica Boliviana, CIFABOL, La • Wiley Wiggins, Austin, TX Paz - Bolivia • Veljko Kukulj, Zagreb, Croatia • J.G. López Guix, Autonomous University • Rick and Megan Prelinger, San Francisco, of Barcelona USA • Emilija Banionyte, Lithuanian Research • Alexander Shopov, Bulgaria Library Consortium, President, Vilnius • Garry Simeonovic, Canada Pedagogical University Library, Director, • Kim Cascone Vilnius, Lithuania • Charles Starrett, USA • Vittorio Bertola, Italy • Chris Nicol, Barcelona • Fabrizio Tarizzo, Italy • Keith • Oliver Berger, France • Juana Moore-Overmyer • Ira Glazer • Jens-Karsten Thiering, Germany • Nicola Larosa • Fabian Zeindl, Austria • Ian D. Allen Ottawa, Ontario, Canada • Alfred Zastrow, Germany • Mike Sykes • Jeremiah Blatz • Jon Noring • Gunnar Wagenknecht, Germany • Patrick Léonard • E.D. Naber, Cologne, Germany • Jeremie Zimmerman • Ben Seigel, Madison, WI • Jeremy Byrn • Gregor Adamczyk, Germany • Tim Arnold-Moore, Ph.D., LL.B., B.Sc., • Andreas Mummenhoff, Düsseldorf, Australia Germany • Neil Wehneman • Ian Rae, Montreal, Canada • Harish Pillay, Singapore • Ross Olson, Portland, Oregon, USA • Hervé Le Crosnier, France • Kay Marquardt, Germany • Jim W. Jaszewski, Canada • Grigor Gatchev • Alexander Shopov, Bulgaria • Michael Knaack • Travis Sherer, USA • Chris Brand, New Westminster, BC • Jonas Maebe, Belgium • Philipp Schott • Henk Elegeert, the Netherlands • Stefanie Janine Stölting • Leonard Tleane, South Africa • Henrik Prinz, Germany • Judd Manley-Breen, Australia • Ross Olson, Portland, Oregon, USA • Michael P. Conlon, Ph.D • Sarah Mundy, Victoria, BC, Canada • Andrew Yeomans, Herts, UK • Paul Hughes, Carson City, Nevada, USA • Bobby Dean Martin, Arlington, Texas • Andreas Hümmer, Germany

9 • Roger Luethi • Dariush Thomas Sadoughian • Georg Halbleib, Germany • Daniel Lux, Skørping, Denmark • Marc Steinbach, Berlin, Germany • Frederick Ogel • Christof Leng, Seeheim-Jugenheim, • Joonas Makinen, Helsinki, Finland Germany • Richard Michael Hartmann • Maria Alicia Viteri, California, USA • Peter Essinger • Dipl.Kfm. M. Reich, Wirtschaftsprüfer, • Martin 'Helios' Steigerwald, Germany Steuerberater, Germany • Steffen Motzer, Germany • Rich Ackerman • Guy Dickinson, Manchester • Tim Ereneta, Berkeley, California • Wolfgang Tegge • Andrew Pavelchek, Poway, California • Bruce Girard, Montevideo, Uruguay • Norbert Voigt, Hamburg, Germany • Marc Förster • Dr. Dominic Jackson, United Kingdom • David Salgado • Ansgar W. Konermann • Andreas Bergen, Germany • Christoph Schenkel • Dieter Rozowski, Netzwert AG, Berlin, • Dieter Werner, Austria Germany • Jürgen Ernst, Dipl.-Ing.(FH), Germany • François Bertrand, France • Armin Wright, Oakland, California USA • Sven Neuhaus, Germany • Sébastien Bauer, Belgium • Bill Barstad • Judah Richardson • Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Austria • Thomas A. Edmonds, Jr., Wichita, KS • John Van Dyke, San Diego, California • Joulia Strauss, Germany • Simon G. Trask • Sam Kelly • Clay Murphy • Erin Norton, California, USA • Stefan Decker, Paris, France • Paul Renault, Shediac, New Brunswick, • Mark Branchaud Canada • Rafael Campos, Brazil • Juergen Striegel, Germany • Ben Hutchings, Cambridge, England • Volker Lukas, Germany • Chris Sedgwick, Charlottesville, Virginia, • Ulf Bartholomäus USA • Dr. Heinz Url, Augsberg, Germany • James R. Van Zandt, Nashua NH, USA • Klaus-Jürgen Wolf, Dietzenbach, • Ben Konrath, Canada Germany • Bill Nottingham • Stefan Schlee, Vienna / Austria • Eriko Kobayashi, California, USA • Dan Bidwa • Stig Sandbeck Mathisen, Norway • James Antill, Waterford, CT • Jonathan Pfeiffer, California, USA • Tim Wesson, Cambridge, England • John Wilkinson, USA • Michael Mosmann, Lübeck, Germany • Carlos Vera Quintana, Ecuador • Tjalf Pirk, Germany • Philip Hunt, UK • Dietmar Schmidt, Germany • Tony Gatner, Pitt Meadows, BC, Canada • Jeremy Clarke • Kim Baumann Larsen, Oslo Norway • Clay Murphy • Axel Breuer, Germany • Ang Kwang Heng, Singapore • Eric Fortune, Medicine Lodge, Kansas • Brad Wasbrough, Portland, Oregon, USA • David M. Deelstra • Daniel Willmann, Germany • Jessica Heiden, Iowa, USA • Robert Plante, Canada • David Chin, Ann Arbor, MI, USA • Chuck Olson • Michael Long, Wooster, OH USA • Keith McCann, Burlington, Ontario • Nicolas Cahen • David Sugar • Teresa Hackett, Ireland • Tony Morton, Melbourne, Australia • Julie Hersberger • Peter Stanhope • Diana M. Venturini, Argentina • Tay Yen Hai Harold, Singapore • Patricio Paez, Mexico • Jay Sundu • Bhanumathi Natarajan, Norway • Chad Russell • Harry Hochheiser, Baltimore MD • Dr. Thomas Wagner, Erlangen, Germany • Daniel Eckard, Germany • Dr. Christopher Adler, San Diego, • Camilla Hansen, Bergen, Norway California • Léa Bod ossian, • Dr.-Ing. Dieter Siebörger, München, • Dr. Raoul M. Hecker, Germany Germany • Nicholas Bentley • Martin Goldhahn, Randaberg, Norway • Sara Skinner , Glasgow, Scotland • Hans-Georg Fischer, Berlin, Germany • Mary Alice Baish, USA • Dipl. Phys. Marcus Werner, Germany • Patrick Magnaud - France • Bernd Müller - Germany • Eduardo Luis Rubí, Argentina • Frank Gerbig • Dafne Sabanes Plou, Argentina

10 • Dr Monika Merkes, Melbourne, Australia • Celia Filipetto Barcelona, Spain • Julie Mayo, Canada • María del Carmen Moreno Vélez, Colombia • Javier Smaldone Río Cuarto, Argentina • Yann Romé, France • Keri A. Thomas • Beatriz Rodríguez. México • Jennifer Alm, Concord, NC • Gilles Deviercy, France • David Damerell, UK • Rachel Holt, MLS, Dallas, TX • Ezendu Ariwa, UK • Christoph Oberle • Ross MacDonald • E. Heumann • Udo Wesseler • Javier Candeira • Walter Kriha • Winfried Brenner • Alex Brem • Kerstin Eckert • Roger Williams • John T. Williams • Michael Dunkley • Edmund Grimley Evans • David Whitmarsh • Payton R. White • Jennifer Davey

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