Country Profile:INDIA
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www.worldcp.org/world-cp-asia.php Country Profile: INDIA Authors Ashish RAJADHYAKSHA P.Radhika Raghavendra TENKAYALA COUNTRY PROFILE: INDIA Published by: International Federation of Arts Council and Culture Agencies (IFACCA) About the WorldCP-International Database of Cultural Policies WorldCP (worldcp.org) is a central web-based and continuously updated database of country-specific profiles of cultural policies modelled on the Council of Europe/ERICArts Compendium – Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe (culturalpolicies.net). WorldCP-Asia is a central component of the international WorldCP project and documents the arts and cultural policies of Asian countries (worldcp.org/world-cp-asia.php). The cultural policy profiles for India, South Korea and Viet Nam were published in 2013. The profiles of Cambodia, Mongolia, the Philippines and Singapore are currently in preparation. WorldCP-Asia is co-odinated by a partnership between IFACCA and the Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF) (asef.org). ASEF serves as the Regional Secretariat of WorldCP-Asia. For more information on WorldCP-Asia, contact Ms. Anupama SEKHAR, Director, Culture Department at [email protected] About the India profile: Authors: Ms. P. Radhika, Mr. Ashish RAJADHYAKSHA, & Mr. Raghavendra TENKAYALA Regional Editor: Mr. Anmol VELLANI Published in: 2013 (1st edition) This profile is available online at: www.worldcp.org/india.php This profile is based on official and non-official sources addressing current cultural policy issues. The opinions expressed in this profile are those of the authors and are not official statements of the government or of the WorldCP-Asia partners. If the entire profile or relevant parts of it are reproduced in print or in electronic form including in a translated version, for whatever purpose, a specific request has to be addressed to the Asia-Europe Foundation (ASEF) who may authorise the reproduction in consultation with International Federation of Arts Councils and Culture Agencies (IFACCA). Such reproduction must be accompanied by the standard reference below, as well as by the name of the author/s of the profile. Standard reference: IFACCA/ASEF, “WorldCP-Asia International Database of Cultural Policies”, 1st edition 2013. All rights reserved © IFACCA, August 2013 ASEF’s contribution is with the financial support of the European Union Country Profile: INDIA IFACCA, “WorldCP-Asia International Database of Cultural Policies”, 1st edition, 2013 2 INDIA 1 Historical perspective: cultural policies and instruments ........................................5 2 General objectives and principles of cultural policy...............................................12 2.1 Main features and principles of the current cultural policy .....................................12 2.2 National definition of culture .....................................................................................12 2.3 Cultural policy objectives ...........................................................................................15 3 Competence, decision-making and administration................................................23 3.1 Organisational structure (organigram) ......................................................................23 3.2 Overall description of the system ..............................................................................24 3.3 Inter-ministerial or intergovernmental co-operation ................................................27 3.4 International cultural co-operation............................................................................28 3.4.1 Overview of main structures and trends ...................................................................28 3.4.2 Public actors and cultural diplomacy ........................................................................33 3.4.3 International actors and programmes ......................................................................36 3.4.4 Direct professional co-operation ...............................................................................41 3.4.5 Cross-border intercultural dialogue and co-operation..............................................49 3.4.6 Other relevant issues .................................................................................................51 4 Current issues in cultural policy development and debate ....................................55 4.1 Main cultural policy issues and priorities..................................................................55 4.2 Specific policy issues and recent debates................................................................63 4.2.1 Conceptual issues of policies for the arts.................................................................63 4.2.2 Heritage issues and policies......................................................................................66 4.2.3 Cultural/creative industries: policies and programmes...........................................74 4.2.4 Cultural diversity and inclusion policies....................................................................79 4.2.5 Language issues and policies....................................................................................82 4.2.6 Media pluralism and content diversity......................................................................85 4.2.7 Intercultural dialogue: actors, strategies, programmes ...........................................93 4.2.8 Social cohesion and cultural policies ........................................................................95 4.2.9 Employment policies for the cultural sector .............................................................96 4.2.10 Gender equality and cultural policies........................................................................97 4.2.11 New technologies and digitalisation in arts and culture..........................................98 5 Main legal provisions in the cultural field............................................................ 100 5.1 General legislation....................................................................................................100 5.1.1 Constitution...............................................................................................................100 5.1.2 Division of jurisdiction ..............................................................................................102 5.1.3 Allocation of public funds.........................................................................................104 5.1.4 Social security frameworks ......................................................................................104 5.1.5 Tax laws.....................................................................................................................105 5.1.6 Labour laws...............................................................................................................105 5.1.7 Copyright provisions .................................................................................................105 5.1.8 Data protection laws ................................................................................................108 5.1.9 Language laws ..........................................................................................................108 5.1.10 Other areas of general legislation ...........................................................................109 5.2 Legislation on culture...............................................................................................109 5.3 Sector specific legislation ........................................................................................111 5.3.1 Visual and applied arts.............................................................................................111 5.3.2 Performing arts and music.......................................................................................112 IFACCA, “WorldCP-Asia International Database of Cultural Policies”, 1st edition, 2013 3 5.3.3 Cultural heritage .......................................................................................................113 5.3.4 Literature and libraries.............................................................................................118 5.3.5 Architecture and spatial planning............................................................................118 5.3.6 Film, video and photography....................................................................................119 5.3.7 Mass media...............................................................................................................120 5.3.8 Other areas of relevant legislation ..........................................................................122 6 Financing of culture............................................................................................. 123 6.1 Short overview ..........................................................................................................123 6.2 Public cultural expenditure ......................................................................................124 6.2.1 Aggregated indicators...............................................................................................124 6.2.2 Public cultural expenditure broken down by level of government.........................126 6.2.3 Sector breakdown.....................................................................................................127 6.3 Trends and indicators for private cultural financing ..............................................133 7 Public institutions in