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Stephen Philip Cohen the Idea Of
00 1502-1 frontmatter 8/25/04 3:17 PM Page iii the idea of pakistan stephen philip cohen brookings institution press washington, d.c. 00 1502-1 frontmatter 8/25/04 3:17 PM Page v CONTENTS Preface vii Introduction 1 one The Idea of Pakistan 15 two The State of Pakistan 39 three The Army’s Pakistan 97 four Political Pakistan 131 five Islamic Pakistan 161 six Regionalism and Separatism 201 seven Demographic, Educational, and Economic Prospects 231 eight Pakistan’s Futures 267 nine American Options 301 Notes 329 Index 369 00 1502-1 frontmatter 8/25/04 3:17 PM Page vi vi Contents MAPS Pakistan in 2004 xii The Subcontinent on the Eve of Islam, and Early Arab Inroads, 700–975 14 The Ghurid and Mamluk Dynasties, 1170–1290 and the Delhi Sultanate under the Khaljis and Tughluqs, 1290–1390 17 The Mughal Empire, 1556–1707 19 Choudhary Ramat Ali’s 1940 Plan for Pakistan 27 Pakistan in 1947 40 Pakistan in 1972 76 Languages of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Northwest India 209 Pakistan in Its Larger Regional Setting 300 01 1502-1 intro 8/25/04 3:18 PM Page 1 Introduction In recent years Pakistan has become a strategically impor- tant state, both criticized as a rogue power and praised as being on the front line in the ill-named war on terrorism. The final report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States iden- tifies Pakistan, along with Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia, as a high- priority state. This is not a new development. -
The Kingdom of Afghanistan: a Historical Sketch George Passman Tate
University of Nebraska Omaha DigitalCommons@UNO Books in English Digitized Books 1-1-1911 The kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch George Passman Tate Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/afghanuno Part of the History Commons, and the International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Tate, George Passman The kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch, with an introductory note by Sir Henry Mortimer Durand. Bombay: "Times of India" Offices, 1911. 224 p., maps This Monograph is brought to you for free and open access by the Digitized Books at DigitalCommons@UNO. It has been accepted for inclusion in Books in English by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNO. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Tate, G,P. The kfn&ean sf Af&mistan, DATE DUE I Mil 7 (7'8 DEDICATED, BY PERMISSION, HIS EXCELLENCY BARON HARDINGE OF PENSHURST. VICEROY AND GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA, .a- . (/. BY m HIS OBEDIENT, SERVANT THE AUTHOR. il.IEmtev 01 the Asiniic Society, Be?zg-nl, S?~rueyof I~din. dafhor of 'I Seisinqz : A Menzoir on the FJisio~y,Topo~rcrphj~, A7zliquiiies, (112d Peo$Ie of the Cozi?zt~y''; The F/.o?zlic7,.~ of Baluchisia'nn : Travels on ihe Border.? of Pe~szk n?zd Akhnnistnn " ; " ICalnf : A lMe??zoir on t7ze Cozl7~try and Fnrrzily of the Ahntadsai Khn7zs of Iinlnt" ; 4 ec. \ViTkI AN INrPR<dl>kJCTOl2Y NO'FE PRINTED BY BENNETT COLEMAN & Co., Xc. PUBLISHED AT THE " TIMES OF INDIA" OFFTCES, BOMBAY & C.1LCUTT-4, LONDON AGENCY : gg, SI-IOE LANE, E.C. -
Peoples of India
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WAR BACKGROUND STUDIES NUMBER EIGHTEEN PEOPLES OF INDIA By WILLIAM H. GILBERT, JR. (Publication 3767) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION APRIL 29, 1944 BALTIMORE, MD., U. 8. A. CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 Geography 2 Topographic features 3 Geology 6 Climate 7 Vegetation 7 Animals 10 Natural regions 12 Cultures and races 13 Archeology 13 Material culture 15 Racial types 17 Temperamental characteristics 19 Population, health, and nutrition 20 Marriage and the family 24 Economic aspects 25 History 28 Government 34 Political areas of today 36 Languages 40 Religions and sects 46 Fine arts 53 Games and recreations 54 Primitive areas 55 Caste areas 56 Cultural and ethnic divisions 57 Summary outline of the social units of India 59 Castes and tribes 60 The system 60 Brahmans 64 Rajputs 65 Banias and allied business castes 67 Sudra or low castes 68 Muslim groups 69 Outlying systems of caste 71 Hill tribes 75 Conclusion 82 Selected bibliography 84 TABLES Page 1. Increase in the population of India 22 2. Approximate dates of major racial events in Indian history 34 3. Steps in the constitutional history of British India 35 4. Political parties and groupings in India 37 5. Classification of caste groups, with examples 81 iii . IV ILLUSTRATIONS ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES Page 1. Nanga Valley, Himalayan border of Afghanistan 1 2. Upper, Himalayas near Darjeeling 4 Lower, Vale of Kashmir 4 3. Upper, Rice planting in wet rice area 4 Lower, Coconut groves on the Malabar Coast 4 4. Upper, Plucking tea 4 Lower, Bathing ghat 4 5. -
Asia and Oceania Jack Dentith, Emily Hong, Irwin Loy, Farah Mihlar, Daniel Openshaw, Jacqui Zalcberg Right: Uighurs in Kazakhstan Picking Fruit from Central a Tree
ARCTIC OCEAN RUSSIA JAPAN KAZAKHSTAN NORTH MONGOLIA KOREA UZBEKISTAN SOUTH TURKMENISTAN KOREA KYRGYZSTAN TAJIKISTAN PACIFIC Jammu and AFGHANIS- Kashmir CHINA TAN OCEAN PAKISTAN TIBET Taiwan NEPAL BHUTAN BANGLADESH Hong Kong INDIA BURMA LAOS PHILIPPINES THAILAND VIETNAM CAMBODIA Andaman and Nicobar BRUNEI SRI LANKA Islands Bougainville PAPUA NEW MALAYSIA SOLOMON ISLANDS MALDIVES GUINEA SINGAPORE Borneo Sulawesi Wallis and Futuna (FR.) Sumatra INDONESIA TIMOR-LESTE FIJI ISLANDS French Polynesia (FR.) Java New Caledonia (FR.) INDIAN OCEAN AUSTRALIA NEW ZEALAND Asia and Oceania Jack Dentith, Emily Hong, Irwin Loy, Farah Mihlar, Daniel Openshaw, Jacqui Zalcberg Right: Uighurs in Kazakhstan picking fruit from Central a tree. Carolyn Drake/Panos. which affects the health of the most vulnerable people living in the region. In March, the Asian Asia Development Bank (ADB) reported that the shrinking of the Aral Sea and drying up of two Daniel Openshaw major rivers, the Amu Darya and Syr Darya, would particularly affect Karakalpakstan – an inority groups live in some of the autonomous region of Uzbekistan, home to the poorest regions of Central Asia; majority of the country’s Karakalpak population, M Pamiris in Gorno-Badakhshan as highlighted in MRG’s 2012 State of the World’s Autonomous Province in Tajikistan; Uzbeks Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. in South Kazakhstan province; Karakalpaks in In an already poor region, climate change Uzbekistan’s Karakalpakstan region; and high is especially significantly affecting the most numbers of Uzbeks and Tajiks in Kyrgyzstan’s vulnerable. Most people in Karakalpakstan Ferghana Valley. Poverty has a direct impact depend on agriculture, so water shortages have on their health. -
University of California Press (University of California, Office of the President)
University of California Press (University of California, Office of the President) Year Paper vol Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction James A. Matisoff University of California, Berkeley This paper is posted at the eScholarship Repository, University of California. http://repositories.cdlib.org/ucpress/ucpl/vol 135 Copyright c 2003 by the author. Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction Abstract This 800-page volume is a clear and readable presentation of the current state of research on the history of the Tibeto-Burman (TB) language family, a typologically diverse group of over 250 languages spoken in Southern China, the Himalayas, NE India, and peninsular Southeast Asia. The TB languages are the only proven relatives of Chinese, with which they form the great Sino-Tibetan family. The exposition is systematic, treating the reconstruction of all the elements of the TB proto-syllable in turn, including initial consonants (Ch. III), prefixes (Ch. IV), monophthongal and diphthongal rhymes (Ch. V), final nasals (Ch. VII), final stops (Ch. VIII), final liquids (Ch. IX), root-final *-s (Ch. X), suffixes (Ch. XI). Particular attention is paid to variational phenomena at all historical levels (e.g. Ch. XII “Allofamic variation in rhymes”). This Handbook builds on the best previous scholarship, and adds up-to-date material that has accumulated over the past 30 years. It contains reconstruc- tions of over a thousand Tibeto-Burman roots, as well as suggested comparisons with several hundred Chinese etyma. It is liberally indexed and cross-referenced for maximum accessibility and internal consistency. -
Proto Northern Burmic Is Reconstructed on the Basis of Data from Achang, Bela, Lashi
1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction The basic purpose of this thesis is to provide a reconstruction of Proto Northern Burmic and to describe the phonological relationships between the Northern Burmic languages. This work is relevant as a thorough analysis of this language family has not yet been conducted. This analysis relies primarily on data from six Northern Burmic languages, with the additional resource of Written Burmese. In chapter 1, the background information on the languages under study and the basic approach of the thesis are described, chapter 2 gives a description of the lang-uages. The reconstruction is provided in chapter 3. A description of Proto Northern Burmic and a discussion of the phonological relationships between the Northern Burmic languages is given in chapter 4. Reconstructed vocabulary is entailed in chapter 5. This chapter provides background information for this thesis such as a description of the Northern Burmic peoples, linguistic classification, literature review, historical reconstruction methodology, a brief statement of purpose, as well as sources for the linguistic data. 1.1 Northern Burmic Historical, Cultural and Geographic Background The term Northern Burmic (Shafer 1966) is used in this thesis to refer to the grouping of Achang, Bela, Lashi, Maru, Phon, and Zaiwa. The primary data for this thesis is from speakers in the Kachin State in NE Myanmar (Burma) near the border of Yunnan, China (see section 1.7 for discussion of data). It must be stressed that this is by no means the only area in which these 2 languages are spoken as these language groups straddle the rugged mountain peaks between China and Myanmar. -
3D Multicellular Stem-Like Human Breast Tumor Spheroids Enhance Tumorigenicity of Orthotopic Xenografts in Athymic Nude Rat Model
cancers Article 3D Multicellular Stem-Like Human Breast Tumor Spheroids Enhance Tumorigenicity of Orthotopic Xenografts in Athymic Nude Rat Model Reza Bayat Mokhtari 1,2, Bessi Qorri 1 , Manpreet Sambi 1, Narges Baluch 3, Sushil Kumar 4, Bikul Das 2,5, Myron R. Szewczuk 1,* , Herman Yeger 6 and Hai-Ling Margaret Cheng 7,8,* 1 Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; [email protected] (R.B.M.); [email protected] (B.Q.); [email protected] (M.S.) 2 Department of Experimental Therapeutics,Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health,M2D2, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01852, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Immunology and Allergy, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; [email protected] 4 QPS, Holdings LLC, Pencader Corporate Center, 110 Executive Drive, Newark, DE 19702, USA; [email protected] 5 Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory,GBP, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781039, India 6 Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada; [email protected] 7 The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engi-neering, Institute of Biomedical Citation: Mokhtari, R.B.; Qorri, B.; Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada Sambi, M.; Baluch, N.; Kumar, S.; Das, 8 Translational Biology & Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto, B.; Szewczuk, M.R.; Yeger, H.; Cheng, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada H.-L.M. 3D Multicellular Stem-Like * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.R.S.); [email protected] (H.-L.M.C.) Human Breast Tumor Spheroids Enhance Tumorigenicity of Simple Summary: Breast cancer presents a unique clinical problem because of the variety of cellular Orthotopic Xenografts in Athymic subtypes present, including cancer stem cells (CSCs). -
Of Cold Countries
of Cold Countries iy hifcvests, sometimes moneylenders, £ sometimes calamities, self-styled masters arrive. to hate my torrid country, i dry my wet clothes in these courtyards let me plant gold wheat in its fields let me quench my thirst at its rivers let me rest beneath the shade of its trees .let me wear its dust and wrap its distances around me i«: The sun and you can not walk side by side. The sun has chosen me for company. J Kishwar Nahecd, translated by Rukhsana Ahmad. Introduction ocated in the north-west of the South LAsian sub-continent, Pakistan is a relatively new political entity. Comprising four provinces (North West Frontier Province, Sindh, Punjab and Baluchistan) and the tribal areas, northern areas, and the state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan represents a great diversity of topography, bio- climates, peoples, and cultures. The rural-urban division is sharp, as are the disparities between the rich and the poor. The land was the home of ancient civilisations and the meeting point of great cultures: Buddhist, Greek, Muslim, and Hindu. Consequently, Pakistan has a rich heritage of architecture, folklore, art, and music. Its people share the common traits of hospitality, warmth, and Village in Sindh province. Life in the villages of Pakistan has changed friendliness, and a strong sense of dignity. little over the centuries. Born in the ferment of change that accompanied the collapse of colonialism, Pakistan is still a society in transition. Busy street scene in Karachi, the largest city in Pakistan. Older forms of economic, social, and political organisation are under challenge, while new ones have yet to evolve. -
Tungusic Languages
641 TUNGUSIC LANGUAGES he last Imperial family that reigned in Beij- Nanai or Goldi has about 7,000 speakers on the T ing, the Qing or Manchu dynasty, seized banks ofthe lower Amur. power in 1644 and were driven out in 1912. Orochen has about 2,000 speakers in northern Manchu was the ancestral language ofthe Qing Manchuria. court and was once a major language ofthe Several other Tungusic languages survive, north-eastern province ofManchuria, bridge- with only a few hundred speakers apiece. head ofthe Japanese invasion ofChina in the 1930s. It belongs to the little-known Tungusic group Numerals in Manchu, Evenki and Nanai oflanguages, usually believed to formpart ofthe Manchu Evenki Nanai ALTAIC family. All Tungusic languages are spo- 1 emu umuÅn emun ken by very small population groups in northern 2 juwe dyuÅr dyuer China and eastern Siberia. 3 ilan ilan ilan Manchu is the only Tungusic language with a 4 duin digin duin written history. In the 17th century the Manchu 5 sunja tungga toinga rulers ofChina, who had at firstruled through 6 ninggun nyungun nyungun the medium of MONGOLIAN, adapted Mongolian 7 nadan nadan nadan script to their own language, drawing some ideas 8 jakon dyapkun dyakpun from the Korean syllabary. However, in the 18th 9 uyun eÅgin khuyun and 19th centuries Chinese ± language ofan 10 juwan dyaÅn dyoan overwhelming majority ± gradually replaced Manchu in all official and literary contexts. From George L. Campbell, Compendium of the world's languages (London: Routledge, 1991) The Tungusic languages Even or Lamut has 7,000 speakers in Sakha, the Kamchatka peninsula and the eastern Siberian The mountain forest coast ofRussia. -
JSS 063 2B Workshoponsouth
PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE WORKSHOP ON SOUTHEAST' ASIAN LANGUAGES THEME:' LINGUISTIC PROBLEMS IN MINORITY /MAJORITY GROUP RELATIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIAN COUNTRIES MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY, BANGKOK, 13-17 JANUARY 1975. * * * WHY AND HOW THE "SMALL LANGUAGES" SHOULD BE STUDIED by A.G. Haudricourt* The languages which gene;rally form the object of teaching and study are those spoken by a number of people and endowed with a prolific literature. On the other hand, a question may be raised: why should languages spoken by few people and are never written be studied? There are at least three reasons: 1. Anthropological reason. If one'wishes to know a people scienti fically it is necessary to study its language and oral literature for the fact that a language is never written does not mean that it has neither grammar, nor poetry, nor folktales. · 2. Educational reason. If one wishes a minority population to participate in the national life, itis essential that there be schools where the national language is taught. Now,; all educationists know that it is in the first place necessary for children to learn to write in their mother tongue before proceeding to learn the national language wit.h complete success. * Prof~$seur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Pari$, 2 A.G. Haudricourt 3. Historical reason. Peoples without writing are not without history but this history is not clearly formulated; it is simply woven into the language and thanks to the comparative linguistic methods we are able to establish the various relationships of the language under the question with the other languages of the region. -
Languages of Myanmar
Ethnologue report for Myanmar Page 1 of 20 Languages of Myanmar [See also SIL publications on the languages of Myanmar.] Union of Myanmar, Pyeidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw. Formerly Burma. 42,720,196. Speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages: 28,877,000 or 78% of the population, Daic languages 2,778,900 or 9.6%, Austro- Asiatic languages 1,934,900 or 6.7%, Hmong-Mien languages 6,000 (1991 J. Matisoff). National or official language: Burmese. Literacy rate: 66% to 78%; 78.5% over 15 years old (1991). Also includes Eastern Tamang, Geman Deng, Iu Mien, Malay (21,000), Sylheti, Chinese (1,015,000), people from Bangladesh and India (500,000). Information mainly from F. Lebar, G. Hickey, J. Musgrave 1964; A. Hale 1982; B. Comrie 1987; R. B. Jones 1988; J. Matisoff et al. 1996; D. Bradley 1997; R. Burling ms. (1998). Blind population: 214,440. Deaf population: 2,684,514. Deaf institutions: 1. The number of languages listed for Myanmar is 109. Of those, 108 are living languages and 1 is extinct. Living languages Achang [acn] 1,700 in Myanmar (1983). West of the Irrawaddy River in Katha District, near Banmauk, scattered among the Lashi. Along the China border. Alternate names: Anchan, Chung, Atsang, Acang, Ngac'ang, Ngachang, Ngochang, Mönghsa, Tai Sa'. Dialects: Maingtha. Classification: Sino-Tibetan, Tibeto- Burman, Lolo-Burmese, Burmish, Northern More information. Akha [ahk] 200,000 in Myanmar (1991 UBS). Population total all countries: 449,261. Eastern part of Kengtung Shan State. Also spoken in China, Laos, Thailand, Viet Nam. Alternate names: Kaw, Ekaw, Ko, Aka, Ikaw, Ak'a, Ahka, Khako, Kha Ko, Khao Kha Ko, Ikor, Aini, Yani. -
Religion and Nationalism: Contradictions of Islamic Origins and Secular Nation-Building ∗ in Turkey, Algeria, and Pakistan
Religion and Nationalism: Contradictions of Islamic Origins and Secular Nation-Building ∗ in Turkey, Algeria, and Pakistan Sener Akturk, Koc¸University Objectives. Turkey, Algeria, and Pakistan have been persistently challenged, since their founding, by both Islamist and ethnic separatist movements. These challenges claimed the lives of tens of thousands of people in each country. I investigate the causes behind the concurrence of Islamist and ethnic separatist challenges to the state in Turkey, Algeria, and Pakistan. Method. This research employs comparative historical analysis, and more specifically, a most different systems design. In ad- dition to small-N cross-national comparison, I also designed an intertemporal comparison, whereby Turkish, Algerian, and Pakistani history is divided into four periods, corresponding to preindepen- dence, mobilization for independence, postindependence secular nation-building, and Islamist and ethnic separatist challenge periods. Results. Contrary to the prevailing view in the scholarship, this article formulates an alternative reinterpretation of Turkish, Algerian, and Pakistani nation-state formation. These three states were founded on the basis of an Islamic mobilization against non- Muslim opponents, but having successfully defeated these non-Muslim opponents, their political elites chose a secular and monolingual nation-state model, which they thought would maximize their national security and improve the socioeconomic status of their Muslim constituencies. The choice of a secular and monolingual nation-state model led to recurrent challenges of increasing magnitude to the state in the form of Islamist and ethnic separatist movements. The causal mech- anism outlined in this article resembles what has been metaphorically described as a “meteorite” (Pierson, 2004), where the cause is short term (secular nationalist turn after independence) but the outcome unfolds over the long term (Islamist and ethnic separatist challenges).