■ -.N

The Journal of the Indian Botanical Society

Vo]. XLIII 1964 ^ No. 2

A ANALYTICAL STUDY OF INDIAN HONEYS

B y p. K . K . N a ir Palynoloay Laboratory, National Botanic Gardens, Lucknow

(Received for publication on January 5, 1<)62)

Introduction

T h e pollen flora of honeys is known lo provide information regarding the plants visited by the -bees for collecting and pollen. Our present knowledge of pollen grains contained in Indian honeys is very meagre. Sen and Banerjee (1956) have analyzed the pollen content of a sample of honey obtained from a garden near Calcutta, and observed an overabundance of anemophilous sporomor.phs, Mittre (1958) has examined the pollen contents of ten samples of Indian honeys, known under the names Nepal honey, Haridwar honey, Almora honey, Kashmir honey, Lucknow honey, Lotus honey, and Sunderbans honey, and observed that the commercial samples are made up of mixtures of several kinds of honeys. It is also gathered that a comprehensive palynological investigation of the honeys of Maharashtra has been made at the Apicultural Laboratory, Maha- baleswar (Maharashtra, India). The approach in the present palyno­ logical study of Indian honeys is to obtain further information regard­ ing the Indian honey plants.

M a t e r ia l a n d M e t h o d s

The present study is based on 76 samples of Indian honeys, obtained from various sources (Table I), namely (i) The Pavilions of the various Indian States and other governmental organisations repre­ sented at the World Agricultural Fair, New Delhi, in the year 1959, (ii) National Botanic Gardens, Lucknow, and (iii) markets in Delhi and Lucknow. The honey samples are kept in the Palynology Laboratory, National Botanic Gardens, Lucknow. Pollen preparations have been made in the following way; Aboiit 1 c.c. of honey has been diluted with about lOc.c. of water, centri- ftiged, and the supernatant liquid decanted. To the sediment is added P. K. K. ^ A l k

T a b l e T

Notes on the source o f honey samples

Locality Accession Name of the honey OI sample numbert production

2 1 3 i ^

1 ‘Toon honey’(Ofl'rr/a) Dehra Duo, Uttar K.V.I.P.; W.A.F Pradesh o ‘Mustard’ .. ;t ‘Litchi’ {IVtfikeliiim) .. 4 •‘Kashmir’ .. Kashmir C Saharanpur, Uttar ” Pradesh 6 '•‘Saharanpur’ .. »» 7 ‘Gingelly’ (Mustard) .. Andhra State A.S.P.; W.A.F. 8 ‘Green Gram’ {^PAaseolm) It 1 > 9 ‘Neem’ [Aindirackta) .. 11 10 ‘Orange’ {) .. (> 11 ‘Manuka’ J > 12 ‘Safiota’ .. >; 13 ‘ TamarinJus’ .. 1) U ‘Soap nut’ (SafiinJus) ., >» t > 15 ‘Red Gram’ ( PvWn) .. n 16 ‘Gourd’ (Cucurbits) .. 1 • >» 17 ‘Jamun’ (Eugenia) .. 18 ‘Saffron’ (Crocus) .. Kashmir J. & K.P.; W.A.F. 19 'Ple. trantkus' ., y f ■;o Litchi’ {Nephfhum) .. Ranchi, Bihar State B.S.P.; W.A.F. 21 ‘Palas’ {BuUa) .. 11 22 : ‘Turbuza’ (CiVr////tf>) .. «» »> 2!) 11 24 11 »» 26 1» 26 >» 27 U 28 ‘Mustard’ {Brassica) .. ») 29 Mujaffarpur, Bihar t) State 30 *‘Kodai’ .. Kodaikanal, Madras M.S.P.; W.A.F. State 31 •‘Gandhi Niketan Ashram’ Madras State 32 1

33 :•‘St. Thomas Mt.’ .. ■f 34 ; •‘Kuringi’ .. Kuringi, Mudras State 35 ‘Sapindus' . 1 Mysore State »> 86 I •m^ella' ..i • > J7 ! 'Coces' ... 38 ' Eugenia jatnbolana' ..i • I 39 ' Lagtrstroemia macrocar fa ' \ ♦ > >> 40 : 'Pengamia glabra' .. j 41 ! ^Mangifera imiien' .. >> 42 i ‘Areca catechu' ,. ) 1 43 ''Citheraxylum' ., »» . 1) ** •‘Kashmir’ .. Kashmir K.G.A.E. 45 ! »» 1 POLLEN ANALYSIS OF INDIAN HONEYS

T a b le I (C ontd.)

l.ocality Accession Name of the honey of number sample production

1 2 3 4

• ‘Coorg’ M y-sore State K .V .I.r.; VV.A.K. Bilaspur, Madhya 11 ’ Pradesh 48 ,, Maharashtra Sl?te 49 ‘Pure’ Punjab Stnte P.S.P.; W.A.K no Bahraich, Uttar U.P.P.; W.A.F. Pradesh N.r..G..T.ucki\ow,U.P, N.B.r;. r .^.3 ‘Chamba’ Himalajaii Region C.M.D. 6-1 .'ii) m Uttar Pradesh 57 Himalayan Region •• 58 ” r>9 •‘fireenwali’ 00 61 *‘Ka?hmir’ f)2 • ‘Kashmir spread’ ,, ,, 03 , , 64 65 • ‘Nepal’ ,, C.M.L. 6B ‘Pure’ Uttar Pradesh C.M.D. 67 Himalayan Region 68 Uttar Pradesh (i!) 70 •‘Rajasthan’ Rajasthan State C.M.L. 71/ 1 72 •‘Sunderljans’ West Bengal w’ks.P.; A'.A.l’. 73 ‘K eU ’ (A f^ a ) Mahabaleshwar, K.V.I.P.; W.A.R Bombay State 74 75 ♦ ‘Kashmir’ Kashmir 76 ' Amarnnthtis itidiio' My.sore State M .S.l'.; W.A.f*'.

* Names after the localities of production of the honey samples. Abbreviations.—A.S.P. == Andhra State Pavilion; B.S.P. = Bombay Stale Pavilion; C.M.D. == Commercial samples. Market, Delhi: C.M.L. — Commercial samples, Market, Lucknow; J. &. K. P. = Jammu and Kashmir State Pavilion; K.G.A.E. = Kashmir Government Arts Emporium; K.V.I.P. = Khadi and Village Industries Pavilion; M.S.P. == Madras State Pavilion; N.B.G. = National Botanic Gardens, Lucknow; P.S.P. ^ Punjab State Pavilion; U.P.P. = Uttar Pradesh Pavilion; W.A.F. ^ World Agricultural Fair, New Delhi; W.B.S. = West Bengal State Pavilion.

5c.c. of glacial acetic acid, followed by the acetoiysis mixture (9c.c. accUc anhydride, and 1 c.c. conc. sulphuric acid, added in drops). Tlie dispersion is kept in water and heated from 70-100" C. The dispersion is then centrifuged and the waste acetoiysis mixture ‘lecunted. To the sediment of pollen is added dilute (50%) glycerine. The dispersion is again centrifuged, and the pollen are caught on a pellet of glycerine jelly, placed on a micro-slide, and mounted by a No. 0 cover glass.

O bservations

In presenting the pollen analytical data, pollen spectra (Text-Figs. 1-48) are drawn for every such sample that yielded at least more than a hundred pollen grains. But, for purposes of general comparison, the honey samples included in the present study have been made into 5 categories, namely those from (i) Peninsular Region (States of Andhra, Madras and Mysore), (ii) Western Region (States of Maharashtra and Rajasthan), (iii) Indogangetic Region (parts of the States of Uttar Pradesh and Punjab), (iv) Eastern Region (States of Bihar and West Bengal), and (v) Himalayan Region (from Jammu and Kashmir in the west to Assam in the east).

Consequently, pollen percentages have been calculated of indi­ vidual honey samples, and also for groups of honey samples covering every region.

List of Plants *

Considering all the samples together, several sporomorphs have been recognised and are listed hereunder. The identification of the sporomorphs has been made to the or genus level. However, the possible related are mentioned within brackets against the names of families or genera. Those plants which are denoted by (*) in the following list are anemophilous, and the rest entomophilous : Compositae (Bwleria aristata) Artimisia sp, (Justicia adhatodd) Carthamus itinctorius) {J. gerandusa) ■ Xanthium (strumaricum) (Strobilanthes sp.) {Helianthus sp.) Amaranthaceae (Launea sp.) (Aerva tomentosa) (Vernonia sp.) {Amaranthus sp.) Cruciferae Anacardia^ Brassica (campestris) Mangifera indica (Leptdium sativum) ApoQTMcew iMatthiola Incana) Berb^S CupuUferae

Caooaridaccae Crataem religiosa Casjanopsi, sp. Caprifoliaceae Corylus colurtm Lonicera sp. ®PP- Caiyopbyllaceae Dipsacaceae {Saponaria sp.) Dipsacus sp. (SteUaria sp.) Euphorbiaccae Casuarinaceae {Acalypha sp.) Casuarim equisetifolia Emblica officinalis liaorae Putranjiva roxbwghii ' (album) Ricinus communis iiraariaceae Nymphaeaceae Corydalis sp. Nelumho nucijera Treraiiiaceae Impadenx sp. Jasmimmi sp. Oxalis sp. (Ligustrum sp.) Gramineae (i) Cultivated Onagraceae {Oryza saliva) Epilobium sp. (Panicuni sp.) Oenothera lamarkian: (Pennisetiim typhoide.s) Palmae (Sorghum viilgarc) Borassus flabellifer (Zea mays) (Calamus sp.) (ii) Wild (Unidenlified) Cocos mwifera Iridaccae (Phoenix sp.) r rociis salivtis Pinaceae Juglandaceac Pinus sp. Juglans regia Plantaginaceae I.obialae Planlago lanceolalu (Lamium aWum) Polemoniaccac Pleclranlhiis sp. Polemonium coeruleiim (Ociniimi sp.) {Satvia sp.) Polygalaccae Leguminosae Polygala sp. (i) PapiUonatae Polygonaceac Butea monosperma Polygonum (plebejum) (Crotalaria medicaginea) Rumex (hastalus) (Dalbergia sissoo) ( Rumex sp.) . (Desmodium sp.) Portulacaceae (Doiichos lab tab) Portulaca sp. Erylhrina sp. Prolcaceae (Phaseolus sp.) (Pongamia glabra) Ranunculaceae {Trifoliiim ^p.) (ii) Nigella (damascena) {Bauhinia sp.) Ranunculus sp. (Cassia sp.) (Caesalpinia sp.) (Prunus sp.) Delonix regia (Pyrus sp.) {Tamarirtdus indica) (Rosa sp.) (iii) Mimoseae Acacia sp. Citrus sp. Alhizzia lahbek (Evodia sp.) Lihaceae (Murraya sp.) (Asparagus sp.) Sapindaceae (Lilium sp.) Aesculus indica ( sp.) Nephelium litchi Loranthaceae Sapindus (mukorosii) Loramhus sp. S. (Saponaria) Lylhraceae Sapotaceae Lagerslroemia &p. Achras {sapota) Mimusops (elangi) (Althaea rosea) Sinarubaceae (Hibiscus sp.) Ailanthus excelsa ^.^afmalia malabarica Meluceae (Datura sp.) Azadirachta indica (Solanum sp.) Cedrela toona (Capsicum sp.) «yitaceae (Lyeopersicum esculent tin-) liarringtonia acutangula Sterculeaceae I aUistemon sp. Pterospermum acerifoHur. hicalyptus sp, Tiliaccae Eugenia sp. Grewia (asiatica) Melaleuca sp. G. (oppositifolia) f^idium gU(^ava Vmbellifera^ Urticaceae (Cannabis sativd) Citharexvhmi ( australis) Vitaceae H ohptelea integrifoUa viraceae (Morns sp.) (nnifera) Trema orientalis

Pollen analysis

The pollen composition of the various honeys differ with every sample, as evident from the pollen spectra (Text-Figs. 1-48). The palynological data are analysed to assess the comparative significance of the honey plants for a whole region (all honey samples from a reeion considered together), and also for a particular locality (Individual samples considered).

Considering every Region separately, the order of dominance of the honey plants, as known from the percentages of the various sporomorphs, is presented below:

T. Peninsular Region: Eugenia {24-4%), Sapindus (\3%), Hohptelea f8-1%), Cocoi(5-9%), Compositac(4-3%), Palmae(4-2%), Citrus(3■!%). Gramineaei2-l%),Sapotai2-6%), Nig*lla (2-5%). Pongamia (2•4%), Brassica (2-3%), Labiatae (2-2%), Borassus (2-1%), EmbHca {\-%%), Grewia (l-7%)< and the pollen percentage is below 1% for Justicia, Amaranthis, Mangifera, Holarrhena, Crataeva, Casuarina, Artemisia, Launea, Xanthium, LepicHum, Impatiens, Oryza (All grasses together form ed'3- !%)• Cassia, Desmodium, Erythrina, Phaseolus, Tamarindus and other legumes (all legumes together formed 5■9%), , Lager- stroemia, Azadirachta, , Psidium and other Myrtaceae (Myrta- ceoiis sporomorphs together formed 25 ■ 3%), Nelumbo, Calamus, Polygala, Polygonum, Rumex, Grevillea, Ranunculus, Rosaceae, Mimusops, Umbelli- ferae, Citharexylum and Vitis. Considering individual samples of honey, higher percentages thaji those mentioned above for the whole region are found in certain sporomorphs, significant among which are Eugenia (91-5% in H/42; Text-Fig. 17), Sapindus (50% in H/30; Text-Fig. 1), Hohptelea (12-5% in H/8; Text-Fig. 9), Cocos(55% in H/10; Text-Fig. 5), Leguminosae: Pongamia (86% in H/40; Text-Fig. 13), Labiatae (52-5% in H/35; Text-Fig. 16), Borassus (16%inH/9; Text-Fig. 4), jE’mW/cfl (31% in H /41; Text-Fig. 10) and Mangifera (29% in H/33; Text-Fig. 2).

11. Western Regions: Eugenia (41-4%), Brassica (13-1%), Sapindus (9-S%), Salmalia(9-\%), Crataeva(4-2%), Gramineae(3f6%), Liliaceae and Mangifera (3-3% tach), Vitis (2-4%), Emblica (2-2%), Holarrheno (1-8%), Leguminosae (1-6%), Hohptelea (1-5%), and the pollen percentage is below 1% in Amaranthus, Loranthus, Psidium and other Myrtaceae, Cocos, Ranunculus, Rosaceae, ajid Umbelliferae. CoQsidering individual samples of honey, significantly high percentages of pollen have been found in the case of Eugenia [47-5% ixi H/76; Text-Fig, J?! Cruciferae (Brassica); 20% in H /73; Text Fig. 20], Sapinclus (34’5% in H/76; Text-Fig. 19), and Salmalia (16% in H/70; Text-Fig. 21).

III. Indo-Gangetic Region: Eugenia (36-4%), Nephelium (12-1%), Citrus (9 • 3%), Putranjiva (5 • 7%). Compositae (5 • 1 %), Mimosa (3 ■ 7%), Hohptdea (3 • 1 %), Cedrela (2 ■ 2%), Barringtonia (2 • 1 %), Cassia (1 • 9%), Solanum (1 ■ 9%),\Launeaand Azadirachta{\- 5% each), Eucalyptus\\ -3%), Leguminosae (1%), and the sporomorphs with a pollen percentage below 1% are Justicia, Crafaeva; Loniceru, Saponaria, Chenopodium, Arte­ misia, Saussurea and Xanthium, Brassica, Emhlica, Ridnus, Impatiens, Zea, i-abiatae, Butea, Alhizzia, Delonix, Erythrina, Bauhinia, Hibiscus, Salmalia, Oenothera, Rumex, Rosaceae, AHanthus, Datura, Grewia, iuid Umbelliferae. In individual samples of honey, significantly high pollen percentages have been found with ragard to Eugenia (96% in H/52; Texl-Fig. 23), Nephelium (17% inH/3; Text-Fig. 27). Citrus(56-6% in H/5i); Text-Fic. 29), Putranjiva (98% in H/56; Text-Fig. 25), Mimosa (28% in H/57; Text-Fig. 26), Cedrela (9-2% in H /51; Text- Fig. 28), Barringtonia (4% in H/51), Azadirachta (4-1% in H/51), Solanaceae (9-2% in H/51) and Butea (6% in H /I; Text-Fig. 24).

IV. Eastern Region : Nephelium (25-7%), Brassica (15'7%), Crataeva (14-4%;, AHanthus and Holoptelea (6-^% each), Psidium (3-8%), Eugenia (3 6%), Gramineae (3-3%), Leguminosae (3-2%), Butea (2-6%), Com­ positae (2-3%), Borassus{2-\%^, Erythrina (1-7%,) Chenopodium and Rumex (1-4% each), Grewia (M % ), Myrtaceae (I %), and the sporo­ morphs with a pollen percentage less than 1% are Acanthaceae, Aerva, Amaranthus, Matthiola, Impatiens, Cassia, Salmalia, Cedrela, Palmae, Rosaceae, Citrus and Pterospermum- In individual honey samples, high percentages of pollen have been noticed in the case of Nephelium (78% in H/26; Text-Fig. 33), Brassica (65-5% in H/28; Text-Fig. 35).

V. Himalayan Region : Plectranthus (2^-9%), AInus (20-3%), Rumex (hastatus; 8-5%), Eugenia Brassica (7-2%), Rosaceae (3-3%), Leguminosae (3 • 1%), Grewia (3%), Ligustrum and Plantago (1-7% each), Corydalis(\-6°/^, Compositae (1-6%), Gramineae (1-3%), Artemisia and Dolichos (1-2% each), and the sporomorphs with a pollen percentage below 1% are Strobilanthes, Amaranthus, Berberis, Lonicera, , Chenopodium, Launea, Saussurea, Vernonia, Matthiola, Betula, Quercus, Castanopsis, Corylus, Dipsacus, Impatiens, Oxalis, Juglans, Lamium, Mimosa, Erythrina, Trifolium, Caesalpinia, Liliaceae, Salmalia, Cedrela, Jasminum, Epilobium, Oenothera, Pinus, Polemonium, Portulaca, Ranunculus, Citrus, Evodia, Aesculus, and Umbelliferae. However, individual samples have presented significantly high pollen percentages in the case of Plectranthus (51% in H/55; Text-Fig, 44), Alnus (82% in H/64; Text-Fig. 47), Rumex hastatus (23% in H/55; Text-Fig. 44), Rosaceae (40-5% in H/62; Text-Fig. 43), Eugenia (94-2% in H/75; Text-Fig. 42), Ligustrum (52% in H/45), Carthamus (8-5% in H/55; Text-Fig. 43), and Grewia (9-5% in H/68).

T ext-F ig s. 1-15. Pollen spectra of the various honey samples. The various sporomorphs are indicated by abbreviations. In the case of some important sporo- morphs, different patterns are also given for easy comparisons. In the following explanations, the numbers within brackets against the locality are those relating to the honey samples. Figs. 1-2. Honey samples from Madras Stale (H/30 and H/33 respectively); Figs. 4-10. Honey samples from Andhra State (H'9, H/14, H/13, H/15, H/12, H /8 and H/7 respectively); Fig.s. 10-15. Honey samples from Mysore State (H/41, H/37, H/43, H/40, H/39, H/38 respectively).

The sporomorplis contained in the various honeys include those of anemophilous as well as entomophilous plants. The anemophilous sporomorphs are Aerva, Aims, Amaranthus, Artemisia, Betula, Borassus, Calamus, Casuarina, Chenopodium. Cocos and other palms, Corylus, Dipsacus, Gramineae, Holoptelea, Juglans, Finns, Rumex, Umbelli- ferae, and Xanthium, and the rest of the sporomorphs are entomo­ philous.

D isc u ssio n

The honey and pollen yielding plants frequented by the honey­ bees are closely associated with floral composition of any particular locality, and this fact has been pictured by the pollen composition of the various honeys, covering the wiiole of India. The sporomorphs numbered 58 (dominant genus; Eugenia) for Peninsular region, 21 (dominant: Eugenia) for Western region, 45 (dominant: Eugenia) for Tndo-gangetic region, 29 (dominant: Nephelium) for Eastern region, and 54 (dominant: Plectranthus) for the Himalayan region. However, in individual samples of honey, the number of sporomorphs rainge from a few to many, to merit being considered as either ‘Multifloral’ or ‘Unifloral’ products. For example, 27 sporomorphs dominated by Plectranthus (36-7%) are present in the honey sample H/67, 11 sporomorphs with a dominance of Eugenia and Sapota in H/12 (Text-Fig. 8j and 5 sporomorphs with a dominance of Rosaceae, Myrtaceae and Leguminosae in H/55 (Text-Fig. 43). Jn a few honey samples, there have been noticed very high percentages of any one of the sporomorphs. For example, Putranjiva formed 98% in H/56 (Text-Fig. 25), Eugenia 95-^% and 94-2% in H/52 (Text-Fig. 23) and H/75 (Text-Fij;. 42) respectively.

Plants which provide nectar or pollen are both important to the existence of the honey bees. In the brooding season, a large amount of pollen is indispensable to the larvae of those bees, and this is possibly met by the blooms of the Spring season. Pollen analysis of the Indian honeys tells that the most significant honey plants are Eugenia, Nephe­ lium, Sapindus and Putranjiva among trees, Citrus among shrubs, and Plectranthus and Brassica among the herbs, while the important pollen yieldijig plants are Holoptelea, Alnus, Borassus, Cocos and other palms. A perusal of the list of honey plants shows that a large majority of them are cultivated plants grown in orchards, or in gardens for oma- niental purposes. This gives an idea of the possible significance of such localities for rearing honey bees. T ext-Fios. 16-30. Figs. 16-19. Honey samples from Mysore State. (H/35, H/42, H/36 and H/76 lespectively); Fig. 2C. Honey sample from Maharashfra Slate (H/73); Fig. 21. Honey sample from Rsyasthan State (H/70); Fig. 22. Honey sample from Puryab State (H/49); Figs. 23-30. Honey samples from Utt»r Fndnb (H/52, H/1, H/56, H/57, H/3, H/51, H/50 and H'2 respectively.) T ext-F io s. 31-45. Fig. 31.^Honey sample from West Bengal (H/72); Figs 32-38. HoneyTsamples from Bihar State (H/23, H/16, H/24, H/28, H/29, H/22 and H/21 respectively); Figs. 39-45, Honev samples from the Himalayan region including Nepal (H/57,1 H/19.SH/75, H/62, H/55, H/59, H/67 respectively). T ex t-F io s. 46-48. Honey samples from Himalayan region including Nepal (H/44, H/64 and H/65 respectively).

Some of the honeys contained in the present study are known under names after those of the respective plants (Table 1). But it may be noted that the names attached to various honeys do not conform with the pollen composition of those Jioneys. For example, pollen of Sesamum has not been found in ‘Gingelly honey’ (H/7; Table I), of Eugenia formed 3% in Jamun honey ("H/I7), of Azadirachta formed 1% in ‘Neem honey’ (H/9). On the other hand, in ‘Sapota honey’ (H/12), pollen of Eugenia formed 61-5%, in ‘Tamarindus honey’ (H/13), pollen of Cocos formed 46-4%. Mittre (1958) has also made similar observations. As such, it would be proper to name the various honeys after the names of the localities of production, although those honeys (‘Unifloral’) with a high percentage of any one sporomorph such as Putranjiva (as in H/56), or Eugenia (as in H/52 or H/62), may be designated after the names of the respective plants.

S um m ary

Pollen analysis of samples of Indian honeys has been carried out. From the analysis made, a list of the nectar and pollen yielding plants of India has been prepared. The dominant sporomorphs are Eugenia, Nephelium, Sapindus, Putranjiva, Citrus, Plectranthus and Brassica among nectar yielding plants, and Holoptelea, Alnus, Borassus and other palms among pollen yielding ones. It has also been found that the names given to various honeys are not corroborated by their pollen composition.

A cknowledgements

The author is extremely grateful to Prof. K. N. Kaul, Director, National Botanic Gardens, Lucknow, for all the encouragement provided in this work. He is also thankful to the authorities of the various pavilions of the different Indian States represented at the World Africulture Fair, in the year 1959 for supplying honey samples. R eferen ces

F rotm a n , G. 1956. An Imroduciion to Pollen Analisis, Waltham, Mass. U.S.A.

M ittre, V. 10*18. Pollen analysis of Indian honeys. J. sci. industr. Res., 17 C: 123.

Sen, J. and B aner.'Ei , D. 1956. A pollen analysis of Indian honey. Bee iVortd 37: 52-54.

ABnREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXI-F iGURES

A., Acanthaccac; AE., Aexculus; A l., Ailamhiis ■, AM ., Amaranlhaceae; B.. /iarrin,c;ioitia- BE., Berberis; C., Caryophyllaceae; CA., Casiiarinai CB., lirassica; CH., Chenofwdium; Cl., Citharexyliim; COA., Artemisia; COC., Car- lliamiis; COX ., XwUhium\ COM., Conipositae; CR., Cruciferac; CRC., Crocus', CT., Cralaeva; CU A ., Alniis; CUB., Betula; CU C ., Castanopsis', CU D ., Corylus’, CUQ., Querciis; CY., Cyperaceac; D., Dipsacus; EL., Epilobiiini; EM ., Emblico; EP., Putrcmjiva-, ER., Ricini/s; EU., ; G.. Gramineac; GR., Ore- vilica'. CiW.. Grenier, H., Holarrhena', 1., Jmpaliens; J., Jasminiim; JU ., Jiiglans', LA,, Lagerslroeniia; LFiA., Alhizzia; LEB., Buteo; LEC.. Acacia; LED ., Delonix; LEI., Erythrina; LEO., Leguminosas; LL, Liliaceae; LO., Loranlhus; LOI., Lonicera; LP., Plectranihiis; LT., Labiatae; M., Mangifera; MA., Malvaceae; MEA., AzadirachUi; MEG'., Cedrela; M Y E., Eucalyptus; M Y G ., Eugenia; MYP., Psidium; MYT., Myrtaceae; N.. Nelurnho; 0„ Oenothera; OX., Oxalis; PAB., Borassus; PAC., Cocos; PAM., Palmae; PL. Pinus; PL., Plantago; PO.. Polemonium; PC ., Polygala; PO G ., Polygonum; PO R., Rumex; PR., Porlulaca; PT., Pterospermum; PY., ; RL, Nigella; RN ., Ranun­ culus; RO., Rosaceae; RUC., Citrus; RUT., Rutaceae; S., Salmalia; SA,, Sapotaceae; SAN., Nephelium; SAP., Sapindus; SO., Solanaceae; U., Umbelli- ferae; URH., Holopelea; U RT., U rticaceae; V., Vitis.