Java in the 14Th Century Nagara-Kertagama

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JAVA IN THE 14TH CENTURY

'-J NAGARA-KERTAGAMA

VOLUME IV VIII.

SEE

LANDSCAPE,

JAVANESE

I. KONINKLIJK INSTITUUT VOOR T AAL-, LAND- EN VOLKENKUNDE T R A N S LA T I 0 N SERIES 4) 4

JAVA IN THE 14TH CENTURY A STUDY IN CULTURAL HISTORY

~..I THE NAGARA-KERTA.GAMA BY RAKAWI PRAPANCA OF MAJ APAHIT, 1365 A.D.

Third edition) revised and enlarged by some contemporaneous texts) with notes) translations) commentaries and a glossary by THEODORE G. TH. PIGEAUD, PH. D. LEYDEN ILLUSTRATED WITH DRAWINGS BY PROFESSOR TH. P. GALESTIN

PUBLICATION COMMISSIONED AND FINANCED BY THE NE'l'HERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL CULTURAL RELATIONS

IV COMMENTARIES AND RECAPITULATION

Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V. 1962 ISBN 978-94-017-7095-8 ISBN 978-94-017-7133-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-7133-7 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 3rd edition 1962 The complete work is in five volumes :

VOLUME I JAVANESE TEXTS IN TRANSCRIPTION

VOLUME II NOTES ON THE TEXTS AND THE TRANSLATIONS

VOLUME III TRANSLATIONS

VOLUME IV COMMENTARIES AND RECAPITULATION

VOLUME V GLOSSARY, GENERAL INDEX VOLUME IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS

page Introduction XI

Commentary on the Nagara-Kertagama: Chapter 1 - Introduction, the Royal Family of Majapahit about 1350 A.D...... 3 Chapter 2 - Majapahit, the Capital, about 1350 A.D. . . 11 Chapter 3 - Tributaries and neighbours of Majapahit, establishment of the Royal authority by emis• saries taken from the ecclesiastical officers 29 Chapter 4 - The Royal Progress of 1359 from Majapahit through the eastern districts of Java, and back to Singasari ...... 40 Chapter 5 - Notes on the Kings of the House of Rajasa, from 1182 till 1343, and on their religious domains ...... 117 Chapter 6 - The Royal Chase in the neighbourhood of Singasari ...... 145 Chapter 7 - The return from the Royal Progress of 1359, from Singasari to Majapahit . . . . . 150 Chapter 8 - The Royal Progresses of 1360 and 1361 to Tirib, Sompur and Blitar ...... 161 Chapter 9 - The posthumous ceremony in honour of the Rajapatni, in 1362, her shrines and her cult 169 Chapter 10 - The Royal Progress of 1363 from Majapahit to Simping and back ...... 212 Chapter 11 - Gajah Mada's death in 1364, the new officials ...... 2 i 4 Chapter 12 - List of domains belonging to the Royal Family and to religious communities . . . 219 Chapter 13 - Organization of the clergy and Royal authority ...... 251 Chapter 14 - The annual Court festival in Majapahit . 267 Chapter 15 - Conclusion ...... 331

Commentary on the Nagara-Kertagama colophons 344

Commentary on the Minor Writings: Nawanatya 351 Rajapatigut).<;lala 360 Purwadigama preamble . 368 Praniti Raja Kapa-kapa . 370 VIII

page Commentary on the Charters: Sarwadharma charter of 1269, found in Penampihan . 381 Decree Jaya Song, 1350, found in Bendosari . 391 Ferry charter of 1358, found in Trawulan and PeJ.em . 399 Batur charter, found in Batur . 412 Biluluk charters of 1366-1395, found in Bluluk . 416 Renek charter of 1379, found near Majapahit . 433 Walagc;iit charter of 1381-1405, found in Penaiijangan . 443 Patapan charter of 1385, found in Trawulan . 445 Karang Bogem charter of 1387, found in Trawulan 449 Katiden charter of 1392, found in Trawulan . 455 She!~ Magc;ii charters of 1394-1396 . 458 Recapitulation: Javanese Culture in the 14th Century: Chapter 1 - Social order in 14th century Majapahit . 467 Chapter 2 - Religious belief and ecclesiastical organization in 14th century Majapahit . 479 Chapter 3 - Economy and commerce in 14th century Majapahit . 494 Chapter 4 - Material culture in 14th century Majapahit 505 Chapter 5 - Art, language and literature in 14th century Majapahit . 512 Chapter 6 - Plays and games in 14th century Majapahit 516 Chapter 7 - Political order in the 14th century Majapahit realm 521 Chapter 8 - The Royal Court in the 14th century Maja- ~~re~ ~ Chapter 9 - The Royal Family in the 14th century Maja- pahit realm 537 Chapter 10 - The Nagara-Kertagama and its poet at the 14th century Majapahit Court . 547

Illustrations: drawings by Professor Galestin after stone reliefs of 14th century East-Javanese temples: I. Frontispiece: A Javanese landscape. A man with a palmleaf• book, bound between two wooden boards, under his left arm is pointing to some feature of the landscape in the distance. The scene is a hilly country covered with trees; in the left• hand top corner a temple with a Javanese flag in front. Near it a small four-legged animal (perhaps a chevrotin) is standing. A four-pillared wooden house built on a stone terrace and, at some distance to the right, a single-piiiared pavilion (cf. illustration I in vol. II) are discernable. In front of the man in the centre one sees a fountain spouting water into a pond. The tale illustrated by this stone relief of the 13th century Cal}c;ii Jawi, near Prigen, East Java, is as yet IX

page unknown. Probably the relief represents the wanderings of a poet amid the scenes that are described in a romantic part of an Old Javanese poem in the classic Indian style. . II II. A ploughman. The ploughing is done while the field is inun• dated. Drawing after a fragmentary relief of Ca11<# Gambar Wetan, on mount Kelud, near Blitar, East Java, 14th century. 39 III. Javanese husbandry. A bird's eye view of a rice-field at the foot of some hills. The terraced field is encircled and divided into some plots by low earthen dams. On the right a man with a plough on his shoulder is seen driving two water-buffaloes before him. Above this scene a man or a boy sitting on a buffalo's back is discernable. To the left of the last scene three water-buffaloes are seen treading the mud in order to prepare the field for the planting of the young rice. On the left of the sawah a narrow footpath paved with pebbles is seen. Cobble-stones are placed in what seems to be another footpath. It is curious to see that the sculptor gave the hills and mountains outlines reminding one of the heads of animals. No doubt this was done on purpose. Drawn after a relief of a temple which must have stood near Trawulan. The tale that is illustrated is as yet unknown. Fourteenth century. 116 IV. Twd ladies harvesting rice. The rice-stalks are cut one by one with the right hand and gathered in a bunch with the left one. At least one of the ladies has her breast covered, which may be a mark of religious awe. She has a scarf hanging over her left shoulder. Behind the ladies a man is standing holding an opened sunshade. His head is covered with some sort of cap. He raises his left fore-arm and hand to his mouth. It is not clear whether he is eating or making a gesture expressive of surprise. As the tale illustrated by the relief is as yet unknown it is not certain that the sculptor indeed meant to portray the ritual of the cutting of the so• called "rice-mother", the first stalks of the new harvest that are brought home in a procession to be religiously preser• ved. Drawn after a relief of CaJ!~i Rimbi, in East Java, dating from the Majapahit period. . 144 V. A Javanese orchestra. Four men, sitting on the ground, are beating reyongs (gong-like instruments) with sticks. Per• haps the fifth sitting man is the leader of the orchestra. It is not clear whether he is beating a small drum or playing a set of small bells. At the left a man with a so-called Paiiji head-dress is looking on. At the right a woman is standing ; perhaps she is dancing. Drawn after a relief of the west side X

page of the terrace of Cat].~li Panataran, near Blitar, East Java. The terrace bears a date corresponding with 1375 A.D. . 168 VI. A ferry. At the left a man, walking, while looking back at his companion, an oarsman with curly hair. At the right the same pair is seen sitting in a boat on a river. The tale illustrated by the relief is as yet unknown. In a following relief the passenger is seen disappearing into the water and entering the realm of the King of snakes. Drawn after a relief of the east side of the terrace of Candi Panataran, dated 1375 A.D. . · · 218 VII. A woman cooking rice. With uncovered breast, as usual, she is tending the fire of an oven with a stick. On the oven are placed: a common cooking-pot and a lja1Jijang, a pot filled with water, on which the rice, in a conical basket, called kukusan, covered with a lid, is steamed till it is done. Drawn after one of four reliefs of a stone of truncated pyramidal shape, once used as the base of a wooden house-pillar, found in Trawulan, not far from the site of Majapahit, now in the Majakerta .museum. . 250 VIII. A masked dancer, with an animal-mask before his face, and a so-called Paiiji head-dress. It is not clear what kind of animal is represented by the mask. The sitting man is playing a reyong, a gong-like instrument (cf. illustration v of the present volume). The tale that is illustrated by the relief is unknown. Drawn after a relief of Cat].<;li Rimbi, East Java, 14th century. 348 IX. A woman with a baby. She is carrying the child in a sle1J4ang, a kind of stole. The man, walking behind her, raises his right hand, perhaps to touch the child's head or to address the woman. Drawn after a relief of Candi Rimbi, East Java, 14th century. The tale or tales illustrat~d by the reliefs of that temple are as yet unknown. . 378 X. A peasant carrying several baskets made from leaves sus• pended from the two ends of a carrying-pole (pikulan). Drawn after a relief on the south side of a small temple belonging to the Cat].<;li Tegawangi complex, Ka<;liri, East Java, 14th century. 454 XI. Fighters : two men engaged in a fighting-game, probably binte: kicking at the opponent's shin or calf. They wear their loin-cloths tucked up and drawn between the legs. Drawn after a relief of Caq.<;li Rimbi, East Java, 14th century. See illustration IX in the present volume. . 464 XII. A cock-fight, freely drawn after a modern Balinese picture by Ida Bagus Made Nadera (about 1940). 552 INTRODUCTION

Essentially the following commentary on the contents of the Nagara-Kertagama has been made up from notes by former editors of the text together with remarks, criticisms and digressions by the present author. As Kern, Krom and their contemporaries were especially interested in dynastic history and archeology their notes on those subjects are legion, and as a result of their studies on many points a communis opinio has been reached. The argumentations which led up to this end are not reproduced in the present edition. The interested reader is referred to Krom's great books: Oud-J avaansche Kunst and Hindoe-Javaansche Geschiedenis. It is to be expected that before long the results of Krom's life-work will be made accessible for English readers by De Casparis. On the other hand cultural history, religion, economics and sociology have been rather neglected by the first editors of the Nagara-Kerta• gama. The present author has done his best to remedy that omission. The reader will find that the greater part of the following commen• taries is concerned with those subjects. The contemporaneous minor texts and the charters that are published, translated and annotated in the present book in the same manner as the Nagara-Kertiigama have been chosen almost exclusively for the valuable information on social, economic and religious conditions in the 14th century Majapahit realm that is afforded by them. The ten chapters on Javanese culture in the 14th century that are included in the present volume contain resumes of conclusions reached by the study of all the indicated texts. It is to be hoped that this Recapitulation may be of some use to those students of cultural history, economics, sociology and religion of South East Asia who can not find time to peruse the whole of the commentaries. There can be no doubt that study of Javanese cultural history should precede any appraisal of recent developments in that country. In a bygone age Java witnessed the rise, the flourishing and the decline of an important civilization of Indian inspiration. The traces of its enduring influence in present-day Java are unmistakable.