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How to Select a Hobbyist Microcomputer, Popular Electronics, December 1976

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How to Select a Hobbyist Microcomputer, Popular Electronics, December 1976 -Popular Electronics" Digital techniques play ieading role in electronics to- cepts are illustrated, including projects ifor a day. Switching, coding and logic function methods are fuel gauge and a sh~ not difficultto grasp. And equally important, they make tion, the-firstarticle it possible to create many interesting electronics circuit electronics hobby& 4% designs. In this special supplement, many of these con- crocomputer from the mmy &vrcfbsbEe && y. -,I!. r ? ECIDING which microcomputer to D buy is quite a challenge. Not only are there several dozen on the market, How to Select but they're available in a wide range of prices, kith a variety of features andper- ibherals. and with several different "=-?- adown your choice of a microcomputer is to decide-which basic type is best for --,'- your own use. To do th~srequires a : breakdown of microcomputer types, as . / \ in the following paragraphs. 1. BOX With. The best-known type of microcomputer looks very much like a minicomputer: a- box with a bunch of switches and lights on the front panel. Two hobby computers of this type are the MlTS Altair 8800b and the lmsai 8080. This microcomputer type is the most widely used among hobbyists, with the widest choice of peripherals and memory expansion boards. .L- 2.' Ba'ZYl&~loort.The second type of computer is also a box, but with a bare r ? r' -. 1' II ' \ Iaiminimum if siitcies and lights: AA ex- teletypeyfriter and video monitor, there , ample is Southwest ~echnical~rhucts' are many everything-on-one-board mi- '6800, which has only two ~witches,for crocomputers. This type ,includes a power and reset. Only the povyer switch small keyboard and some form of read- - ha3 a light. out. The readout is sometimes individual - ., There are tho main differetices be- LED'S, but is usually segmented al- Ween Type 1 and Type 2 computers. phanumeric display. The KIM-,I is the -First, with a Type 1, you can load short best known of. theqe, Blthough several' .. programs and opefate the computer others are coming up fast. TWQunits Tgpe 1: manually, reading the results 'on the dome with a case, the Infinite UC j1800 . MITS Altai~886b , LED display. Obviwslv, YOU can't do and the t+amilton/Avnet Pacer. They , this wah a ~~pe2 rnacliine. The second have built-in power supplies, whereas differ6ncb is in loaders. When youturn -,most of the others don't. i.' , ( on' any microcomputer, you can't put a Just about the least expensive Type 4 >+ -.- proaram into memow until a bootstrap micrmr>mputer for the hobbyist who -. Ilop&f iq inserted firsi. This ads as a &t wants to learn the ,basics is the Elf, fea- of signs to guide fhe program to the right tured as a construction project-inthe Au- places in meme.. With most of the gust and Septetqber 1976 issues of Type 1 computers, you have to load the POPULARELECTRONICS. This hardware , . ,# 'F&.':k.YI bootstrap instructions by' handkusingthe and software trainer, with RCrA COS- - - . i;~g@~&~wd-.L. d- -=. frpnt-pmel .switches. With most ~f the MAC MPU, togglbswitch'input, hex LED - Type!: Type 2 compbters, whioh have stored display, 256 bytes of RAM, four input r. , , I~SUZ8080 Loq'ders, alliyOLI do is press-RESET and lines, and a latched output line, costs the loader is inserted automatically. ,about-$80 to buld. Memory is expand- - However, just because a microcom- able at miflmum cost. putec has a full set of switches and lights Nearly all the pomputers of this type isn't always ,a s'rgn that the loader must ' are on a single pc board; two exceptions - j be inserted by hand. The MITS 68Ob is a are thd Mike 3 and Mike 8, from Maqin ' good example of a mice with switches, Research. Each is a stack of sderal lights, and a bootstrap loader in perma- boards, separated by spacers, with the nent ,memory which doesn't "drop >out" keyboard and display on the console when !lie power is turdoff. board' at the top, CPU on a second Note too, that not all micros have the board, memory on a third, etc. This,mod- same internal expansion capab!lity. Thls ular approach permits using different sometimes accounts for differences in CPU'boards, either for the $080A MPU, L size and, naturally, influehces pri&,too. 2-80, or 8008. -_ The keyboard almost always-has '16. - '1PC Bord.The third'pin type of hex keys for entering programs inma- micro~omputerconsists of a printedcir- chine language plus/ vaflous control cuit board wkhout input or output. These keys. These boards are popular amon0 were first introduced for use in commer- - people who want to learn what comput- .cia1 prodlicts, or for engineering evalua- ers are all about,'at minimum cost. For , tion, and many are still sold for such pur- I those who want to go further, more poses. Several recent oms are being memory can p3 added, as can be peri- sbld mainly to hobbyists. The best- pherals such as afull keyboard and/or a known of Type 3 are the Jolt arid SC/MP. -.printer, to startwith. ' All the computers described up to this point have neither separate input nor ?. All-l-ne Box.Another type of output.,So unless you enjo~loading pro- computer that doesn't rei$ire bGying a grams via front-panel, switches (if your keyboard or TV set has a built-in key- micro~mpu'feihas them), and ieading 1 board and CRT, su~has the various out theiprogram results from the front- models of the Sphere. AlthougYl this type panel lights, ,you'll need some dore of computer is expensive, it 499s have. hardware. This means a keyboard for everythin$ you'd n6ed for alhost any putting data .into the computer, and a type of ~rogramming.However, you are more sophisticated readout for checking locked into the integrated inputtoutput that the program iscorrect and for-read- .syste~moch as you ap4or an FM tuner in@the results. There is already a wide when {~t'sbuilt intp an Fh4 receiver. A .variety of keybard terminals available; printed output cpn'be added-onras it can 'and the most common readout. tbday is to almost any hobby computer. The cost a nl screen. of a simple printer has d&teased sub: stantiall;. For edample, Sguthwest 11- 11- I * AIl&One-Board. For those Technical offers one in kit form for $250, with lek an& Rectronic PrMbcts hci8tbshas 'I 7' I 52 , 1 .- POPUlAR"EtEWRON!W . I I .> ,. I- 2 , , . ,. ye.: ', . ' :.f' - ..- ( ' *.. Among the computers of this type, the one number to another in 8080 assem- lntecolor 8001, with an &color CRT, is bly language takes eleven steps, includ- unique. This adds an extra dimension to ing five mnemonics and three pairs of graphics and to just &out anything you address codes. Address cdes, are in want to put on the screen. pairs because addresses take up two bytes; that is, groups of 8 bits. (An 8980 Intelligent Terminals. A step up machine can address 2l6 memoty loca- from most hobby terminals, which can tions.) be used only as input/output devices, is The program for adding two numbers the intelligent terminal. With one of consists of these steps: load the ac- these, you can write, edit and store pro- Type 3: cumqtator with the number to be found grams for transmission to a larger cbm- HAL MCEM-8080 at, say, memory address 128. Then take puter directly, or to a time-sharing com- what's in the amumulator and move it to puter over a telephone ling (using a mo- register B. Next, load the accumulator dep device). with the number to be found at address Any hobby computer with a keyboard. 129, and add the contents of register B RS-232 or 20-mA currerlt-loop interface, - to what's in the accumulator. Take the and enough memory can be used as an sum that's now in the accumulator, and intelligent terminat of course. All you store it at address 130. If you've previ- need are the right programs. The S~L ously stored numbers at addresses 128 terminal from Proces or Technology and 129~this program will add them provides these programs7 in the form of together and put the sum in 130. Actud- pre-programmed PROM's, called "Per- ly, you can use any memory addresses TvHv 1: sonality Modules," at three levels. you want, instead of 128, 129 and 130, MOS Technology KIN-1 One module allows simple terminal as long as you don't select an address operations. A second-level module that's higher than the maximum address makes SOL an editing terminal. The top- Inyour system. level modhle transfo'ms it into an intelli- If you'd rather write programs with gent terminal as well as a stand-alone mnemonics such as LDA, MOV and computer. STA, then you need, as previously not- Programming. An important factor ed, an assembler program, which k also in choosing a .hobby micro is to decide at stored in memory along with your own which level you want to program. How program. For example, the MlTS Altair much memory your computer has will 8800b assembler takes up 5500 bytes of determine its price and also what kind qf memory, so if you're going to be writing programming language you can use. programs of any real length, you'll need Type 4: With only a few hundred bytes of at least 8k bytes of memory. Intersil Intercept Jr. memory, you'll usually be restricted to But suppose you're not really interest- programming in maehine language, or to ed in programming for programming's I short programs in assembly language.
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