Dates and Events

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Dates and Events Dates and events 2000 BC 1430 Emergence of Illyrian culture in Ottoman Empire establishes control. Balkan peninsula. 1443-68 800-600 BC Skenderbeg defeats Ottoman army and unites Greeks establish colonies in peninsula. Albanian rulers. After his death, the Ottoman Empire re-establishes rule. 4th century BC Height of Illyrian kingdom. Invasions by 1878 Philip of Macedonia and Alexander the Great. Albanian League founded; its goals include unification of Albanian territories and cultural 168 BC emancipation. Roman Empire controls Illyrian territory. 1910-12 4th to 7th century AD Armed struggle to achieve democratic reform Former Illyrian territory becomes part of the and autonomy. Vlore Congress declares Byzantine Empire. Invasions by Visigoths, independence after allied Greek, Serbian and Ostrogoths, Huns, Serbs and Croats. Montenegrin forces declare war on Turkey. 1054 1912 Christian church splits into Catholic and Balkan allies defeat Turkey. Western European Orthodox denominations. 'great powers' accept Albanian independence 9th to 14th century but cede large territories to Serbia and Greece. Albanian territory dominated by Bulgarians, 1914-18 Italians, Serbs, Turks. Chaos as various Western European and Balkan armies invade Albania. 1920 National congress held in Lushnje; progressive government under Fan Noli, opposed by conservative group led by Ahmet Bey Zogu. 1925-39 Zogu overthrows Noli's liberal government and rules as president and king. 1939-45 Albania occupied by Italian and German armies. Communist groups form resistance and gain control in 1944; their leader is Enver Hoxha. A A defaced fresco at Ardinice monastery. 82 ALBANIA 1946 1997 Albania declared the People's Republic of March: Widespread anarchy, rioting and Albania, ruled by Hoxha's Party of Labour. looting of army weapons stores following Economic and diplomatic ties with Yugoslavia collapse of pyramid investment schemes. (until 1948), the Soviet Union (until i960), Transitional government of Fatos Nano and his and China (until 1978). Socialist Party takes over from Berisha. April: Arrival of multinational peace-keeping 1967 force. Religious worship is banned and all mosques May: Elections. Socialists gain power under and churches closed. President Medani and Prime Minister Nano. 1985 July-August: Departure of peace-keeping force. Enver Hoxha dies. 1998 1990-91 Nano resigns under pressure and Pandeli Hoxha's successor Majko becomes Prime Minister. Sali Berisha Ramiz Alia allows regains leadership of the DP. independent political December 1999 parties. Occupations Pandeli Majko resigns as Prime Minister. of foreign embassies by about 5,000 people. Pro- January 2000 democracy demonstrations Fatos Nano returns as Prime Minister. in Tirane. Elections scheduled for later in the year. 1992 Democratic Party led by Sali Berisha wins elections. 1993-97 Increasing government authoritarianism and corruption. > Mother Albania, one of the few statues from communist times that was left standing in 1990-91. ALBANIA 83 Facts and figures Land area Access to safe water 28,750 km2 56.4 per cent (1989) Population Access to sanitation 3.4m (1998) 96.6 per cent (1989) Annual average growth rate: 2.01 per cent Gross National Product per annum (1996) US$3,4O7m (1998) 46 per cent (1997) of Albanians live in US$1,002 US$ per capita (1998) urban areas Average annual growth (1998): 8 per cent Average annual growth (1997): -7 per cent Currency Lek (1 Lek = 100 quintars) Structure of Gross Domestic Product (1997) 141 Lek = US$i (January 2000) Agriculture: 56.0 per cent Industry: 12.4 per cent Education Construction: 11.2 per cent Compulsory school enrolment (8 grades): Transport: 2.7 per cent 100 per cent; boys 51.7 per cent, girls 48.3 Others: 17.6 per cent per cent (1998) Students going on to high school: 61 per Inflation cent (1997) 20.7 per cent (1998) Adult literacy: 91.8 per cent (1989) Current account balance Spending on education as percentage of US$ -65.1 million (1998) GNP: 11 per cent (1997) US$ -272.1 million (1997) Average life expectancy External debt 68.5 years for men, 74.3 years for women US$ 270 million (1997) (I995) Main foreign donors (1997) Health EU: 35 per cent Infant mortality rate: 43.3 per 1000 births Italy: 14 per cent World Bank: 13 per cent (J997) USA: 10 per cent Maternal mortality rate: Germany: 10 per cent 25.2 per 100,000 live births (1992) Health expenditure as percentage of GNP 6 per cent (1997) Physicians per 10,000 people: 18.1 (1994) Health units per 10,000 people: Sources: UNDP Human Development Reports 85.3 (1994) 1995,1996,1998, Economist Intelligence Unit 84 ALBANIA Sources and further reading Balkan politics Ismail Kadare Broken April (London: Saqi Press, Kosovo: Oppression of Ethnic Albanians, 1990) Urgent Issues Paper (London: The Minority The General of the Dead Army (London: Rights Group, 1992) Quartet Books, 1986) Minorities in the Balkans, Report N0.82 http://studweb.studserv.uni-stuttgart.de/ (London: The Minority Rights Group, 1989) studweb/users/ger/geno999/english/ english.html James Pettifer and Hugh Poulton The Southern Balkans (London: The Minority Rights Politics and development Group (Greece), 1994) EIU Country Report Albania (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2000) General interest http://reenic.utexas.edu/reenic/Countries/ Nicholas Panno 'The Process of Democratisation Albania/albania.html#Subjects in Albania', in Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott (eds.) Politics, Power and the Struggle International Journal of Albanian Studies for Democracy in Southeast Europe c/o Shinasi A. Rama, Department of Political (Cambridge University Press, 1997) Science, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA Miranda Vickers Albania: From Anarchy to a Balkan Identity (C Hurst & Co, 1997) www.albania.co.uk www.undp.org/rbec/nhdr/1996/summary/ www.albanian.com albania.htm www.middlebury.edu/~como/albania.shtml www.unhcr.ch/world/euro/albania.htm History www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/inatl/ Amnesty International Albania: Political longterm/worldref/country/albania.htm Imprisonment and the law (London: www.worldwidenews.com/albania.htm Amnesty International, 1984) Bill Hamilton and Bhasker Solanki Albania: Who Travel Cares? (London: Grantham, 1992) Robert Carver The Accursed Mountains (London: Flamingo, 1999) John Wilkes The Illyrians (Oxford: Blackwell, James Pettifer Blue Guide: Albania (London: 1992) A&C Black and New York: WW Norton, Literature and culture 1994) Robert Elsie History of Albanian Literature (New York: University Presses of California, Columbia and Princeton, 1995) ALBANIA 85 Oxfam in Albania Oxfam GB has been working in Albania since more than 200 individually designed wheel- 1992, at first distributing winter clothing in the chairs have been produced and distributed. In north of the country as well as providing initial addition, the project has provided active support to a group of fledgling local NGOs. rehabilitation camps and independent living In 1993 Oxfam established a permanent skills training. In 1997, the resource centre presence in Albania, in order to work on issues became independent from Oxfam and is now a of rural poverty, gender equality, disability, and well-established, high-profile local NGO, the NGO development. A major rural development Albanian Disability Rights Foundation (ADREF). programme in the Commune of Shllak in Oxfam has also played a significant role Shkoder District, one of the country's poorest in supporting Albanian women's organisations and most isolated areas, started in 1994. Self- like Reflexione. It helped in establishing the help projects include water supply and income- LINEA counselling centre in Shkoder, which generating activities. Despite the cultural offers assistance and support to women on difficulties in this very traditional area, Oxfam issues of domestic violence. has also worked directly with women. A rural Most recently, Oxfam in Albania has resource and training centre serving both developed a public awareness campaign on lowland and highland farmers has been set up. arms control with the UNDP. Oxfam also In 1994 Oxfam in Albania set up the remains very active in the area of emergency country's first resource centre for people with preparedness and worked with UNHCR in disabilities. The project established the first responding to the Kosovo refugee crisis in production facility for wheelchairs: to date, 1998 and 1999. < At the ADREF workshop, which employs wheelchair users, each wheelchair is custom- made. 86 ALBANIA Index abduction 40, 43-4 constitutions 18, 25, 58-9, 79-80 Greece abortion 49 contraception 49 Albanians 31, 37, 38, 39-40, 45 ADREF 53-4, 61, 86 corruption 9, 21, 24 seasonal employment 34, 39 agriculture 12 counselling 54, 56, 57, 58, 86 Greek-speaking Albanians co-operatives 21-2, 35 credit rationing 33 14, 40-1, 74 industrial pollution 68-9 crime 43,44,70,71,73 seasonal employment 38-9 culture 9-10,14-16, 62-4 health care 33, 47-51, 84 small-scale 32-3, 35, 36, 56 traditional 5-6, 7,15-16, 58-9, 75 infant mortality 47-8, 84 Albania, image in foreign media history 5-7,12-13,17-2O» 82-3 9, 38, 79, 80 deforestation 66 Hoxha, Enver 5, 19-20, 23, 74, 82-3 Albania, north 13, 16, 35, 58-9, 71, democracy 6-7, 26, 41, 79-81, 83 education 42 74-6 inexperience 7, 21, 22, 29, 52 economy 31 Alia, Ramiz 23, 83 parliamentary 23-4 international ties 19, 83 authoritarianism 9, 24, 28-9 women's status 55 oppression 6-7,19-22, 29, 37 Democratic Party 23-4, 26, 27, 29, statue toppled 5, 28 Balkan politics 8-9,13-14,17, 74, 83 human-rights abuses 24 79 disability 53-4, 60-4, 86
Recommended publications
  • Enver Hoxhas Styre, Men Blev Samtidig Overvåget, Hvilket Shaban Sinani Har Dokumenteret
    Kadaré-links • http://bjoerna.net/Kadare/Kadare-WIKI-060905.pdf • http://bjoerna.net/Kadare/Om-Ufuldendt-April.pdf • http://bjoerna.net/Agolli/Agolli-WIKI-060906.pdf • http://bjoerna.net/Agolli/artikler.pdf • http://bjoerna.net/Agolli/TT-interview-2006.pdf • http://bjoerna.dk/kort/Albanien.gif • http://bjoerna.net/Kadare/Hoxha-WIKI-060904.pdf • http://bjoerna.net/Kadare/Shehu-WIKI-060904.pdf • http://bjoerna.net/Kadare/ALB-1946-01-11.jpg • http://bjoerna.net/Kadare/ALB-1946-01-11-udsnit.jpg • http://bjoerna.net/Kadare/Dossier-K-b.jpg • http://bjoerna.net/Kadare/Sinani-2004.pdf • http://bjoerna.net/Kadare/Shehu.jpg • http://bjoerna.dk/dokumentation/Hoxha-on-Shehu.htm • http://bjoerna.net/Kadare/ALB-Alia-Hoxha-1982-11-10.jpg • http://miqesia.dk/erfaring/albaniens_historie.htm • http://miqesia.dk/erfaring/Europa-Parlamentet-Albanien-1985.pdf • http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2000/03/jarvis.htm • http://bjoerna.net/Kadare/1-5-1981.jpg • http://www.randomhouse.ca/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385662529 • http://www.mahler.suite.dk/frx/euripides/bacchus_start_side.htm • http://www.albanianliterature.com/authors3/AA3-15poetry.html • http://www.elsie.de/ • http://www.complete-review.com/quarterly/vol6/issue2/bellos.htm http://bjoerna.net/Kadare/Kadare-links.htm (1 of 2)09-10-2006 10:47:54 Kadaré-links • http://bjoerna.net/Kadare/1977-1a.jpg • http://bjoerna.net/Kadare/1977-2a.jpg • http://bjoerna.net/Kadare/ALB-Alia-Hoxha-1982-11-10.jpg http://bjoerna.net/Kadare/Kadare-links.htm (2 of 2)09-10-2006 10:47:54 Ismail Kadaré - Wikipedia 1/ 3 Ismail Kadaré Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopædi Ismail Kadaré (også stavet Ismaïl Kadaré eller Ismail Kadare), f.
    [Show full text]
  • Remarks Prior to Discussions with President Sali Berisha of Albania June 15, 1992
    June 14 / Administration of George Bush, 1992 the human hell of fire. They were rich and ours would not be the land of the free if poor, black and white and red and brown it were not the home of the brave. And and yellow. The soldiers I speak of were in that spirit, with eternal love for what you young, I’m sure afraid, and far from home. did and what you are, it is now my privilege Yet in the foxholes, in the foothills, across to break the ground on behalf of every the rugged snow-covered ridges, they were American for the Korean War Veterans Me- selfless. Most of all they were Americans. morial. At this wonderful site, just take a look May God bless those who served. And at Ash Woods, a quiet grove of trees right may God bless ours, the greatest, freest near the majestic Lincoln Memorial. Recall country on the face of the Earth, the United how it endures as testimony to the living States of America. Thank you all very, very and the dead. When tyranny threatened, much. you were quick to answer your country’s call. Sadly, your country wasn’t quite as quick to answer your call for recognition Note: The President spoke at 2:45 p.m. on of that sacrifice. And today we say, the the Mall. In his remarks, he referred to Gen. length of time it has taken for this day to Richard Stilwell, who led the effort for the arrive only adds to the depth of our grati- Korean War Veterans Memorial, and Hong- tude.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Marsi, Shansi I Fundit I Ilir Metës Të “Eliminojë” Bashën Dhe Të Marrë
    Rr.Sitki Çiço përballë Maternitetit të Ri, Tel: 067 60 00 172, E-mail: [email protected] Reforma zgjedhore në rrezik, Ç ë m k imi 20 le opozita kërkon amnisti nga vetingu për anëtarët e Kolegjit E Premte 21 Shkurt 2020 Zgjedhor, socialistët dalin kundër Faqe 9 Lëkunden pozitat e Saimir Tahirit, dosja e ish-ministrit 2 marsi, shansi i fundit i Ilir Metës në dorë të gjyqtareve që kanë kaluar vetingun, të “eliminojë” Bashën dhe të marrë ja çfarë pritet nga Apeli Saimir Tahiri është politikani i parë, i cili do të përballet zyrtarisht me Strukturën e Posaçme Antikorrupsion. Edhe pse Prokuroria e Posaçme ka frenat e opozitës, Berisha skenar në dorë disa dosje korrupsioni, goditja e parë do të bëhet nga Gjykata e Posaçme e Apelit. Në shtator të vitit 2019, Gjykata e Shkallës... Faqe 6 djallëzor kundër pasardhësit Korrupsioni fut në kolaps Faqe 2-5 gjykatat e Apelit, vetëm 61 gjyqtarë mbeten në detyrë, KLGJ jep alarmin pas shkarkimeve të vetingut Pas Gjykatës Kushtetuese dhe Gjykatës së Lartë, drejt kolapsit pritet të shkojnë edhe gjykatat e Apelit. Alarmi është dhënë nga Këshilli i Lartë Gjyqësor, ku përmes një shkrese i është drejtuar ministres së Drejtësisë, Etilda Gjonaj dhe për dijeni edhe Kuvendit, qeverisë, Komisionit... Faqe 8 Skandalet me legalizimet, KLSH kallëzon penalisht 10 ish-funksionarë të ALUIZN-it në Tiranë dhe Bulqizë Vijojnë skandalet me legalizimet, pas Beratit dhe Lezhës që ishin pak ditë më parë këtë herë KLSH ka gjetur shkelje në dy qytete të tjera. Kontrolli i Lartë i Shtetit ka kallëzuar penalisht 10 ish-funksionarë të ALUIZN-it në Tiranë dhe Fatos Klosi dhe Petro Koçi: Rëndohet gjendja psikologjike Bulqizë.
    [Show full text]
  • CONGRESSIONAL RECORD— Extensions of Remarks E590 HON
    E590 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — Extensions of Remarks May 14, 2019 Harry Bajraktari soon became an Albanian- cans heard in Washington. They founded the Born and raised in Gaylord, Chief McVannel American community leader and worked hard National Albanian American Council, which dedicated nearly 25 years of his life to the to educate politicians, diplomats, and experts was the leading Albanian American organiza- people of Michigan, serving in Kalkaska and on the issue of Kosova and Albania. tion in Washington, D.C. for many years. Otsego County before becoming chief in Gay- The Kosovar crisis was part of the larger Although Mete¨ Bajraktari passed away in lord. During his tenure Brett thrived as a lead- Yugoslavian implosion, with genocide and 1998 and did not live to see his dream of a er and communicator, working productively massive war crimes ravaging the now-dis- free and independent Kosova come true, his with other local leaders and forming a familial solved country. With waves of refugees and a family continues remember him as they con- bond in the department he oversaw. His ex- spreading instability in southern Europe, it was tinue to fight for their homeland. Today, a ceptional leadership skills are reflected in the clear that American leadership was des- major shopping center in Peja is dedicated to excellence of the officers who have served perately needed. him, fifty years after he fled Belgrade’s op- under him and the trust placed in him by the Fortunately, the cause for Kosovar inde- pression. That shopping center stands strong people of Northern Michigan. Chief pendence found broad bipartisan support in in the heart of the city and I am honored that McVannel’s constant dedication to the public Congress and throughout the country.
    [Show full text]
  • La Chiesa Ortodossa Albanese Durante La Prima Fase Della Guerra Fredda (1945-1967) ______
    Cadernos do Tempo Presente – ISSN: 2179-2143 La croce e il piccone: la Chiesa ortodossa albanese durante la prima fase della Guerra Fredda (1945-1967) ____________________________________________________________________ Jacopo BassiI Resumo: A questão do reconhecimento da existência de uma comunidade de fiéis ortodoxos de etnia albanesa através da história do Estado balcânico a partir da sua independência, em 1912. O artigo percorre as relações entre a Igreja ortodoxa albanesa e o Estado comunista guiado pela Hoxha, em especial nos anos pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial. Entre as instituições religiosas albanesas e o governo comunista houve um longo período de coexistência, que durou até 1967, ano de proclamação da "revolucionalização": desde então a República Popular da Albânia se tornou o primeiro estado ateu do mundo e a profissão de qualquer culto foi vetada. Nos anos precedentes, porém, os vértices da Igreja ortodoxa se tornaram um verdadeiro instrumento político e diplomático a serviço do Partido Comunista albanês. Palavras-chave: Albânia, Igreja ortodoxa albanesa, Guerra Fria, relação Igreja-Estado, Partido do Trabalho da Albânia. Abstract: The question of recognition of the existence of a community of Orthodox faithful of ethnicity albanese through the history of balcanic State from its independence in 1912. The paper examines the relationship between the Orthodox Church and the communist state albanese guided by Hoxha, especially in the post-World War II years. Among the Albanian religious institutions and the Communist government there was a long period of coexistence, which lasted until 1967, year of the proclamation of "revolutionalization": since then, the Albanian People's Republic became the world's first atheist state and the profession of any cult was vetoed.
    [Show full text]
  • 90 Vjet Kontrolli I Lartë I Shtetit
    KALIOPI NASKA BUJAR LESKAJ 1925 KLSH 902015 90 VJET KONTROLLI I LARTË I SHTETIT Tiranë, 2015 Prof. dr. Kaliopi Naska Dr. Bujar Leskaj 90 Vjet Kontrolli i Lartë i Shtetit 1925 - 2015 Tiranë, 2015 1 Ky album është përgatitur në kuadrin e 90 vjetorit të Kontrollit të Lartë të Shtetit Autorë: Prof. dr. Kaliopi Naska Dr. Bujar Leskaj Arti grafik: DafinaKopertina: Stojko Kozma Kondakçiu Tonin Vuksani © Copyright: Kontrolli i Lartë i Shtetit Seria: botime KLSH - 16/2015/51 ISBN: 978-9928-159-41-0 Shtypur në shtypshkronjën: “Classic PRINT” Printing & Publishing Home Tiranë, 2015 2 SHPALLJA E PAVARËSISË DHE ELEMENTË TË KËSHILLIT KONTROLLUES 1912 – 1924 Qeveria e Vlorës dhe fillesat e Këshillit Kontrollues Akti i Shpalljes së Pavarësisë së Shqipërisë. Vlorë 28 nëntor 1912 Ismail Qemal Vlora Themelues i Shtetit Shqiptar Ismail Qemali duke përshëndetur popullin e Vlorës, në ceremoninë e 1-vjetorit të Pavarësisë, Vlorë 2013 Më 28 nëntor 1912 në mbledhjen e parë t i të Kuvendit Kombëtar të Vlorës u nënshkrua nga t e t delegatët Deklarata e Pavarësisë së Shqipërisë. h S i ë rt 90 vjet Kontrolli i La 3 Delegatët e Kuvendit të Vlorës Firmëtarët e Pavarësisë së Shqipërisë: Ismail Kemal Beu, Ilias bej Vrioni, Hajredin bej Cakrani, Xhelal bej Skrapari (Koprencka), Dud (Jorgji) Karbunara, Taq (Dhimitër) Tutulani, Myfti Vehbi Efendiu (Agolli), Abas Efendi (Çelkupa), Mustafa Agai (Hanxhiu), Dom Nikoll Kaçorri, Shefqet bej Daiu, Lef Nosi, Qemal Beu (Karaosmani), Midhat bej Frashëri, Veli Efendiu (Harçi), Elmas Efendiu (Boce), Rexhep Beu (Mitrovica), Bedri Beu (Pejani), Salih Xhuka (Gjuka), Abdi bej Toptani, Mustafa Asim Efendiu (Kruja), Kemal Beu (Mullaj), Ferid bej Vokopola, Nebi Efendi Sefa (Lushnja), Zyhdi Beu (Ohri), Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Albania=Schipetaria=Shqiperia= Shqipnija
    ALBANIA ALBANIA=SCHIPETARIA=SHQIPERIA= SHQIPNIJA Republika e Shqiperise Repubblica d’Albania Tirane=Tirana 200.000 ab. (Valona fu capitale dal 1912 al 1920) Kmq. 28.748 (28.749)(28.750) Rivendica il Cossovo=Kossovo Rivendica alla GRECIA l’Epiro Meridionale Rivendica al MONTENEGRO: Malesja, area di Tuzi, Plav e Rozaje Rivendica alcuni territori alla MACEDONIA Dispute per le acque territoriali con MONTENEGRO Dispute per le acque territoriali con GRECIA Compreso Isola SASENO=SASAN (6 Kmq.) Compreso acque interne (Kmq. 1.350 – 5%) Movimento indip. in Nord Epiro=Albania Meridionale (minoranza greca) Movimento indip. in Illiria=Illyrida=Repubblica d’Illiria (con altri territori della Macedonia) Movimento indip. macedo-albanese Ab. 2.350.000---3.600.000 Densità 103 Popolazione urbana 39% Incremento demografico annuo 0,9% Coefficiente di natalità 24% Coefficiente di mortalità 5,4% Coefficiente di mortalità infantile 4,4%° Durata vita media 69 anni U. – 72 anni D. Età media 26 anni (35% >14 anni – 9% >60 anni) LINGUA Ufficiale/Nazionale Tosco=Tosk=Albanese Tosco=Albanian Tosk Ciechi 2.000 Sordi 205.000 Indice di diversità 0,26 Ghego=Albanese Ghego=Ghego Albanese=Albanian Gheg=Gego=Geg=Gheg=Sciopni=Shopni= Gheghe=Guegue (300.000) - Mandrica - Scippe=Ship=Cosovo=Cosovaro=Cossovo=Cossovaro=Kosove - Scutari=Shkoder - Elbasani=Elbasan=Elbasan-Tirana=Elbasan-Tirane=Tirana=Tirane Greco (60.000) Macedone=Slavico=Slavic=Slavico Macedone=Macedone Slavico=Macedonian Slavic (30.000) Romani Vlax=Vlax Romani (60.000) - Romani Vlax Meridionale=Southern Vlax
    [Show full text]
  • 299 Albanian Issue and American Diplomacy in the Paris Peace
    ISSN2039Ͳ9340MediterraneanJournalofSocialSciencesVol.3(10)July2012 Albanian Issue and American Diplomacy in the Paris Peace Conference in the Light of New Historical Sources Majlinda Peza (Perriu) Ph.D.Candidate University of Elbasan, Albania E-mail: [email protected] Andriola Morina (Kambo) University of Tirana, Albania E- mail: [email protected] Abstract: Through the accumulation of the facts and the interpretation of the historical sources, this scientific work tends to give a full picture of the valuable contribution of american diplomacy, it’s representative at the Paris Peace Conference, president Wilson and american public opinion toward the albanian issue in the years 1919 – 1920. In respect of this approach, we have seen a period of extraordinary awareness of the american press of the time in favor of the albanian issue, direct result of the valuable contribution of the albanian diaspora in USA., organized in the federation “hearth”. simultaneously, as a representative of this federation, we have to mention the direct commitment and contribution in defense of the albanian issue, Fan S. Noli, which is evidenced in his meeting with president Wilson, taking his promise which he will make a reality in the Paris Peace Conference. This research will be based on analysis of historical resources before and after years ‘90, seeing from comparative context. Key words: Paris Peace Conference , “Vatra” federation, albanian diaspora, president Wilson. 1. Introduction Experience of establishing consolidating Ballkan States in XIX-XX centuries, showed that the selection and determination of the allies has been one of the key factors and in some cases determining the direction of flow of political and economic development of these country.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Robert Elsie Like with Unsophisticated
    INTRODUCTION Faïk bey Konitza (1875-1942) was one of the great figures of Albanian intellectual culture in the early decades of the twentieth century and was no doubt the first Albanian whom one might consider to have been a real European. Konitza was born on 15 March 1875 in the now village of Konitsa in the Pindus mountains in northern Greece, not far from the present Albanian border. After elementary schooling in Turkish in his native village, he studied at the Jesuit Saverian College in Shkodra which offered him not only some instruction in Albanian but also an initial contact with central European culture and Western ideas. From there, he continued his schooling at the French- language Imperial Galata secondary school in Constantinople. In 1890, at the age of fifteen, he was sent to study in France where he spent the next seven years. After initial education at secondary schools in Lisieux (1890) and Carcassonne (1892), he registered at the University of Dijon, from which he graduated in 1895 in Romance philology. After graduation, he moved to Paris for two years where he studied mediaeval French, Latin and Greek at the Collège de France. He finished his studies at Harvard University in the United States, although little is known of this period of his life. As a result of his highly varied educational background, he was able to speak and write Albanian, Italian, French, German, English and Turkish fluently. Konitza's stay in France, a country of long-standing liberal democratic traditions, was to have a profound effect on him and he was able to acquire and adopt the patterns of Western thinking as no Albanian intellectual had ever done before him.
    [Show full text]
  • Albania the Drafting Process for the 1998 Albanian Constitution, Scott
    THE DRAFTING PROCESS FOR THE 1998 ALBANIAN CONSTITUTION Scott N. Carlson INTRODUCTION With its adoption of a new constitution in 1998, the Republic of Albania joined the ranks of other Central and East European nations who have now adopted democratic constitutions. For Albania, the new constitution provides a historic foundation upon which to forge an independent, democratic future. Throughout recent history, Albania has endured domination and rigid control at the hands of regional powers, and even when independent, the country has suffered under autocracy. The most egregious example of the latter, the Stalinist dictator, Enver Hoxha, led post-World War II Albania into 45 years of exile from the international community. With its adoption of a democratic constitution, Albania took a significant step towards solidifying its democracy and joining the community of nations who rely on constitutions to structure and safeguard their democratic systems of government. While the history of domination and isolation does not fully explain Albania’s delay in the adoption of a new constitution, it does shape the context in which constitutional reform developed. In particular, it helps to explain the lack of constitutional materials in the Albanian language, the lack of familiarity and experience with modern democratic institutions and human rights, and both international and local agreement on the necessity for extensive foreign input. The introduction of a new constitutional system or structure necessarily entails challenges. Even a completely tried and tested system or structure may fail when introduced into a new environment. The process of legal transplantation is a delicate one, and the host state can reject the introduction of foreign legal concepts for a variety of reasons.
    [Show full text]
  • Albanian Election 2005 – a New Ruling Elite?
    Albanian Election 2005 – A New Ruling Elite? James Pettifer Conflict Studies Research Centre UK Defence Academy (05/60) October 2005 Introduction The general election of July 2005 in Albania was a major test for the Socialist Party administration of Fatos Nano, which had in one form or another been ruling Albania since 1997. The street turmoil of that year had seen the fall of the Democratic Party government of Sali Berisha. Fatos Nano and his party assumed power in very controversial elections in June 1997. Subsequently, in 2001 the Socialist Party had been returned to power in a disputed election, but with a reduced majority.1 The conduct of that election was a considerable improvement over the 1997 poll. It was nevertheless criticized by the international community representatives in Tirana, and it took several weeks for a final result to emerge after many recounts in some constituencies. In the election this year, the Socialists were peacefully displaced from power, and a Democratic Party led coalition has become the new government. The election in general had a more favourable ‘conduct report’ from the international community than the 2001 poll, despite a number of violent incidents on polling day. A small number of rerun polls necessary in late August went smoothly and without incident. In that sense, the election marks another positive step forward for Albania along the road to integration in Euro- Atlantic institutions. The main issue occupying the International Community (IC) is whether Dr Sali Berisha will be able to run a stable functional government as a result, and what degree of political change can be expected given the number of largely unknown new people in higher posts.
    [Show full text]
  • Un Seul Monde Eine Welt Un Solo Mondo
    Un seul monde N. 2 GIUGNO 2003 LA RIVISTA DELLA DSC PER LO SVILUPPO E LA Eine Welt COOPERAZIONE Un solo mondo www.dsc.admin.ch Genere, quella piccola differenza che ostacola lo sviluppo Albania, in cammino verso l’Europa Mali – Internet e telecomunicazione, ricetta magica contro la povertà? DOSSIER Strade per il futuro In Nepal, la DSC sostiene la costruzione di strade regionali per combattere l’isolamento della popolazione rurale 24 FORUM GENERE Una lente per vedere le disparità Nei paesi del Sud e dell’Est sono soprattutto le donne a dover sopportare il peso della povertà. Malgrado i progressi, esse sono ancora vittime di gravi discriminazioni 6 Una nuova consapevolezza Mali – Internet, ricetta magica contro la povertà? Le mutilazioni genitali femminili sono uno specifico problema Uno sguardo sul fossato digitale femminile che può essere risolto solo attraverso un radicale cambiamento di mentalità di donne e uomini 26 Uno sforzo d’immaginazione 12 La giornalista indiana Shoma Chaudhury sul «Senza le donne il Sud non emergerà mai» problema dell’acqua in India Un’intervista con Aster Zaoude, esperta di questioni di genere presso il Programma delle Nazioni Unite per lo 29 sviluppo 14 SommarioORIZZONTI CULTURA ALBANIA «Io esisto perché tu esisti» Il lungo cammino che conduce in Europa Una riflessione sull’affascinante interazione tra L’Albania, per decenni paese più povero del vecchio cultura e sviluppo continente, mira ad una rapida integrazione europea 30 16 L’Africa sul Lemano Gentile, cordiale, disponibile e materna... Al Paléo-Festival
    [Show full text]