Endnotes: Syria: the Burden of Memory and the Hope of the Gospel

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Endnotes: Syria: the Burden of Memory and the Hope of the Gospel Endnotes: Syria: The Burden of Memory and the Hope of the Gospel 1. For more details on the history of Syria, see “Understanding Syria: From Pre-Civil War to Post-Assad,” William R. Polk, The Atlantic, Dec.10, 2013. (University of Chicago Professor of History and U.S. Diplomat) 2. Ibid, Polk. 3. Lebanon still uses the census data from 1932 because religious balance is a sensitive issue. “International Religious Freedom Report - Lebanon,” 2001 Report on International Religious Freedom, U.S. Department of State, 26 Oct. 2001. 4. Raja Shehadah and Penny Johnson: Shifting Sands, 2016, and Roger Hardy: The Poisoned Well, 2016. 5. Brian VandeMark, American Sheikhs: Two Families, Four Generations, and the Story of America’s Influence in the Middle East, Prometheus Books, 2012. p.10. 6. Ibid. p.12. 7. Guide to the Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A., Board of Foreign Missions, Department of Missionary Personnel Records, 1832-1952, Philadelphia, PA. 8. “Mission directed to all peoples of the Near East, including large Arab, Persian, and Turkish populations. Syria and Persia Mission units transferred to Presbyterian Board U.S.A. in 1871. The Mission among Turkish Muslims continues, and since 1915 the American Board has undertaken some responsibilities in Syria and Lebanon, in most cases in cooperation with the Presbyterian Board.” American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Overview, 1810- 1985, Congressional Library. 9. Deanna Ferree Womack, Syrian Protestants and the Case of the Beirut Church: Re- imagining the American Missionary Encounter in Ottoman Syria. Syrian Studies Association Bulletin. Vol 19: No. 1 (2014). 10. “Presbyterians Do Mission in Partnership,” 2003 General Assembly Policy Statement, Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). 11. The severe underfunding of the U.N. relief efforts in the region has made registering with U.N. agencies less attractive since those receiving aid are not supposed to work, and many fear exposure and deportation from their countries of refuge. 12. “In Northeast Syria, A Christian Community Fights for Survival.” Dominique Soquel, The Christian Science Monitor, April 10, 2019. Summarized in The Christian Century, May 22, 2019. 13.Timeline of CIA Interventions in Syria, Rozeff, Michael S., Global Research, April 18, 2018. 14. John Prados, Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA, Chicago: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006, p. 164. 15. L. Paul Bremer, the U.S. Administrator of Iraq, issued two sweeping orders in May 2003: one outlawed the Baath Party and dismissed all senior members from their government posts; the other dissolved Iraq’s 500,000-member military and intelligence services. In November 2003 Bremer established a Supreme National De-Baathification Commission to root out senior Baathists from Iraqi ministries and hear appeals from Baathists who were in the lowest ranks of the party’s senior leadership. The party’s foremost leaders — some 5,000 to 10,000 individuals — were not permitted to appeal their dismissals. [Iraq: DeBaathification, Backgrounder by Sharon Otterman, February 22, 2005, Council on Foreign Relations]. 16. “How the Islamic State Evolved in an American Prison,” Terrence McCoy, Washington Post, Nov. 2014. 17. “The Hidden Hand Behind the Islamic State Militants? Saddam Hussein’s,” Liz Sly, Washington Post, 2015. 18. “Saddam's Former Amy Is Secret of Baghdadi's Success,” Samia Nakhoul, Reuters, 2015. 19. Up to 41,490 international citizens from as many as 809 countries are thought to have joined ISIS in Iraq and Syria between April 2013 and June 2018, according to a report by the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation at King’s College London, published in 2018. 20. See Rami Khouri, "Can Palestine Still Inspire the Arab World?" in Moment of Truth: Tackling Israel-Palestine's Toughest Questions, edited by Jamie Stern-Weiner, OR Books, 2018; and Yassin-Kassab and Leila Al-Shami, Burning Country: Syrians in Revolution and War, Pluto Press, 2018; and “The Demography of the Arab World and the Middle East from the 1950s to the 2000s; A Survey of Changes and a Statistical Assessment,” Dominique Tabutin and Bruno Shoumaker. Cairn Info International Edition. Vol. 60, 2005/5. 21. William R. Polk, "Understanding Syria: From Pre-Civil War to Post-Assad," The Atlantic, Dec. 10, 2013. 22. The Sunnah refers to the example of Muhammad, while the Ummah is the Muslim community. 23. The Sufis are not a distinct sect within Islam but represent a more spiritual and mystical dimension with a following among both Sunnis and Shias. There are no reliable figures on the proportion of Muslims worldwide who follow Sufi practices. 24. Nikolaos van Dam, Destroying a Nation: The Civil War in Syria, I.B. Tauris, 2017. 25. It Is Not Sectarianism, Hussein Agha and Robert Malley, New Yorker, March 11, 2019. 26. Main Factions in Syria - U.K. Parliament background briefing data. 27. Those population transfers of Greeks and Armenians (the indigenous Chrisitians) have now been called ethnic cleansing. 28. The recent election of a Mayor for Istanbul in June 2019 showed that Erdogan’s dominance is not as pervasive as previously thought. The first outcome of the election was thrown out when the candidate from a rival party won, but the repeated election gave the rival a higher margin than the first. 29. “Russia's Gazprom says offshore part of TurkStream is complete,” Reuters, November 19, 2018. 30. Amnesty International, January 28, 2019. 31. This is the Congregational/United Church of Christ entity, as noted in footnote 9. 32. “With Guns, Cash and Terrorism, Gulf States Vie for Power in Somalia,” - Ronen Bergman and David D. Kirkpatrick, The New York Times, July 22, 2019. 33. See The Siege of Mecca by Yaroslav Trofimov (Anchor Books, 2007) for a full account of this defining crisis in the Gulf. 34. “Is the Qatar-Iraq-Turkey-Europe Natural Gas Pipeline Project Feasible?,” ORSAM Center for Middle Eastern Studies; and Iran–Iraq–Syria pipeline. 35. “Qatar Won the Saudi Blockade,” Hassan Hassan, Foreign Policy, June 4, 2018. 36. Although it has a romantic ring to it, “the Levant” is a French term which is a vestige of colonialism. It is a relative term referring to “the land where the sun rises” because the sun rises in the east (Lever, to rise, in French). But the Sun doesn't rise in "the Levant" if you are in that region of course; it rises further to the east. So it's relative to where you are physically, or where you are from. The new way of referring to the region is through the use of geographic terms that are not relative, such as SW Asia. MENA (Middle East North Africa) is beginning to be dropped for SWANA, SW Asia, N. Africa. 37. Fisk, Robert, Pity the Nation: The Abduction of Lebanon, Oxford University Press, 1990. 38. Responsibility for the assassination of Hariri has never been definitively proven. See correspondent Nicholas Blanford’s summary: “Is Hezbollah right That Israel Assassinated Lebanon's Rafik Hariri?,” Nicholas Blanford, Christian Science Monitor, August 10, 2010. 39. Governance and Politics of Lebanon, Fanack.com 40. The Golan Heights were captured by Israel from Syria in 1967 but have been viewed by the United Nations as Syrian lands; however, in 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump “gave” the Golan Heights to Israel by recognizing Israel’s sovereignty over the region. In May 2019 Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu announced he would build a settlement in the Golan and name it after Mr. Trump. 41. “Iran's Axis of Resistance Rises, How It's Forging a New Middle East,” Payam Mohseni and Hussein Kalout, Foreign Affairs, Jan. 24, 2017. 42. Payam Mohseni and Hassan Ahmadian, "What Iran Really Wants in Syria," Foreign Policy, May 10, 2018. 43. These Presbyterian brothers held huge powers as they were simultaneously responsible for American overt and covert foreign policy through the Department of State and the CIA. 44. Described in detail in Stephen Kinzer’s All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror, Wiley, 2008. 45. “The Tension Between America and Iran, Explained,” By Megan Specia and Rick Gladstone, The New York Times, May 16, 2019. 46. Ibid, p.204. 47. Azerbaijan, bordering NW Iran, and Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, all in Central Asia. 48. Kerimov, Gasym, “Islam and Muslims in Russia Since the Collapse of the Soviet Union,” Religion, State, and Society, Vol. 24 Issue 2-3, 1996. 49. “The Recent History of Terrorist Attacks in Russia,” Adam Taylor, The Washington Post, April 3, 2017. 50. Egypt’s President Nasser nationalized the canal in an effort to end colonial domination. See Office of the Historian, Dept. of State, The Suez Crisis, 1956. 51. “The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and the U.S. Response, 1978–1980” - Department of State, Office of the Historian. 52. Putin’s U.N. General Assembly speech, The Washington Post, September 28, 2015. 53. The Link Between Putin’s Military Campaigns in Syria and Ukraine, Edward Delman, The Atlantic, October 2, 2015. 54. Syrian opposition figure says ceasefire never took hold, Reuters, September 19, 2016. 55. Definition from christianzionism.org. 56. “Unprecedented: Trump Gave Israel the Golan as a Gift and Asked for Nothing in Return,” Aluf Benn, Haaretz, March 26, 2019. 57. “The Arab Awakening,” Rami Khouri, The Nation, August 24, 2011. 58. “Syria: A Kingdom of Silence.” Cajsa Wikstrom, Aljazeera, February 2011. See wikipedia for الشعب يريد إسقاط النظام ,Arabic transliteration: Ash-shab yurid isqat an-nizam .59 more. Can also be translated as "The people want the fall of the regime," or “The regime must fall.” 60. Guide: Syria Crisis - BBC News, April 2012. 61. “Syria Says Seizes Weapons Smuggled from Iraq,” Reuters, March 11, 2011.
Recommended publications
  • The Potential for an Assad Statelet in Syria
    THE POTENTIAL FOR AN ASSAD STATELET IN SYRIA Nicholas A. Heras THE POTENTIAL FOR AN ASSAD STATELET IN SYRIA Nicholas A. Heras policy focus 132 | december 2013 the washington institute for near east policy www.washingtoninstitute.org The opinions expressed in this Policy Focus are those of the author and not necessar- ily those of The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, its Board of Trustees, or its Board of Advisors. MAPS Fig. 1 based on map designed by W.D. Langeraar of Michael Moran & Associates that incorporates data from National Geographic, Esri, DeLorme, NAVTEQ, UNEP- WCMC, USGS, NASA, ESA, METI, NRCAN, GEBCO, NOAA, and iPC. Figs. 2, 3, and 4: detail from The Tourist Atlas of Syria, Syria Ministry of Tourism, Directorate of Tourist Relations, Damascus. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publica- tion may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2013 by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 1828 L Street NW, Suite 1050 Washington, DC 20036 Cover: Digitally rendered montage incorporating an interior photo of the tomb of Hafez al-Assad and a partial view of the wheel tapestry found in the Sheikh Daher Shrine—a 500-year-old Alawite place of worship situated in an ancient grove of wild oak; both are situated in al-Qurdaha, Syria. Photographs by Andrew Tabler/TWI; design and montage by 1000colors.
    [Show full text]
  • The Syrian Conflict: a Systems Conflict Analysis
    The ARK Group is a network of stabilisation and conflict transformation The Syrian conflict: consultancies that provides research- KDF Documents informed analysis and policy recommendations, as well as evidence- A systems conflict analysis based interventions in conflict-affected states on behalf of public and private sector clients. Working with and through local communities, we seek to understand and then mitigate the negative effects of conflict and instability to enhance community safety and promote human security, development and economic opportunity. Cover © Lens of a Young Damascene Back-cover © Lens of a Young Damascene ARK Group DMCC February 2016 The Syrian conflict: A systems conflict analysis ARK Group DMCC February 2016 ARK is a consultancy company specialising in the provision of policy-relevant research and the design and management of conflict prevention and transforma- tion programmes to prevent and mitigate instability and promote positive social change and development. For more information about ARK or this paper, please contact: [email protected]. Copyright © 2016 ARK GROUP DMCC CONTENTS 4 Acronyms 5 Acknowledgements 6 Executive summary 8 Introduction 8 Understanding the Syrian conflict 10 Analytical framework and report structure 11 What is a systems conflict analysis? 11 How to read this report 3 12 Brief contextual overview 16 Stakeholders analysis: conflict actors and interests 16 Local stakeholders: pro-regime 19 Local stakeholders: pro-opposition 22 Local stakeholders: the Islamic State in Iraq and the
    [Show full text]
  • INS Seminars & Round Table Meetings
    2012 – 2021 Date: 2012, 22 Maart Venue: Promenade Hotel, Den Haag Subject: Oprichting INS en Welkom aan H.E. Mrs. Ambassador Retno Marsudi Moderator: Dr. Willem van Eekelen, Chair INS Trustees Speakers: Mr. Frits Korthals Altes, Minister van Staat Dr. Bernard Bot, Oud-Minister van Buitenlandse Zaken De heer Jesse M. Kuijper namens The Borneo Initiative Prof. Mr. Laurens Jan Brinkhorst, Oud-Minister Prof. dr. Alexander Rinnooy Kan, University of Amsterdam Mr. Hans van Baalen, Europarlementarier en voorzitter Liberal International Mevr. drs. Yvonne van Genugten, directeur Indisch Herinneringscentrum Bronbeek De heer Rennie R. Roos, student in Leiden en Yogyakarta De heer J.H.N. van Ameijden namens Damen Shipyards Prof. dr. D.E. Grobbee, International Health Sciences, Universiteit Utrecht Mr. Jan Kees Wiebenga, lid van de Raad van State Dr. Koos van Dam, Oud-ambassadeur in Jakarta INS Seminars & Round Table meetings Date: 2012, 28 June Venue: The Hague, Senate’s Building Subject: Indonesia and the European Union /and the role of the Netherlands in this relationship Moderator: Mr. Jesse Kuijper, Chair INS Speakers: H.E. Ambassador Retno Marsudi, Mr. Jaap de Zwaan, Former Director of the Clingendael Institute Mr. Willem van Hasselt, EU Strategy Advisor, MFA Date: 2012, 11 December Venue: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs Subject: Indonesia’s Economic Growth in the 21st Century, Challenges and opportunities for teaming up with Asia's third emerging market Handing Linggarjati Award 2012 to Mrs. Joty ter Kulve – van Os Moderator: Mr. Jesse Kuijper, Chair INS Speakers: Dr. Fauzi Ichsan, Indonesian Senior Economist of Standard Chartered Bank, Member of the Bank of Indonesia Management Committee Ir.
    [Show full text]
  • Discussing Islam in the Perspective of Netherlands, Middle East, and Indonesia
    Discussing Islam in the Perspective of Netherlands, Middle East, and Indonesia Tuesday, 29 June 2010 WIB, By: Marwati Many Westerners have never set foot in Arab countries or the Islamic world. They get an impression about Islam and Muslims only from the mass media or by direct contact with various groups of Muslim immigrants living in their countries. The view of Islam among the general public in Europe or generally the West is now more often shaped by events that took place near their home or neighbors rather than the growth at distant Muslim countries. As a result, the impression of Islam leads to more negative aspects. "For example, a group of Moroccan Muslim immigrants in Dutch, Algerian Muslim immigrants in France, Pakistan and the Indian Muslim migrants in the UK, and Turkish Muslims immigrants in Germany," said the Ambassador of the Netherlands Indonesia, Dr. Nikolaos van Dam, in the talk show "Islam in the Perspective of Netherlands, the Middle East and Indonesia." The event was held at the Koesnadi Hardjasoemantri Cultural Center UGM, Friday (25/6). Nikolaos van Dam during the last twenty years has dedicated his time in diplomatic and academic career. His main expertise is the Middle East affairs and the Arab world. Besides Nikolaos, also attended the occasion Prof. Dr. Amin Abdullah, (Rector) UIN Sunan Kalijaga, as the speaker. The talk show was hosted by Fr. Gregorius Budi Subanar, S.J, professor at the University of Sanata Dharma. Further, Nikolaos said that the total population of Muslims in the Netherlands is about one million people or about 6% of the population.
    [Show full text]
  • Nikolaos Van Dam, “Book Review: Peter Behnstedt, Sprachatlas Von Syrien,” Syrian Studies Association Newsletter, XIV: 1 (2008)
    Book Review Peter Behnstedt, Sprachatlas von Syrien I, Kartenband & Beiheft, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1997, 1037 & 242 pages. Sprachatlas von Syrien II: Volkskundliche Texte, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2000, 661 pages. [Language Atlas of Syria Part I: Maps & Accompanying Volume. Part II: Ethnographic Texts]. Reviewed by Nikolaos van Dam Dr. Peter Behnstedt’s Language Atlas of Syria and its accompanying volumes contain an enormous wealth of information on Syrian Arabic dialects, which will be particularly enjoyed by connoisseurs. This monumental work uncovers a linguistic, social and cultural diversity of Syria, which is not generally known. Apart from the Arabic dialects of Syria, other spoken languages are dealt with in the linguistic maps as well. The Accompanying Volume (Beiheft) to the atlas provides explanatory notes to the linguistic maps. It also contains word lists on the various Arabic dialects, as well as on New West Aramaic, Turoyo, Assyrian, Kildani, Turkish, Kurdish, Circassian, Chechen, Armenian and Greek, the languages which Behnstedt came across during his research. The 518 large and highly detailed linguistic maps are of great benefit, even to those who have not mastered the German language. This is the first time that such a highly diverse collection of Syrian Arabic dialect materials has ever been published - and it may be the last. Various dialects may not survive the present generation of speakers and may have already begun to disappear. Behnstedt identifies some twelve main dialect groups which can be sub-divided into more than 60 subtypes, all having their own specific combinations of phonological, morphological and lexicographical profiles. They are classified according to regions, cities, neighborhoods, villages, urban/rural, mountains, semi-deserts, Bedouin tribes (Shammar, Rwala, Baggara), Shawi, mixed Bedouin/sedentary, religious communities (Sunni, Christian, Alawi, Isma’ili, Druze, Shi’i), and so on.
    [Show full text]
  • Language and Typology of Dakwahist Islamic Fundamentalism
    INSANIYAT Journal of Islam and Humanities, Vol. 1(1), November 2016 Language and Typology of Dakwahist Islamic Fundamentalism: The Study of Arabic Loanwords in The Religious Book of Jamaah Tablig Sukron Kamil Arabic Letters Department, Faculty of Adab and Humanities, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta, Indonesia email: [email protected] Abstract The study on the extrinsic language and its relation with religious system is important to undertake as it has strong intrinsic language paradigm. This paper found that there is a gap in the language research in response to a socio-cultural challenge. This paper studies the use of language and Islamic fundamentalism system in the religious book of Jamaah Tablig. The result shows that there is a correlation between them. The Arabic loanwords used by Jamaah Tablig in their preaching activities indicate that their religious system is fundamentalist. This paper uses the hermeneutical approach to study this topic. Next, this paper suggests that this group use the contextual and socio-cultural elements of the Quran, and do not use solely literal approach to the study of Islam (the Quran and the Muhammad tradition/Sunnah). Keywords: dakwahist fundamentalism, Arabic loanwords, khurûj, and ittibâ’ A. Introduction defines as a conservative and reactionary religious concept or movement leading to an The fundamentalist is a person or group of emphasis on purity and the desire to return people who adhere to their religious basic to a previous religious teaching as written in ideas or principles. In Arabic terminology, the scriptures, eventhough, some members it is called as ushuli (principled) which is in of this group have a tendency to fight for line with salafi (Islamic orthodoxy) though their belief radically.
    [Show full text]
  • Syria: Political Conditions and Relations with the United States After the Iraq War
    Order Code RL32727 CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web Syria: Political Conditions and Relations with the United States After the Iraq War Updated February 28, 2005 Alfred B. Prados and Jeremy M. Sharp Analysts in Middle East Policy Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress Syria: Political Conditions and Relations with the United States After the Iraq War Summary This report focuses on Syria’s internal politics and the impact of hostilities in Iraq on Syria’s stability and U.S.-Syrian relations. It outlines the development of the regime currently headed by President Bashar al-Asad and its support base; describes potential challenges to the regime; examines the effect of the Iraq war on Syrian domestic politics and U.S.-Syrian relations; and reviews U.S. policy options toward Syria. It will be updated when significant changes take place and affect these relationships. For more information on Syrian foreign policy issues, see CRS Issue Brief IB92075, Syria: U.S. Relations and Bilateral Issues, by Alfred B. Prados. For over three decades, the Asad family has controlled and ruled Syria. Although few observers believe that the Syrian political system faces an imminent rupture, Syria’s precarious long-term economic outlook coupled with continued uncertainty over the future of neighboring Iraq could have a serious impact on Syrian politics. Economic pressures from the loss of oil revenues and population growth could push the question of reform to the forefront of Syrian politics. Many analysts believe that Syria’s efforts to reform its economy and political system have stalled, and it remains unclear whether or not the Syrian government will be able to control the reform process indefinitely.
    [Show full text]
  • The Struggle for Syria in 2011
    December 2011 Joseph Holliday MIDDLE EAST SECURITY REPORT 2 THE STRUGGLE FOR SYRIA IN 2011 AN OPERATIONAL AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS Photo Credit: April, 17, 2011—Syrian protesters shouts slogans calling for President Bashar Assad to step down during a protest to express solidarity with Syrian people in front of the Syrian embassy in Amman, Jordan. Photo courtesy of Nader Daoud. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ©2011 by the Institute for the Study of War. Published in 2011 in the United States of America by the Institute for the Study of War. 1400 16th Street NW, Suite 515 Washington, DC 20036. http://www.understandingwar.org Joseph Holliday MIDDLE EAST SECURITY REPORT 2 THE STRUGGLE FOR SYRIA IN 2011 AN OPERATIONAL AND REGIONAL ANALYSIS ABOUT THE AUTHOR Joseph Holliday, a Senior Research Analyst at the Institute for the Study of War, served as an Infantry and intelligence officer in the U.S. Army from June 2006 to September 2011, and continues to serve in the Army reserves. During his time on active duty, Joe deployed to East Baghdad, Iraq from November 2007 to January 2009 with the 10th Mountain Division, 2-30 Infantry Battalion. From May 2010 to May 2011 Joe deployed to Afghanistan’s Kunar Province as the Intelligence Officer for 2-327 Infantry Battalion, 101st Airborne Division. He has a Bachelor’s degree in History from Princeton University.
    [Show full text]
  • Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan Recommended Reading
    Global Ministries—UCC & Disciples Middle East and Europe Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan Recommended Reading Lebanon Political Islam, Citizenship, and Minorities: The Future of Arab Christians in the Islamic Middle East , by Andrea Zaki Stephanous—Stephanous is the General Director of the Coptic Evangelical Organization for Social Services in Cairo, Egypt, and in this volume, has made a major contribution on the interaction between Arab Christians and Islam, particularly in Egypt and Lebanon. Beginning with an excellent historical roadmap of political Islam, Stephanous explores positions and critiques within Islam, and continues by engaging the question of minorities and specifically Christians. In the second half, he examines Coptic and Maronite identity and political participation before concluding with a proposal for dynamic citizenship, which goes beyond political citizenship and involves pluralistic identity. Stephanous’ book is packed with insightful information, theoretical (and theological) discussion, and hope for the future. The Thirsty Enemy: A Memoir , by Rev. John Markarian—This autobiography is written by the first president of Haigazian University, our partner in Beirut, Lebanon. Markarian spends much time on his experience at Haigazian, with some attention to his time at NEST, and the informal history of both is interesting. The theme of the book is based on Markarian’s living the “If your enemy is thirsty, give him something to drink” teaching of the Proverbs and of Paul, in the context of the Lebanese civil war. Markarian’s story is a series of anecdotes from his life and is reflective and quite entertaining reading. Sarah and Her Sisters , by Robert Stoddard, Jr.—This is a thoroughly researched history of Congregational and Presbyterian mission in Beirut, focusing especially on the history of what eventually became known as Lebanese American University, in the 18 th and early 19 th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Islamic and Islamist Revivalism in Syria: the Rise and Fall of Secularism in Ba'thist Syria
    Islamic and Islamist Revivalism in Syria: The Rise and Fall of Secularism in Ba„thist Syria. Line Khatib © 2 Line Khatib Islamic Revivalism in Syria 3 Line Khatib ISLAMIC AND ISLAMIST REVIVALISM IN SYRIA: THE RISE AND FALL OF SECULARISM IN BA„THIST SYRIA. ___________________________________________ 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS _____________________________________________________ 6 ABSTRACT _________________________________________________________________ 7 RESUME ____________________________________________________________________ 8 Chapter 1: The Subject of Islamic Revivalism in Syria _____________________________ 10 Scope of the Study __________________________________________________________________ 10 Key Research Questions and Key Variables ______________________________________________ 12 ―Islamic,‖ ―Islamist‖ and ―Fundamentalist‖ Defined _______________________________________ 13 Why Study Syria‘s Conflictual Relationship with its Islamic Movement? _______________________ 14 Contribution _______________________________________________________________________ 16 Contending Perspectives ______________________________________________________________ 16 Methodology _______________________________________________________________________ 25 Map of the Work ____________________________________________________________________ 27 PART I: THE ORIGINS OF THE CONFLICT ___________________________________ 28 Chapter 2: Rise of a Secular Socialist Party: The Ba´th in Power _____________________ 29 Introduction ________________________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Coup-Proofing James T. Quinlivan
    Coup-proofing James T. Quinlivan Its Practice and Consequences in the Middle East In the aftermath of the U.S.-led coalition’s defeat of Iraq in the Gulf War, many observers believed that Saddam Hussein would eventually be toppled in a military coup. After years of dashed hopes, however, few expect that the Iraqi military is likely to undertake such action. Many analysts claim that the Iraqi regime is, in fact, coup-proof. Saddam Hussein’s staying power should cause any similarly led U.S. coalition to rethink not just the possibilities of both coups and coup- prooªng but how it would ªght and defeat a coup-proof regime. In this article, I analyze how states become coup-proof, focusing speciªcally on the policies that Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Syria have adopted to achieve this goal. These policies include reliance on groups with special loyalties to the regime and the creation of parallel military organizations and multiple internal security agencies. The United States has a particular interest in how these countries have made their regimes coup-proof. Saudi Arabia is an important U.S. ally, Iraq is a hostile state, and Syria is somewhere in between. Conºict between the United States and either Iraq or Syria, however, pits a superpower with a short attention span against regimes that have accepted serious constraints on their ability to exercise their full military potential. Both states have developed heavily politicized militaries that are incapable of realizing this potential as long as their leaderships continue to divert resources to protect their regimes. At the same time, they have created a militarized politics that is surprisingly resilient in the face of defeat.
    [Show full text]
  • Delica Te Deba Tes on Islam Otto and Mason (Eds.)
    Delicate Debates on Islam : Policymakers and Academics Speaking with Each Other Otto, Jan Michiel; Mason, Hannah Citation Otto, J. M., & Mason, H. (Eds.). (2011). Delicate Debates on Islam : Policymakers and Academics Speaking with Each Other. Leiden University Press. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/21372 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/21372 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Delicate debates on Islam are all around us: Opinions seem readily formed, but what are they based on? How do prominent policy makers like Job Cohen, Jaap de Hoop Scheffer and Nikolaos van Dam or academics and researchers like John Esposito, Dalia Mogahed and some Leiden professors react to these urgent questions? This book, Delicate Debates on Islam shows some of the nagging questions from policymakers who face complex issues in their day-to-day operations. The book shows that the picture of Islam is often distorted. Many Western countries, including the Netherlands with its former reputation of tolerance and cosmopolitanism, have seen an increasing polarisation in the past decade. Delicate Debates on Islam offers the reader the academic responses of Delicate Debates on Islam Debates Delicate the Leiden University Centre for the Study of Islam and Society, LUCIS, to a selection of hotly-contested issues including Islam and democracy, the position of women and human rights. With these topics Delicate Debates on Islam addresses the relation between academics and policymakers in a debate dominated by media and politics that will continue to dominate in the years to come.
    [Show full text]