DOCSLIB.ORG

Uranium Giant Niger Is One of the Poorest Countries on Earth. It Wants More from France’S Areva

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Uranium Giant Niger Is One of the Poorest Countries on Earth. It Wants More from France’S Areva NIGER Uranium giant Niger is one of the poorest countries on earth. It wants more from France’s Areva. Atomic split BY DANIEL FLYNN AND GEERT DE CLERCQ HEAP LEACHING: Uranium ore is extracted with sulphuric acid at Areva’s Somair mine in Arlit. REUTERS/JOE PENNEY SPECIAL REPORT 1 AREVA IN NIGER ARLIT, NIGER/PARIS, FEBRUARY 5 , 2014 hen France began mining ura- nium ore in the desert of north- Wern Niger in the early 1970s, Arlit was a cluster of miners’ huts stranded between the sun-blasted rocks of the Air mountains and the sands of the Sahara. The 1973 OPEC oil embargo changed that. France embraced nuclear power to free itself from reliance on foreign oil and overnight this remote corner of Africa be- came crucial to its national interests. Arlit has grown into a sprawling settle- ment of 117,000 people, while France now depends on nuclear power for three-quar- ters of its electricity, making it more reliant on uranium than any country on earth. WAY FORWARD: A sign points the way to Imouraren, where Areva is developing a mine due to Niger has become the world’s fourth- open in 2015. REUTERS/JOE PENNEY largest producer of the ore after Kazakhstan, Canada and Australia. But uranium has not enriched Niger. to cut the tax breaks and raise the royalty The former French colony remains one of rate – its largest source of income from the the poorest countries on earth. More than mines – to as much as 12 percent. 60 percent of its 17 million people survive €9.3billion That would be more than the 5 percent on less than $1 a day. Areva’s revenues in 2013, almost charged by most Australian states, but Arlit is a dusty and neglected place, twice as big as Niger’s GDP bring Niger into line with the 13 percent scoured by desert sandstorms and barely charged by Canada’s uranium-producing touched by the mineral wealth it ships off Source: Areva, IMF province of Saskatchewan over the past de- to Europe each year. “There are neigh- cade. In Kazakhstan, the official rate is 18.5 bourhoods which go without water for mining workers, called it a negotiating tactic. percent. Areva produces uranium in both three weeks at a time,” said Deputy Mayor Production resumed at the start of February. Canada and Kazakhstan but would not de- Hassan Hamani. “There are schools where Areva and Niger’s just-expired agree- tail the royalties it pays in those countries. the pupils have to sit on the floor or study ments have never been made public. But (It explores for uranium in Australia but in straw huts.” Reuters has reviewed documents which does not mine it there). Now Niger’s government is demanding reveal that Areva’s mines pay no export du- Mining Minister Omar Hamidou a better deal from Paris, and specifically ties on uranium, no taxes on materials and Tchiana, leading the negotiations for Niger, from state-owned nuclear company Areva. equipment used in mining operations, and told Reuters the government wants to in- The two sides began talking more than a a royalty of just 5.5 percent on the uranium crease uranium revenues to at least 20 per- year ago but failed to clinch an agreement they produce. A spokesman for Areva de- cent of the budget, from just 5 percent at before Areva’s 10-year mining contracts ex- clined to confirm the authenticity of the present. pired on December 31. documents and did not comment on their “For 40 years, Niger has been one of the Areva suspended production at its contents. world’s largest uranium producers, but it’s two sites in Niger in mid-December: the Niger’s President Mahamadou Issoufou still one of the poorest countries on the open-cut Somair mine at Arlit and gi- says the deals are a throwback to the post- planet,” he said. “At the same time, Areva ant underground Cominak pit nearby. The colonial era, when France played a domi- has grown to be one of the world’s largest company says the closure was for mainte- nant role in the economies of its former companies. You see the contrast?” nance but Synamin, a union that represents African territories. His government wants Areva, which produced nearly one fifth SPECIAL REPORT 2 AREVA IN NIGER TOUGH: Mud-brick houses near Areva’s Cominak uranium mine. More than 60 percent of Niger’s population survives on less than $1 a day. REUTERS/JOE PENNEY of the world’s uranium in 2012, says a high- in 2013, the French firm is almost twice as However, the Extractive Industries er royalty rate would make its business in big as Niger’s entire economy according to Transparency Initiative (EITI), a global co- Niger unprofitable. the IMF. Loss-making and with net debts of alition of governments, including Niger’s, With uranium prices down about 70 nearly 4 billion euros, it is still Niger’s biggest and of companies seeking to improve the percent from their peak in 2007, a diplo- private employer and its largest exporter. accountability of natural resource revenues, matic source in Paris said Areva would not Areva does not provide a profit break- estimates Areva’s mines paid a total of 66.3 agree to a big increase in what it pays Niger. down for its operations in Niger but says million euros to Niger in 2011. 2012 figures “Niger needs to take into account that its current deal with the country is fair. It are not yet available. Areva is not in great financial health and says that over the past 40 years Niger has The latest contracts show Areva received that the uranium price is low and not about received around 80 percent of ‘direct ben- a range of tax breaks and benefits in Niger, to increase anytime soon,” said the source. efits’ – taxes and dividends - from its two some of which were standard under Niger’s uranium mines, with Areva taking the rest. 1999 mining law. Signed on Nov. 9, 2001 TAX BREAKS It estimates that its mines paid a total and effective for 10 years from Jan. 1 2004, A new deal is important for Areva, but vital of 82 million euros to Niger in dividends the contracts state that Areva was: for Niger. and taxes in 2011, and 123 million euros · Exempt from any export duties on its ura- With global revenues of 9.3 billion euros in 2012. nium production. SPECIAL REPORT 3 AREVA IN NIGER TARGET: Security in Niger is a concern. Seven employees at the Somair mine, above, were kidnapped in 2010 by al Qaeda’s local wing; in May 2013, the mine was attacked by al Qaeda-linked suicide bombers. REUTERS/JOE PENNEY · Exempt from all entry taxes, customs kilogram in 2011. At Cominak, costs per duties and value-added tax, on materials, kilogram rose from 27,277 CFA francs per equipment, machines, parts and petroleum kilo to 45,603 in 2010, the undated docu- products used in mining operations, in- $150/KG ment showed. cluding everything from sulphur and other The uranium price Areva and “Our objective is to lower these produc- chemicals used to process ore, vehicles, and Niger agreed for the last two tion costs so that Niger can profit more,” even protective clothing. said Minister Tchiana, adding that the gov- · Protected by a stability clause so that an years - nearly double the ernment had commissioned an indepen- increase in royalties tax under a new 2006 current spot price. dent audit of Areva’s Niger operations. The mining law did not affect them. report, by Netherlands-based consultancy · Protected so that if another uranium miner Source: meeting minutes BearingPoint, has not been made public. negotiated better terms, Areva would auto- Areva strongly denies artificially hiking matically benefit from the same conditions. adhere to the 2006 law. costs. It says higher charges are due to the · Guaranteed that any audit of the mines The Areva spokesman said the tax breaks complex technical characteristics of new ordered by Niger will remain strictly were important to encourage research and ore deposits that have helped increase pro- confidential. development in the mining sector and to duction by one-third in the last five years, · Granted an exoneration of up to 20 per- allow its mines to continue production de- as well as to a rise in the cost of fuel for ve- cent of corporate income tax to help fund spite depressed uranium prices and rising hicles and machinery and of sulphuric acid future prospecting. production costs. He said the mining com- used to process uranium. Areva held a monopoly over uranium panies pay the standard corporate tax rate “THE EXPECTATIONS OF THE mining in Niger until 2007. Its sole com- of 30 percent. PEOPLE” petitor, Somina, a joint venture between Unions in Niger and transparency cam- the government and the overseas arm of paigners say Areva has also become more At the Somair mine outside Arlit, lumber- the China National Nuclear Corporation, aggressive about minimising its profit – and ing yellow trucks work round the clock was launched a year after the introduction thus its tax bill – in the country in the past hauling grey-green ore from the bottom of of a 2006 mining law that sharply reduces few years. vast 100-metre-deep pits. The ore ends up tax breaks. A confidential Niger Mining Ministry in a processing plant where it is turned into Mining Minister Tchiana said Areva’s document seen by Reuters shows produc- yellowcake.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • + 2020 Annual Information Form
    Denison Mines Corp. 2020 Annual Information Form March 26, 2021 ABOUT THIS ANNUAL INFORMATION FORM This annual information form (“AIF”) is dated March 26, Table of Contents 2021. Unless stated otherwise, all of the information in this AIF is stated as at December 31, 2020. About this AIF .................................... 1 About Denison ................................... 6 This AIF has been prepared in accordance with Canadian Developments over the Last Three securities laws and contains information regarding Years ................................................. 8 Denison’s history, business, mineral reserves and The Uranium Industry ........................ 17 resources, the regulatory environment in which Denison Mineral Resources and Reserves 24 does business, the risks that Denison faces and other Mineral Properties ............................. 27 important information for Shareholders. Athabasca Exploration: Sampling, Analysis and Data Verification ........... 102 This AIF incorporates by reference: Denison Operations ........................... 107 Manager of UPC ................................ 111 Denison’s management discussion and analysis (“MD&A”) for the year ended December 31, 2020, Denison Closed Mines Group ........... 112 Environmental, Health, Safety and Denison’s audited consolidated financial Sustainability Matters ........................ 112 statements for the year ended December 31, 2020, Government Regulation .................... 114 Risk Factors ...................................... 120 both of which
    [Show full text]
  • Mining Company of Akouta (COMINAK), Akouta, Agadez II 111 I II III 111 Lllllll Mining Society of Air (SOMAIR), Arlit, Agadez XA0055932 Niger
    IAEA-SM-362/37 WASTE MANAGEMENT IN URANIUM COMPANIES OF NIGER Mining Company of Akouta (COMINAK), Akouta, Agadez II 111 I II III 111 lllllll Mining Society of Air (SOMAIR), Arlit, Agadez XA0055932 Niger Two companies produce uranium (yellow cake) in Niger: the "Societe des Mines de l'Ai'r (SOMAIR)" and the "Compagnie Miniere d'Akouta (COMINAK)". SOMAIR exploits uranium an open pit mining whereas COMINAK exploits an underground mining. The uranium ores with a grade of 0.25%U to 0.5%U [1] are treated by SOMAIR and COMINAK mills since 1971 and 1978 respectively. During the uranium recovery processing the principal following inputs are used: uranium ores, sulphuric acid (75 kg/t to 80 kg/5), nitric acid (10 kg/t recycled), sodium oxidant (2.5 kg/t) and water (150 l/t) [2]. The main chain of mining and milling is the following: Mining • Crushing • Leaching —• Solid-Liquid separation —*• Solvent extraction —• Uranium recovery —• Tailings management. The wastes produced (from mining and milling) can be classified as liquid wastes and solid wastes. The first one (liquid wastes) is of two kinds: wastewater and other liquid effluents. The wastewater is decanted for reuse in mills (COMINAK uses 16 basins with 4m of depth on an area of 44 ha to treat 3.4 millions mVyear [3]). Other liquid effluents are stored in basins of evaporation (COMINAK which has produced a volume of 2.18 millions m3 used 11 basins with 4 m of depth on an area of 65 ha against 10 ha for SOMAIR [3])- The solid wastes are barren overburden, low grade uranium ore and tailings mill.
    [Show full text]
  • NIGER: Carte Administrative NIGER - Carte Administrative
    NIGER - Carte Administrative NIGER: Carte administrative Awbari (Ubari) Madrusah Légende DJANET Tajarhi /" Capital Illizi Murzuq L I B Y E !. Chef lieu de région ! Chef lieu de département Frontières Route Principale Adrar Route secondaire A L G É R I E Fleuve Niger Tamanghasset Lit du lac Tchad Régions Agadez Timbuktu Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti Diffa BARDAI-ZOUGRA(MIL) Dosso Maradi Niamey ZOUAR TESSALIT Tahoua Assamaka Tillabery Zinder IN GUEZZAM Kidal IFEROUANE DIRKOU ARLIT ! BILMA ! Timbuktu KIDAL GOUGARAM FACHI DANNAT TIMIA M A L I 0 100 200 300 kms TABELOT TCHIROZERINE N I G E R ! Map Doc Name: AGADEZ OCHA_SitMap_Niger !. GLIDE Number: 16032013 TASSARA INGALL Creation Date: 31 Août 2013 Projection/Datum: GCS/WGS 84 Gao Web Resources: www.unocha..org/niger GAO Nominal Scale at A3 paper size: 1: 5 000 000 TILLIA TCHINTABARADEN MENAKA ! Map data source(s): Timbuktu TAMAYA RENACOM, ARC, OCHA Niger ADARBISNAT ABALAK Disclaimers: KAOU ! TENIHIYA The designations employed and the presentation of material AKOUBOUNOU N'GOURTI I T C H A D on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion BERMO INATES TAKANAMATAFFALABARMOU TASKER whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations BANIBANGOU AZEY GADABEDJI TANOUT concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area ABALA MAIDAGI TAHOUA Mopti ! or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its YATAKALA SANAM TEBARAM !. Kanem WANZERBE AYOROU BAMBAYE KEITA MANGAIZE KALFO!U AZAGORGOULA TAMBAO DOLBEL BAGAROUA TABOTAKI TARKA BANKILARE DESSA DAKORO TAGRISS OLLELEWA
    [Show full text]
  • Niger Country Brief: Property Rights and Land Markets
    NIGER COUNTRY BRIEF: PROPERTY RIGHTS AND LAND MARKETS Yazon Gnoumou Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison with Peter C. Bloch Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison Under Subcontract to Development Alternatives, Inc. Financed by U.S. Agency for International Development, BASIS IQC LAG-I-00-98-0026-0 March 2003 Niger i Brief Contents Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Purpose of the country brief 1 1.2 Contents of the document 1 2. PROFILE OF NIGER AND ITS AGRICULTURE SECTOR AND AGRARIAN STRUCTURE 2 2.1 General background of the country 2 2.2 General background of the economy and agriculture 2 2.3 Land tenure background 3 2.4 Land conflicts and resolution mechanisms 3 3. EVIDENCE OF LAND MARKETS IN NIGER 5 4. INTERVENTIONS ON PROPERTY RIGHTS AND LAND MARKETS 7 4.1 The colonial regime 7 4.2 The Hamani Diori regime 7 4.3 The Kountché regime 8 4.4 The Rural Code 9 4.5 Problems facing the Rural Code 10 4.6 The Land Commissions 10 5. ASSESSMENT OF INTERVENTIONS ON PROPERTY RIGHTS AND LAND MARKET DEVELOPMENT 11 6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 13 BIBLIOGRAPHY 15 APPENDIX I. SELECTED INDICATORS 25 Niger ii Brief NIGER COUNTRY BRIEF: PROPERTY RIGHTS AND LAND MARKETS Yazon Gnoumou with Peter C. Bloch 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE COUNTRY BRIEF The purpose of the country brief is to determine to which extent USAID’s programs to improve land markets and property rights have contributed to secure tenure and lower transactions costs in developing countries and countries in transition, thereby helping to achieve economic growth and sustainable development.
    [Show full text]
  • Caught in the Middle a Human Rights and Peace-Building Approach to Migration Governance in the Sahel
    Caught in the middle A human rights and peace-building approach to migration governance in the Sahel Fransje Molenaar CRU Report Jérôme Tubiana Clotilde Warin Caught in the middle A human rights and peace-building approach to migration governance in the Sahel Fransje Molenaar Jérôme Tubiana Clotilde Warin CRU Report December 2018 December 2018 © Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’. Cover photo: © Jérôme Tubiana. Unauthorized use of any materials violates copyright, trademark and / or other laws. Should a user download material from the website or any other source related to the Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’, or the Clingendael Institute, for personal or non-commercial use, the user must retain all copyright, trademark or other similar notices contained in the original material or on any copies of this material. Material on the website of the Clingendael Institute may be reproduced or publicly displayed, distributed or used for any public and non-commercial purposes, but only by mentioning the Clingendael Institute as its source. Permission is required to use the logo of the Clingendael Institute. This can be obtained by contacting the Communication desk of the Clingendael Institute ([email protected]). The following web link activities are prohibited by the Clingendael Institute and may present trademark and copyright infringement issues: links that involve unauthorized use of our logo, framing, inline links, or metatags, as well as hyperlinks or a form of link disguising the URL. About the authors Fransje Molenaar is a Senior Research Fellow with Clingendael’s Conflict Research Unit, where she heads the Sahel/Libya research programme. She specializes in the political economy of (post-) conflict countries, organized crime and its effect on politics and stability.
    [Show full text]
  • Threat Analysis
    Threat analysis: West African giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta) in Republic of Niger April 2020 Kateřina Gašparová1, Julian Fennessy2, Thomas Rabeil3 & Karolína Brandlová1 1Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha Suchdol, Czech Republic 2Giraffe Conservation Foundation, Windhoek, Namibia 3Wild Africa Conservation, Niamey, Niger Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Nigerien Wildlife Authorities for their valuable support and for the permission to undertake the work. Particularly, we would like to thank the wildlife authorities’ members and rangers. Importantly, we would like to thank IUCN-SOS and European Commission, Born Free Foundation, Ivan Carter Wildlife Conservation Alliance, Sahara Conservation Fund, Rufford Small Grant, Czech University of Life Sciences and GCF for their valuable financial support to the programme. Overview The Sudanian savannah currently suffers increasing pressure connected with growing human population in sub-Saharan Africa. Human settlements and agricultural lands have negatively influenced the availability of resources for wild ungulates, especially with increased competition from growing numbers of livestock and local human exploitation. Subsequently, and in context of giraffe (Giraffa spp.), this has led to a significant decrease in population numbers and range across the region. Remaining giraffe populations are predominantly conserved in formal protected areas, many of which are still in the process of being restored and conservation management improving. The last population of West African giraffe (G. camelopardalis peralta), a subspecies of the Northern giraffe (G. camelopardalis) is only found in the Republic of Niger, predominantly in the central region of plateaus and Kouré and North Dallol Bosso, about 60 km south east of the capital – Niamey, extending into Doutchi, Loga, Gaya, Fandou and Ouallam areas (see Figure 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Ifrc.Org; Phone +221.869.36.41; Fax +221
    NIGER: HARSH WEATHER No. MDRNE001 08 February 2006 IN BILMA The Federation’s mission is to improve the lives of vulnerable people by mobilizing the power of humanity. It is the world’s largest humanitarian organization and its millions of volunteers are active in over 183 countries. In Brief This DREF Bulletin is being issued based on the situation described below reflecting the information available at this time. CHF 48,000 (USD 38,400 or EUR 29,629) has been allocated from the Federation’s Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (DREF) to respond to the needs in this operation. This operation is expected to be implemented over 3 months, and will be completed by 1 May 2007. Unearmarked funds to repay DREF are encouraged. <Click here to go directly to the attached map> This operation is aligned with the International Federation's Global Agenda, which sets out four broad goals to meet the Federation's mission to "improve the lives of vulnerable people by mobilizing the power of humanity". Global Agenda Goals: · Reduce the numbers of deaths, injuries and impact from disasters. · Reduce the number of deaths, illnesses and impact from diseases and public health emergencies. · Increase local community, civil society and Red Cross Red Crescent capacity to address the most urgent situations of vulnerability. · Reduce intolerance, discrimination and social exclusion and promote respect for diversity and human dignity. The Situation In August 2006, Bilma – located in the Agadez Region, about 1,600 km from Eastern Niamey, Niger – experienced flooding, following what was reported to be the highest rainfall recorded in the area since 1923.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Satellite Derived Flood Assessment in Niamey, Maradi & Agadez Regions, Niger
    Preliminary satellite derived flood assessment in Niamey, Maradi & Agadez Regions, Niger Production Date: 09 Sep 2019 Areas of Interest (AOIs) AOI 3 NIGER Agadez Agadaz Tahoua Diffa Zinder Tillaberi Maradi Doso AOI 1 AOI 2 Niamey Maradi 2 AOI 1 : Niamey Region, Niger Sentinel-2 false color composite Pre-flood situation acquired on 17 AugIGERNIGER 2019 NIGER SUDAN Airport 3 km 3 Source: EO-browser sentinel-hub AOI 1 : Niamey Region, Niger Sentinel-2 false color composite acquired on 06 Sep 2019 NIGER NIGER SUDAN flooded areas close to urban zone Goroual Airport Inundated agricultural fields in the vicinity of urban areas Wet area in Agricultural zone Flooded areas close to urban zone and several agricultural fields along the river seem to be flooded 3 km 4 Source: EO-browser sentinel-hub AOI 2 : Maradi Region, Niger Sentinel-2 false color composite Sentinel-2 false color composite acquired on 31 Aug 2019 acquired on 05 Sep 2019 1 km 1 km Zone with receded waters north of Maradi The Airport The Airport NIGER Agricultural areas Receding waters in Maradi area between 31 Aug 2019 and 05 Sep 2019 5 Source: EO-browser sentinel-hub AOI 2 : Maradi Region, Niger Sentinel-1 Radar Image acquired on 05 Sep 2019 No fluvial overbank flow observed NIGER SUDAN 1 km 6 Source: EO-browser sentinel-hub AOI 3 : Agadez Region, Niger GeoEye-1 acquired on 04 Aug 2019 Worldview-3 acquired on 04 Sep 2019 3 km 3 km Agricultural Agricultural areas areas Agadez Agadez Airport Airport NIGER Situation assessment in Agadez as of 04 Sep 2019 7 Copyright ©: 2019 DigitalGlobe Source: US Department of State – HIU – NextView License AOI 3 : Agadez Region, Niger Worldview-3 acquired on 04 Sep 2019: Post-flood situation Waters have receded from several zones of Agadez (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of Key Livelihood Activities in Northern Niger
    Research Paper November 2018 Overview of Key Livelihood Activities in Northern Niger Rida LYAMMOURI RP-18/08 1 2 Overview of Key Livelihood Activities in Northern Niger RIDA LYAMMOURI 3 About OCP Policy Center The OCP Policy Center is a Moroccan policy-oriented think tank based in Rabat, Morocco, striving to promote knowledge sharing and to contribute to an enriched reflection on key economic and international relations issues. By offering a southern perspective on major regional and global strategic challenges facing developing and emerging countries, the OCP Policy Center aims to provide a meaningful policy-making contribution through its four research programs: Agriculture, Environment and Food Security, Economic and Social Development, Commodity Economics and Finance, Geopolitics and International Relations. On this basis, we are actively engaged in public policy analysis and consultation while promoting international cooperation for the development of countries in the southern hemisphere. In this regard, the OCP Policy Center aims to be an incubator of ideas and a source of forward thinking for proposed actions on public policies within emerging economies, and more broadly for all stakeholders engaged in the national and regional growth and development process. For this purpose, the Think Tank relies on independent research and a solid network of internal and external leading research fellows. One of the objectives of the OCP Policy Center is to support and sustain the emergence of wider Atlantic Dialogues and cooperation on strategic regional and global issues. Aware that achieving these goals also require the development and improvement of Human capital, we are committed through our Policy School to effectively participate in strengthening national and continental capacities, and to enhance the understanding of topics from related research areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Région De Diffa
    Niger - Région de Diffa Pour usage humanitaire uniquement Cartographie des zones de déplacement et d’origine des personnes déplacées internes (PDI)- mars 2017 Date de production : 7 Mars 2017 Zones de déplacement Zones d'origines Quartier Kanoumbri: Blagana Gadira_Gana Zinder Quartier Dileram: Abadam, Boulayi Quartier Cameroun: Gadira Gana, Gamgara1, Gamgara2, Gogone Lallewa Kerea, Lambael Laberia N' Guigmi T Klakoumana: ngoria c N'Gourti h )")")" a N'Gourti Adjiri: Yebi, Kindjandi, Kaballam, Kangarwa )" d Kangarwa-gana, Layaran, Jitima, Tchoukoudjani Ngueil Bely Kabalewa: Barwa, Bosso, Arikouri Kindjandi: Abadam, Barwa Blatoungour, Gadira Gana Tchoukoudjani, Rillé, dagaya Gamgara1, Gamgara2, Karamga Tchad )" Kanama, Liberia N' Guigmi Ngoria Ngueil Bely *# Kilboa Djaballam: Kilboua1 et 2; Djaballam Kabelawa )" Mada (Maday) Kangouri: Kangouri, Bagara, Boulama *# Foulatari Layaran Bosso *# Laberia Garin Wazam: Bouji, Boula Ari Soue Kabelawa *# Fedega, Waou,Tchassa Koura, Boui Gadira Gana Djabalam, Farenssa, Garin Wazam I Ngagam: Barwa )" Ari Koukouri *# Garin Wazam II , Ganarana, Bosso, Yebi *# Lallewa_Kerea Goudoumaria )" Toumour, Abadam Foulatari Barwa Boula_Ari_Soue )" Tchoukoudjani *# Blatoungour Toumour *# *# Lambael *# Bosso Boulatoungour_Djabala_Baloua *#*#*# *# Assaga : Assaga Koura, Elh Mainari: Illawaro Damalaram(Douni) Gamgara 2 *# Yebi Maïné-Soroa Assaga Gana, Argou I, Argou II )" Alla dalamaram, Alla déwa, Alla Fougouri Gamgara 1 Bosso Gueskerou Toumour *# Karamga Déwa I, Déwa II, Karguéri I, Karguéri II, Déwa Fidé *# *# Blagana
    [Show full text]
  • Migration and Markets in Agadez Economic Alternatives to the Migration Industry
    Migration and Markets in Agadez Economic alternatives to the migration industry Anette Hoffmann CRU Report Jos Meester Hamidou Manou Nabara Supported by: Migration and Markets in Agadez: Economic alternatives to the migration industry Anette Hoffmann Jos Meester Hamidou Manou Nabara CRU Report October 2017 Migration and Markets in Agadez: Economic alternatives to the migration industry October 2017 © Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’. Cover photo: Men sitting on their motorcycles by the Agadez market. © Boris Kester / traveladventures.org Unauthorised use of any materials violates copyright, trademark and / or other laws. Should a user download material from the website or any other source related to the Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’, or the Clingendael Institute, for personal or non-commercial use, the user must retain all copyright, trademark or other similar notices contained in the original material or on any copies of this material. Material on the website of the Clingendael Institute may be reproduced or publicly displayed, distributed or used for any public and non-commercial purposes, but only by mentioning the Clingendael Institute as its source. Permission is required to use the logo of the Clingendael Institute. This can be obtained by contacting the Communication desk of the Clingendael Institute ([email protected]). The following web link activities are prohibited by the Clingendael Institute and may present trademark and copyright infringement issues: links that involve unauthorized use of our logo, framing, inline links, or metatags, as well as hyperlinks or a form of link disguising the URL. About the authors Anette Hoffmann is a senior research fellow at the Clingendael Institute’s Conflict Research Unit.
    [Show full text]
  • Niger Uranium Mine and Nuclear China
    BI Intelligence Events MILITARY & DEFENSE Sign-in Edition One uranium mine in Niger says a lot Recommended For You Amazon just upgraded its no- about China's huge nuclear-power fee credit card to offer 5% back on all Amazon purchases ambitions — but there's a catch Armin Rosen Oct. 24, 2015, 2:14 PM 12,589 FACEBOOK LINKEDIN T WIT T ER The odds of finding much of anything seem slim in northern Niger’s unnerving expanses of hazy white desert. The land is so vast, so untethered from any Real-time market data. Get the latest on obvious landmarks stocks, commodities, currencies, funds, rates, that when straying ETFs, and more from almost 100 global exchanges. just a few hundred Where's the uranium? The highway between Agadez and Abalak. Armin Rosen/Business Insider feet off of the Search Symbol or Company inconsistently paved road between Abalak and Agadez, it’s hard to shake the fear Dow Nasdaq that the driver won’t be able to find the highway again. -63.28 -16.16 Even with plenty of water, gas, and daylight on hand, there's 19,891.00 (-0.30% ) 5,547.49 (-0.30% ) 4 :4 4 :22 PM EST 5:16:03 PM EST a general feeling of being marooned. In the post-World War II years, huge amounts of cheap S&P 500 FT SE 100 electricity were needed to fuel the breakneck growth of -4.88 18.23 Western economies. 2,270.44 (-0.20% ) 7,310.60 (0.20% ) 4 :4 4 :21 PM EST 6:08:34 AM EST At the same time, nuclear weapons became the ultimate embodiment of national power and prestige.
    [Show full text]