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Allen Biomolecules @Neetuglibrary S.No. CONTENTS Page 1. Itroduction 217 2. H na che sition 217 3. P S tabolites 219 4. Carbohydrates 219 (M-sacc & Oli-saccharides) 5. Polysaccharides 224 BIOMOLECULES 6. Ls 227 7. Peins 230 8. Eerci-I (Cceptua Qti) 238 9. Eer-II (Previou Y Qestio) 241 10. Eer-III (Analytica Q) 244 11. Eer-IV (Asser & R) 245 2019-20 Session E ALLEN NEET SYLLABUS Chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids. FREDERICK SANGER Born on 13 August, 1918 in England. Fredrick Sanger's father was a medical practitioner. He understood the significance of science and the scientific method from an early age. He focused on Chemistry and Physics in the begining but was later attracted to the emerging field of Biochemistry. He received an undergraduate degree and Ph.D. in Biochemistry from St. John's College, Cambridge, England. After graduation Sanger joined the medical research council laboratory of molecular biology as a researcher. Fredrick Sanger received the nobel prize twice for chemistry in 1958 for his discovery of the structure of insulin molecule and in 1980 for his collaborative work on base sequences in nucleic acid with Paul Berg and Walter Gilbert. He passed away on 19 Nov., 2013. G.N. RAMACHANDRAN An outstanding figure in the field of protein structure, was the founder of the ‘Madras school’ of conformational analysis of biopolymers. His discovery of the triple helical structure of collagen published in Nature in 1954 and his analysis of the allowed conformations of proteins through the use of the ‘Ramachandran plot’ rank among the most outstanding contributions in structural biology. He was born on October 8, 1922, in a small town, not far from Cochin on the southwestern coast of India. His father was a professor of mathematics at a local college and thus had considerable influence in shaping Ramachandran’s interest in mathematics. After completing his school years, Ramachandran graduated in 1942 as the topranking student in the B.Sc. (Honors) Physics course of the University of Madras. He received a Ph.D. from Cambridge University in 1949. While at Cambridge, Ramachandran met Linus Pauling and was deeply influenced by his publications on models of the a-helix and b-sheet structures that directed his attention to solving the structure of collagen. He passed away at the age of 78,2019-20 on April 7, 2001. JAMES DEWEY WATSON was born in Chicago on 6 April 1928. In 1947, he received B.Sc. degree in Zoology. During these years his interest in bird-watching had matured into a serious desire to learn genetics. This became possible when he received a Fellowship for graduate study in Zoology at Indiana University, Bloomington, where he received his Ph.D. degree in 1950 on a study of the effect of hard X-rays on bacteriophage multiplication. He met Session Crick and discovered their common interest in solving the DNA structure. Their first serious effort, was unsatisfactory. Their second effort based upon more experimental evidence and better appreciation of the nucleic acid literature, resulted, early in March 1953, in the proposalALLEN of the complementary double-helical configuration. FRANCIS HARRY COMPTON CRICK was born on 8 June 1916, at Northampton, England. He studied physics at University College, London and obtained a B.Sc. in 1937. He completed Ph.D. in 1954 on a thesis entitled “X-ray Diffraction: Polypeptides and Proteins”. A critical influence in Crick’s career was his friendship with J. D. Watson, then a young man of 23, leading in 1953 to the proposal of the double-helical structure for DNA and the replication scheme. Crick was made an F.R.S. in 1959. The honours to Watson with Crick include: the John Collins Warren Prize of the Massachusetts General Hospital, in 1959; the Lasker Award, in 1960; the Research Corporation Prize, in 1962 and above all, the Nobel Prize in 1962. ALLEN Pe-Medca : Bg BIOMOLECULES INTRODUCTION All living organisms are made up of the same elements and compounds. If we perform an analysis of a plant tissue, animal tissue or a microbial paste, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and several other elements are obtained. The same analysis made on a non-living matter like a piece of earth's crust, gives a list of similar chemicals. A close examination reveals that the relative abundance of carbon and Hydrogen with respect to other elements is higher in living beings than in earth's crust. HOW TO ANALYSE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION l Various biomolecules present in a living tissue (like a vegetable or a piece of liver) can be studied by their chemical analysis. Take a living tissue and grind it in trichloroacetic acid (Cl CCOOH) using a mortar and pestle. We obtain a l 3 thick slurry. l When we strain this slurry through cheese cloth or cotton, it gives two fractions. l One is called filtrate or acid soluble pool having thousands of organic compounds. l Other fraction is called retentate or acid insoluble pool containing proteins, nucleic acid, polysaccharides etc. l The acid soluble pool contains chemicals with small molecular mass of 18–800 daltons approximately. They are called micromolecules or biomicromolecules. They include amino acids, sugars, nucleotides etc. l The acid-insoluble fraction contains organic compounds that have molecular weights in the range of ten thousand daltons and above. They are known as macromolecules or biomacromolecules. They include polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids. *Lipids are not strictly macromolecules. their molecular weight do not exceed 800 Da, but they come under the l 2019-20 macromolecular fraction because when we grind a tissue, cell membrane and other membrances are broken into pieces and form vesicles which are not water soluble (lipids are also present in structures like cell membrane and other membranes). l The acid-soluble fraction represents roughly the cytoplasmic composition (without organelles), while the acid- insoluble fraction represents the macromolecules of the cytoplasm and cell organelles. The two fractions together represent the entire chemical composition of living tissues or organisms. Biomolecule® All the carbon compound that present in living tissue. BiomolecuSessionle MicromolALLENecule Macromolecule (Mol. Weight < 1000 daltons) (Mol.Weight > 1000 daltons) Present in acid soluble pool Present in acid insoluble pool eg eg Amino acids, N2 base, Monosaccharides Protein, nucleic acid, Polysaccharide Special note : Lipids are micromolecules but obtained under macromolecular fraction due to their insoluble nature in aqueous medium of a cell. Z:NDE02\B0AI-B0TAGE\BIO\ENG\MDLE_204-BIMLECLES\01-OT-E.65 E 217 Pe-Medca : Bg ALLEN Tabl : Average composition of cells Cponent % th tota cellul mass Water 70-90 Proteins 10-15 Carbohydrates 3 Lipids2 Nucleic acids 5-7 Ions1 lAll carbon compounds that we get from living tissue can be called - Biomolecules. l Inorganic elements and compounds are also present in the living organisms which can be known with the help of 'ash' analysis technique. l A small amount of a living tissue (e.g. Leaf or liver and this is called wet weight) is weighed and dried. All the water evaporates. When the tissue is fully burnt, the carbon compounds are oxidised to gaseous form like CO , water vapour are l 2 removed and the remnant is called 'ash'. This ash contains many inorganic elements like calcium, magnesium etc. l In the acid-soluble fraction - inorganic compounds like sulphates, phosphates etc are also present. Elemental analysis gives composition of living tissue in the form of O, C, H, N etc. l 2019-20 l Analysis of compounds gives an idea of the kind of organic and inorganic constituents as mentained in the table. Table : A comparison of elements present in non-living and living matter Element %weight of Earth’s crust Human body Hydrogen (H) 0.14Session 0.5 Carbon (C) 0.03 18.5 Oxygen (O) 46.6 65.0 Nitrogen (N) Very little 3.3 SulphurALLEN (S) 0.03 0.3 Sodium (Na) 2.8 0.2 Calcium (Ca) 3.6 1.5 Magnesium (Mg) 2.1 0.1 Silicon (Si) 27.7 Negligible Z:NDE02\B0AI-B0TAGE\BIO\ENG\MDLE_204-BIMLECLES\01-OT-E.65 218 E ALLEN Pe-Medca : Bg Table : A list of representative inorganic constituents of living tissues. Component Formula Sodium Na+ Potassium K+ Calcium Ca++ Magnesium Mg++ Water HO2 Compounds NaCl, CaCO3 , 3– 2– PO44 , SO l From a biological point of view we can classify the biomolecules into micromolecules and macromolecules. l Water is the most abundant chemical in living organisms. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY METABOLITES l Living organisms produce thousands of organic compounds (biomolecules) including amino acids, sugars, chlorophylls, haems etc. these are required for their basic or primary metabolic processes like photosynthesis, respiration, protein and lipid metabolism etc. these are called primary metabolites. l Many plants, fungi and microbes of certain genera and families synthesize a number of organic compounds (biomolecules) which are not involved in primary metabolism and seem to have no direct function in growth and development of organisms. Such compounds are called secondary metabolites. l Thus, primary metabolites have identifiable functions and play known roles in normal physiological processes. The functions or role of secondary metabolites in host organisms are not understood. However many of them are useful to human welfare (e.g., rubber, drugs, spices, scents and pigments). Ta : Some secondary metabolites Pigments Carotenoids, Anthocyanins, etc. Alkaloids Morphine, Codeine, etc. 2019-20 Terpenoides Monoterpenes,Diterpenes etc. Essential oils Lemon grass oil, etc. Toxins Abrin, Ricin Lectins Concanavalin A Drugs Vinblastin, Curcumin, etc. Polymeric substances Rubber, Gums, Cellulose CARBOHYDRATES ® Main source of energy. Session ® First respiratory substrate – carbohydrate ® Compounds of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen with ratio of H and O is 2:1, so they are also called as hy- drates of carbon.
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