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The Akouta Underground Uranium Mine, Niger: a Review of Operations

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The Akouta Underground Uranium Mine, Niger: a Review of Operations 資源地質，63(2), 81 ～ 90, 2013 現場担当者会議講演論文 The Akouta Underground Uranium Mine, Niger: A Review of Operations Philippe CROISY*, Hiroyasu MURAOKA* and Tomio HAMAI* Abstract: The Akouta mine, the largest underground uranium mine in the world, is located in the Tim Mersoi sedimen- tary basin, a well-known uranium province in northern Niger. Two mines in the province, the Arlit mine since 1971 and the Akouta mine since 1978, provided the entire uranium production of Niger until 2011, when operations started at a third mine, Azelik. To date, more than 120,000 tU has been produced from the province. In the Tim Mersoi basin, the uranium deposits are sandstone hosted and largely tabular with local roll front structures (Akouta). The deposits were formed by complex interaction between tectonic, lithologic and paleogeographic factors. They occur from surface to a depth of 250 m and the grade is relatively low, between 0.1% and 0.6% U. The Carbon- iferous formations of the Guezouman (Akouta) and Tarat (Arlit), the Jurassic formation of the Tchirezrine (Imouraren deposit) or the Cretaceous formation of the Assouas (Azelik deposit) host the ore bodies. At Akouta, the deposit lies 250 m deep at the base of the Guezouman sandstone. The mineralization is 1 m to 15 m thick and nearly flat-lying, with an average grade of 0.4% U. The mining method is room and pillar with conventional drilling and blasting equipment. With this method, the miners are in direct contact with low-grade ore and suitable ventilation measures are utilized to reduce the risk of radiation exposure. OURD, with the support of Japanese utilities, mining and trading companies, joined the French Atomic Energy Agen- cy in 1970 in exploration and development activities in Akouta. Since 1978, OURD has provided uranium to Japanese utilities from its share of mine production. Until the Fukushima nuclear accident in 2011, uranium supplied by OURD from Niger accounted for about one hour of total daily electricity produced in Japan. 1. Introduction The Akouta mine in Niger is located in the prefecture of Agadez, at the southern edge of the Sahara and is 850 km northeast of the capital Niamey. The mine is 60 km from the border of the Air Mountains and 10 km southwest from the town of Arlit (Fig. 1). The city of Akokan, 5 km northeast of the mine, was developed to house its workers and is accessible either by airplane (a 2 hour flight from Niamey) or by road. All infrastructure including housing, roads, airport and communications system in the area was developed to support the start of mining activities. Electricity is provided by the SONICHAR coal power plant, 160 km south of the mine. Mining facilities (Fig. 2) in Akouta are located near the entrance of the mine. The natural environment in the region is harsh; a desert with temperatures reaching 50º C in summer. Precipitation Fig.1 Map of Niger. 2013 年 4 月 3 日受付，同年 4 月 3 日受理 日本鉱業協会 平成 25 年度全国鉱山・製錬所現場担当者会議 (2013 年 6 月 12 日，東京 ) にて講演 * Overseas Uranium Resources Development Co., Ltd. (OURD), 2-6-15 Shibakoen Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-0011, Japan Keywords：Niger, Akouta, uranium, sandstone deposit, room and pillar mining, radiation protection 81 82 Philippe CROISY, Hiroyasu MURAOKA and Tomio HAMAI 資源地質： Fig.2 Akouta mill. Fig.3 Simplified geological map of Niger (from World Nuclear Association document) is very low, with the majority of annual precipitation (150- develop the underground mine at Akouta, where the first 250 mm) occurring between July and September. drum of yellowcake was produced in 1978. Since then, over 65,000 tU has been produced in Akouta from five Exploration for uranium started in the 1950's when the different deposits, from north to south: Akola, Akouta country was still under French colonial rule. The French North, Akouta South, Ebba North and Ebba South. By the Overseas Mining Bureau (BUMIFOM) discovered uranium end of 2012, more than 120,000 tU has been produced showings in 1957 in the Agadez region. The French Atomic from the two mines. Energy Agency (CEA) then started detailed exploration The current shareholders of COMINAK are AREVA by airborne geophysical and ground geological surveys (34%, France), SOPAMIN (31%, Niger), OURD (25%, and drilling leading to the discovery in 1959 of the Azelik Japan) and ENUSA (10%, Spain). deposit. This was followed by the discoveries of the In 2010, Niger was ranked as the 5th largest uranium Madaouela deposit in 1963, Arlit in 1965, Imouraren in producer in the world with an annual output of 4,197 tU 1966 and Akouta in 1967. (Source, OECD, Red Book 2011) and is expected to rank 3rd In 1968, SOMAIR (Société des Mines de l'Aïr) was from 2016, with the start of Imouraren (5,000tU/y). incorporated to develop the Arlit deposit as an open pit mine and in 1971 Niger joined the select group of world The Nigerien Mining Law was revised in 2007 and uranium producers. This was followed by the creation in the government liberalized the acquisition of exploration 1974 of COMINAK (Compagnie Minière d'Akouta) to permits to attract foreign investment. This brought several 63(2), 2013 The Akouta Underground Uranium Mine, Niger: A Review of Operations 83 The crystalline basement, which formed during the PanAfrican orogenesis consists of metamorphosed rocks, essentially metasediments, intruded by granites. Recognized lithologies include biotite gneiss, leptynitic gneiss and micaceous shale with quartzite and amphibolite. The granite intrusions are syntectonic with the main phase of deformation occurring during the PanAfrican orogenesis. The magmatic activity did continue with post-orogenesis granite intrusions during the Ordovician, Carboniferous and Jurassic. Volcanic activity also occurred during the Tertiary and Quaternary periods. The sedimentary cover of the Tim Mersoi basin, a sub-basin of the Phanerozoic Iullemmeden basin, a vast structural depression of 640,000 km2 which developed on the West African shield basement, consists of a succession of marine to continental sediments and includes rocks ranging from Cambrian-Silurian to Miocene. The thickness of the sediments can reach over 2,000 m; in the Akouta region it varies from 400 to 800 m. The stratigraphy of the eastern part of the Tim Mersoi basin, as established by Cazoulat (1984, Fig. 4), is divided (from bottom to top) into four main sequences: - The Lower Visean formations of the Terada Group which consists of the coarse to conglomeratic sandstones of the Teragh and the marine clays of the Talak. - The Upper Visean formations of the Tagora Group, which includes two series starting with a fluvio- deltaic period, followed by a marine to epicontinental sedimentation and ending with a lacustre-alluvial period. The Lower Tagora consists of the Guezouman medium to coarse sandstones and the Tchinezogue Fig.4 Stratigraphy of the East Tim Mersoi basin argillites and fine sandstones. The Upper Tagora (from Cazoulat, 1984). consists of the Tarat medium to very coarse sandstones, the Madaouela silts and the argillaceous new mining companies to start exploration or development sandstones and lacustrine shales of the Arlit formation. projects. Although security in the Sahel region is a concern - A sequence called the "Continental Intercalaire" from and increasing costs could have an impact on the ongoing Permian to Jurassic, which consists mainly of fluvial projects, the region remains prospective for the discovery sandstone sediments with intercalation of lacustrine of new deposits. argillites. - The Lower Cretaceous which consists of the Irhazer 2. Geological Settings shale formation, with the silts and fine sandstones of the Assaouas at its base. 2. 1. Regional Geology The geology of the Agadez region is dominated The deposits of Akouta and Arlit are hosted in the by the Proterozoic basement of the Air massif and the Upper Visean Carboniferous formations of the Guezouman intracratonic Tim Mersoi sedimentary basin (Fig. 3). and Tarat respectively. The Guezouman sandstone 84 Philippe CROISY, Hiroyasu MURAOKA and Tomio HAMAI 資源地質： Fig.5 Arlit area structural geology (left) and Akouta mine deposits (right). also hosts the Madaouela deposit. The "Continental paleochannels, favourable uranium traps. Intercalaire" Jurassic formation of Tchirezrine and the Geological host formations are gently dipping Lower Cretaceous formation of Assouas host the ore bodies southwestward and lie 150 m deeper to the west of the Arlit of Imouraren and Azelik. fault. All known economic deposits are located east of the fault. 2. 2. Structural Geology The main structural feature of the Tim Mersoi basin is 3. Deposit and Ore Mineralogy the north trending In Azawa lineament - Arlit fault, which 3. 1. Akouta Deposit Formation extends over hundreds of kilometers through the basin to Algeria. The Air massif basement is strongly folded and A generally accepted model for deposit formation is influenced by two major structures, oriented N20-N30 and a pre-concentration of the mineralization controlled by N135 degrees. In the Arlit area, the N20-N30 direction tectonic, lithologic and physico-chemical factors with is predominant and corresponds to the main lineation and remobilization triggered by the Arlit fault. Ore bodies at the structural feature (Fig. 5). Arlit deposit are located at the intersection of main N-S The deformation of the sedimentary cover is the result and NNE-SSW structures and paleochannels. of basement faulting, with several of the N30 lineaments The Guezouman formation was deposited in a fluvio- offset by N80 structures. The N30 flexures are the direct deltaic environment with the supply of detrital grains result of the vertical displacement of the Arlit normal fault, eroded from the Air massif. Aqueous fluids transported active during the sedimentation phase. These structures, organic matter and plant debris during this period. at the base of the Guezouman sandstone, played a major These materials accumulated on the border of the main role in the formation of a major synclinal axis and paleochannels oriented N80 degrees and syngenetic 63(2), 2013 The Akouta Underground Uranium Mine, Niger: A Review of Operations 85 Fig.6 Ebba zone - W-E vertical cross section.
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