This article is about the European country. For other expelled after the war and thus the country lost its size- uses, see Czech Republic (disambiguation). able minority and its bilingual character. The Communist Party of won the 1946 elections. Fol- The Czech Republic ( i/ˈtʃɛk rɨˈpʌblɪk/ CHEK-rə-PUB- lowing the 1948 coup d'état, Czechoslovakia became a single-party communist state under Soviet influence. In lik;[10] Czech: Česká republika [ˈtʃɛskaː͡ ˈrɛpuˌblɪka]), is a in Central bordered by 1968, increasing dissatisfaction with the regime culmi- nated in a reform movement known as the Spring, to the west, to the south, to the east and to the northeast. The capital and largest which ended in a Soviet-led invasion. Czechoslovakia re- city, Prague, has over 1.2 million residents. The Czech mained occupied until the 1989 Velvet Revolution, when Republic includes the historical territories of , the communist regime collapsed and a multiparty par- , and Czech . liamentary republic was formed. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved, with its constituent The Czech state was formed in the late 9th century as states becoming the independent states of the Czech Re- the of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Em- public and Slovakia. pire. After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of [13] power transferred from Moravia to Bohemia under the The Czech Republic is a developed country with an advanced,[14] high income economy[15] and high living Přemyslids. In 1004, the duchy was formally recognized [16][17][18] [11][12] standards. The UNDP ranks the country 15th in as part of the , becoming the [19] in 1212, and reaching its greatest inequality-adjusted human development. The Czech territorial extent in the 14th century. The King of Bo- Republic also ranks as the 11th peaceful country, hemia ruled not only Bohemia itself, but also other lands, while achieving strong performance in democratic gov- which together formed the so-called Crown of Bohemia, ernance. It is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE and the and he had a vote in the election of the Holy Roman Em- [20] peror. In the of the 15th century driven Council of Europe. by the Bohemian Reformation, the kingdom faced eco- nomic embargoes and defeated five proclaimed by the leaders of the Roman and orga- 1 Etymology nized mainly by the emperor and princes of the Holy Ro- man Empire. Main article: Name of the Czech Republic Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the The traditional English name “Bohemia” derives from Kingdom of . The Protestant Bohemian Re- “Boiohaemum”, which means “home of the Boii". volt (1618–20) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to The current name comes from the endonym Čech, bor- the Thirty Years’ War, after which the monarchy con- rowed through Polish and spelled accordingly.[21][22] The solidated its rule, reimposed Catholicism, and adopted name comes from the Slavic tribe (, Czech: Če- a policy of gradual Germanization. With the dissolu- chové) and, according to legend, their leader Čech, who tion of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Bohemian brought them to Bohemia, to settle on Říp Mountain. The Kingdom became part of the and the etymology of the word Čech can be traced back to the experienced its revival as a consequence Proto-Slavic root *čel-, meaning “member of the peo- of widespread romantic nationalism. In the , ple; kinsman”, thus making it cognate to the Czech word the became the industrial powerhouse of the člověk (a person).[23] monarchy and were subsequently the core of the Republic The country has been traditionally divided into three of Czechoslovakia, which was formed in 1918 following lands, namely Bohemia (Čechy) in the west, Moravia the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after (Morava) in the southeast, and Czech Silesia (Slezsko; the War I. smaller, south-eastern part of historical Silesia, most of Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany in World War which is located within modern Poland) in the northeast. II, and was liberated in 1945 by Soviet and American Known as the lands of the Bohemian Crown since the 14th forces. Most of the German-speaking inhabitants were century, a number of other names for the country have been used, including Czech/Bohemian lands, Bohemian

1 2 2 HISTORY

Crown, and the lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas. When the country regained its independence after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian empire in 1918, the • part of the Holy Roman Empire 1002–1806 new name of Czechoslovakia was coined to reflect the union of the Czech and Slovak nations within the one country. • part of the Austrian Empire 1804–1867 Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia at the end of 1992, the Czech part of the former nation found itself • part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire 1867– without a common single-word name in English. In 1993, 1918 the Czech Minister of Foreign Affairs Jozef Zieleniec suggested referring to the new country in less formal con- texts as “Czechland”, singling it out as a traditional name [24] Czechoslovakia 1918–1939 of the dominion of the Czechs. He also offered the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (protectorate alternative “Czechia” /ˈtʃɛkiə/ (Česko Czech pronunciation: of ) 1939–1945 [ˈtʃɛsko] in Czech); while the Czech form has gained us- age, the English version is still rare.[25] The current Czech Czechoslovakia 1945–1992 president Miloš Zeman uses the name Czechia in his offi- Czech Republic 1993 – present cial speeches and promotes its wider use.[26][27][28] Never- theless, in official documents and the full names of gov- 2.1 Prehistory ernment institutions the term Czech Republic is always used. Archaeologists have found evidence of prehistoric human settlements in the area, dating back to the Paleolithic era. The figurine Venus of Dolní Věstonice, together with a 2 History few others from nearby locations, found here is the oldest known ceramic article in the world. Main article: History of the Czech lands In the classical era, from the 3rd century BC Celtic mi- grations, the Boii and later in the 1st century, Germanic tribes of Marcomanni and Quadi settled there. Their king Maroboduus is the first documented ruler of Bo- hemia. During the around the 5th cen- tury, many Germanic tribes moved westwards and south- wards out of . Slavic people from the -Carpathian region set- tled in the area (a movement that was also stimulated by Diachronic distribution of Celtic peoples, showing the onslaught of peoples from Siberia and Eastern Eu- expansion of the core territory into the Czech lands by rope: Huns, Avars, Bulgars and Magyars). In the sixth the 270s BC century they moved westwards into Bohemia, Moravia and some of present day Austria and Germany. During the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, support- ing the fighting against nearby settled Avars, be- came the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe, the Samo’s Empire. The Moravian principality Great Moravia arose in the 8th century and reached its zenith in the 9th, when it held off the influence of the Franks and won the protection of the .

2.2 Bohemia Great Moravia (pictured 9th century) was the first West Slavic state in Central Europe.[29] The Duchy of Bohemia emerged in the late 9th cen- Historical affiliations tury, when it was unified by the Přemyslid dynasty. In 10th century Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia conquered Moravia, Silesia and expanded farther to the east. The Samo’s Empire 631–658 Kingdom of Bohemia was, as the only kingdom in the Great Moravia 830s–900s Holy Roman Empire, a significant regional power during Duchy of Bohemia –1198 the . It was part of the Empire from 1002 Kingdom of Bohemia 1198–1918 till 1806, with the exception of the years 1440–1526. In 2.2 Bohemia 3

Crown of Saint Wenceslas is the 4th oldest in Europe

Crown of Bohemia under Emperor Charles IV

Přemysl Ottokar II, King of Bohemia (1253–1278) and Duke of Austria (1251–1278)

Holy Roman Empire in 1600. It included the Czech lands from 1004 to 1806, and Prague was the imperial seat in 1346–1437 and 1583–1611. 1212, King Přemysl Ottokar I (bearing the title “king” since 1198) extracted the Golden Bull of Sicily (a formal edict) from the emperor, confirming Ottokar and his de- King Přemysl Ottokar II earned the nickname Iron and scendants’ royal status; the Duchy of Bohemia was raised Golden King because of his military power and wealth. to a Kingdom. The bull declared that the King of Bo- He acquired Austria, Styria, Carinthia and , thus hemia would be exempt from all future obligations to the spreading the Bohemian territory to the Adriatic Sea. He Holy Roman Empire except for participation in imperial met his death at the Battle on the Marchfeld in 1278 in councils. German immigrants settled in the Bohemian a war with his rival, King Rudolph I of Germany.[31] Ot- periphery in the 13th century. Germans populated towns tokar’s son Wenceslaus II acquired the Polish crown in and mining districts and, in some cases, formed German 1300 for himself and the Hungarian crown for his son. colonies in the interior of Bohemia. In 1235, the Mongols He built a great empire stretching from the Danube river launched an invasion of Europe. After the Battle of Leg- to the Baltic Sea. In 1306, the last king of Přemyslid line nica, the Mongols carried their raids into Moravia. The was murdered in mysterious circumstances in Mongols subsequently invaded and defeated Hungary.[30] while he was resting. After a series of dynastic wars, the House of gained the Bohemian throne.[32] The 14th century, in particular, the reign of the Czech king Charles IV (1316–1378), who also became the King of , King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor, is considered the Golden Age of Czech history. Of par- ticular significance was the founding of Charles Univer- sity in Prague in 1348, , Charles Square. Much of and the cathedral of Saint Vitus in Gothic style were completed during his reign. He uni- fied Brandenburg (until 1415), Lusatia (until 1635), and Silesia (until 1742) under the Czech crown. The Black Death, which had raged in Europe from 1347 to 1352, [33] Coat of arms of Kingdom of Bohemia emerged in the decimated the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1380, killing [34] 13th century about 10% of the population. 4 2 HISTORY

By the end of the 14th century started the process of the 1765, were characterized by enlightened absolutism. In so-called Bohemian (Czech) Reformation. The religious 1742, most of Silesia (except the southernmost area), at and social reformer formed a reform movement that time the possession of the Bohemian crown, was later named after him. Although Hus was named a heretic seized by King Frederick II of Prussia in the Silesian and burnt in Constance in 1415, his followers seceded Wars. In 1757 the Prussians invaded Bohemia and after from the Catholic Church and in the Hussite Wars (1419– the Battle of Prague (1757) occupied the city. More than 1434) defeated five crusades organized against them by one quarter of Prague was destroyed and St. Vitus Cathe- the Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund. Petr Chelčický dral also suffered heavy damage. However, soon after, continued with the Hussite Reformation movement. Dur- at the Battle of Kolín Frederick was defeated and had ing the next two centuries, 90% of the inhabitants became to leave Prague and retreat from Bohemia. In 1770 and adherents of the Hussite Christian movement. 1771 Great Famine killed about one tenth of the Czech After 1526 Bohemia came increasingly under Habsburg population, or 250,000 inhabitants, and radicalised the countryside leading to peasant uprisings.[40] Serfdom was control as the Habsburgs became first the elected and then in 1627 the hereditary rulers of Bohemia. The Austrian abolished (in two steps) between 1781 and 1848. Habsburgs of the 16th century, the founders of the central The fall of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 led to degra- European , were buried in Prague. dation of the political status of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Between 1583–1611 Prague was the official seat of the Bohemia lost its position of an electorate of the Holy Ro- Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II and his court. man Empire as well as its own political representation [41] The Defenestration of Prague and subsequent revolt in the Imperial Diet. Bohemian lands became part of against the Habsburgs in 1618 marked the start of the the Austrian Empire and later of Austria–Hungary. The Thirty Years’ War, which quickly spread throughout Cen- Revolution of 1848 in Prague, striving for liberal reforms tral Europe. In 1620, the rebellion in Bohemia was and autonomy of the Bohemian Crown within the Aus- crushed at the , and the ties be- trian Empire, was suppressed. In 1866 Austria was de- tween Bohemia and the Habsburgs’ hereditary lands in feated by Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War. The Aus- Austria were strengthened. The leaders of the Bohemian trian Empire needed to redefine itself to maintain unity in Revolt were executed in 1621. The nobility and the mid- the face of nationalism. At first it seemed that some con- dle class Protestants had to either convert to Catholicism cessions would be made also to Bohemia, but in the end or leave the country.[35] the Emperor Franz Joseph I effected a compromise with Hungary only. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and the never realized coronation of Franz Joseph as King of Bohemia led to a huge disappointment of Czech politicians.[42] The Bohemian Crown lands became part of the so-called Cisleithania (officially “The Kingdoms and Lands represented in the Imperial Council"). The first elections under universal male suffrage were held in 1907. The last King of Bohemia was Blessed Charles of Austria who ruled in 1916–1918.

2.3 Czechoslovakia

Main article: History of Czechoslovakia

The Defenestration of Prague sparked the Thirty Years’ War An estimated 1.4 million Czech soldiers fought in , of whom some 150,000 died. Although the ma- The following period, from 1620 to the late 18th cen- jority of Czech soldiers fought for the Austro-Hungarian tury, has often been called colloquially the “Dark Age”. Empire, more than 90,000 Czech volunteers formed the The population of the Czech lands declined by a third Czechoslovak Legions in , Italy and , where through the expulsion of Czech Protestants as well as due [36] they fought against the Central Powers and later against to the war, disease and famine. The Habsburgs prohib- [43] [37] Bolshevik troops. In 1918, during the collapse of the ited all Christian confessions other than Catholicism. Habsburg Empire at the end of World War I, the indepen- The flowering of culture shows the ambiguity of dent republic of Czechoslovakia, which joined the win- this historical period. Ottoman Turks and Tatars invaded ning Allied powers, was created. This new country in- Moravia in 1663.[38] In 1679–1680 the Czech lands faced [39] corporated the Bohemian Crown (Bohemia, Moravia and a devastating plague and an uprising of serfs. Silesia) and parts of the Kingdom of Hungary (Slovakia The reigns of of Austria and her son and the Carpathian Ruthenia) with significant German, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor and co-regent from Hungarian, Polish and Ruthenian speaking minorities.[44] 2.3 Czechoslovakia 5

Adolf Hitler took advantage of this opportunity and, us- ing Konrad Henlein's separatist Sudeten German Party, gained the largely German speaking (and its substantial Maginot Line-like border fortifications) through the 1938 Agreement (signed by Nazi Germany, France, Britain and Italy). Czechoslovakia was not invited to the conference and felt betrayed by the and France, so Czechs and Slovaks call the Munich Agreement the Munich Betrayal because the military alliance Czechoslovakia had with France proved useless.

Third Reich Poland

2 1 Czechoslovak declaration of independence rally in Prague on 5 Slovakia , 28 October 1918 4 6 3 Hungary In 1929 compared to 1913, the gross domestic product increased by 52% and industrial production by 41%. In 1938 Czechoslovakia held a 10th place in the world in- dustrial production.[45] The Munich Agreement between Germany, France, Italy and the United Kingdom resulted in German occupation of Czechoslo- vakia

Despite the mobilization of 1.2 million-strong Czechoslo- vak army and the Franco-Czech military alliance, Poland annexed the area around Český Těšín; Hungary gained parts of Slovakia and the Subcarpathian Rus as a result of the First Award in November 1938. The remainders of Slovakia and the Subcarpathian Rus gained greater autonomy, with the state renamed to “Czecho- Slovakia”. After Nazi Germany threatened to annex part of Slovakia, allowing the remaining regions to be parti- tioned by Hungary and Poland, Slovakia chose to main- tain its national and territorial integrity, seceding from Czecho-Slovakia in March 1939, and allying itself, as de- manded by Germany, with Hitler’s coalition.[46] The remaining Czech territory was occupied by Germany, which transformed it into the so-called Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. The protectorate was proclaimed part of the Third Reich, and the presi- Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (left), first president of dent and prime minister were subordinated to the Nazi Czechoslovakia, and Edvard Beneš (right), president Germany’s Reichsprotektor. Subcarpathian Rus declared before and after World War II. independence as the Republic of Carpatho- on 15 March 1939 but was invaded by Hungary the same Although Czechoslovakia was a unitary state, it provided day and formally annexed the next day. Approximately what were at the time rather extensive rights to its minori- 345,000 Czechoslovak citizens, including 277,000 Jews, ties and remained the only democracy in this part of Eu- were killed or executed while hundreds of thousands rope in the interwar period. The effects of the Great De- of others were sent to prisons and Nazi concentration pression including high unemployment and massive pro- camps or used as forced labour. Up to two-thirds of paganda from Nazi Germany, however, resulted in dis- the citizens were in groups targeted by the Nazis for content and strong support among ethnic Germans for a deportation or death.[47] One concentration camp was break from Czechoslovakia. located within the Czech territory at Terezín, north of 6 2 HISTORY

Prague. icant change came in 1948 with coup d'état by the Com- munist Party. The Communist People’s Militias secured control of key locations in Prague, and a single party gov- ernment was formed.

Prague liberated by Red Army in May 1945

There was Czech resistance to Nazi occupation, both at home and abroad, most notably with the assassination of Nazi German leader Reinhard Heydrich by Czechoslo- The Prague Spring political liberalization of the communist vakian soldiers Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš in a regime was stopped by the 1968 Warsaw Pact invasion of Prague suburb on 27 May 1942. On 9 June 1942 Czechoslovakia Hitler ordered bloody reprisals against the Czechs as a response to the Czech anti-Nazi resistance. The For the next 41 years, Czechoslovakia was a Communist Czechoslovak government-in-exile and its army fought state within the Eastern Bloc. This period is character- against the Germans and were acknowledged by the Al- ized by lagging behind the West in almost every aspect lies; Czech/Czechoslovak troops fought from the very be- of social and economic development. The country’s GDP ginning of the war in Poland, France, the UK, North per capita fell from the level of neighboring Austria below Africa, the Middle East and the Soviet Union. The Ger- that of or in the 1980s. The Communist man occupation ended on 9 May 1945, with the arrival of government completely nationalized the means of pro- the Soviet and American armies and the Prague uprising. duction and established a command economy. The econ- An estimated 140,000 Soviet soldiers died in liberating omy grew rapidly during the 1950s but slowed down in Czechoslovakia from German rule.[48] the 1960s and 1970s and stagnated in the 1980s. The po- litical climate was highly repressive during the 1950s, in- In 1945–1946, almost the entire German-speaking mi- cluding numerous show trials and hundreds of thousands nority in Czechoslovakia, about 3 million people, were of political prisoners, but became more open and toler- expelled to Germany and Austria. During this time, thou- ant in the late 1960s, culminating in Alexander Dubček's sands of Germans were held in prisons and detention leadership in the 1968 Prague Spring, which tried to cre- camps or used as forced labour. In the summer of 1945, ate “socialism with a human face” and perhaps even in- there were several massacres. The only Germans not ex- troduce political pluralism. This was forcibly ended by pelled were some 250,000 who had been active in the invasion by all Warsaw Pact member countries with the resistance against the Nazi Germans or were considered exception of and on 21 August 1968. economically important, though many of these emigrated later. Following a Soviet-organised referendum, the Sub- The invasion was followed by a harsh program of carpathian Rus never returned under Czechoslovak rule "Normalization" in the late 1960s and the 1970s. Un- but became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Repub- til 1989, the political establishment relied on censorship lic, as the Zakarpattia Oblast in 1946. of the opposition. Dissidents published Charter 77 in 1977, and the first of a new wave of protests were seen Czechoslovakia uneasily tried to play the role of a in 1988. Between 1948 and 1989 more than 250,000 “bridge” between the West and East. However, the Czechs and Slovaks were sent to prison, and over 400,000 Communist Party of Czechoslovakia rapidly increased emigrated.[50] in popularity, with a general disillusionment with the West, because of the pre-war Munich Agreement, and a favourable popular attitude towards the Soviet Union, 2.4 Velvet Revolution and independence because of the Soviets’ role in liberating Czechoslovakia from German rule. In the 1946 elections, the Commu- Main articles: Velvet Revolution and Dissolution of nists gained 38%[49] of the votes and became the largest Czechoslovakia party in the Czechoslovak parliament. They formed a In November 1989, Czechoslovakia returned to a lib- coalition government with other parties of the National eral democracy through the peaceful "Velvet Revolution". Front and moved quickly to consolidate power. A signif- However, Slovak national aspirations strengthened and 3.1 Foreign relations 7

parliament for a five-year term, with no more than two consecutive terms. Since 2013 the presidential election is direct. [53] Miloš Zeman was the first directly elected Czech President. The Government of the Czech Republic's exercise of ex- ecutive power derives from the Constitution. The mem- bers of the government are the Prime Minister, Deputy ministers and other ministers. The Government is re- sponsible to the Chamber of Deputies.[54] The Prime Minister is the head of government and wields considerable powers, such as the right to set the agenda for most foreign and domestic policy and choose government Václav Havel, the main figure of the Velvet Revolution and later ministers.[55] The current Prime Minister of the Czech 1st Czech president honoring wounded in protests. Republic is Bohuslav Sobotka, serving since 17 January 2014 as 11th Prime Minister. on 1 January 1993, the country peacefully split into the The members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected independent Czech Republic and Slovakia. Both coun- for a four-year term by proportional representation, with tries went through economic reforms and privatisations, a 5% election threshold. There are 14 voting districts, with the intention of creating a market economy. This identical to the country’s administrative regions. The process was largely successful; in 2006 the Czech Re- Chamber of Deputies, the successor to the Czech Na- public was recognised by the World Bank as a “de- tional Council, has the powers and responsibilities of the veloped country”,[13] and in 2009 the Human Develop- now defunct federal parliament of the former Czechoslo- ment Index ranked it as a nation of “Very High Human vakia. Development”.[51] From 1991, the Czech Republic, originally as part of Czechoslovakia and since 1993 in its own right, has been a member of the Visegrád Group and from 1995, the OECD. The Czech Republic joined NATO on 12 March 1999 and the European Union on 1 May 2004. On 21 December 2007 the Czech Republic joined the Schengen Area.

The political system of the Czech Republic

3 Government and politics The members of the Senate are elected in single-seat constituencies by two-round runoff voting for a six-year Main articles: Government of the Czech Republic and term, with one-third elected every even year in the au- Politics of the Czech Republic tumn. The first election was in 1996, for differing terms. This arrangement is modeled on the U.S. Senate, but each The Czech Republic is a pluralist multi-party constituency is roughly the same size and the voting sys- parliamentary representative democracy, with the tem used is a two-round runoff. The Senate is unpopular Prime Minister as the head of government. The among the public and suffers from low election turnout. Parliament (Parlament České republiky) is bicameral, with the Chamber of Deputies (Czech: Poslanecká 3.1 Foreign relations sněmovna) (200 members) and the Senate (Czech: [52] Senát) (81 members). Main article: Foreign relations of the Czech Republic The president is a formal head of state with limited See also: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Re- and specific powers, most importantly to return bills public to the parliament, appoint members to the board of The Czech Republic has an established structure of for- the Czech National Bank, nominate constitutional court eign relations. It’s member of the United Nations, the judges for the Senate’s approval and dissolve the Cham- European Union, NATO, Organisation for Economic Co- ber of Deputies under certain special and unusual cir- operation and Development, Council of Europe and is an cumstances. He also appoints the prime minister, as well observer to the Organization of American States.[56] All the other members of the cabinet on a proposal by the countries with diplomatic relations with the Czech Re- prime minister. From 1993 until 2012, the President of public have embassy located in Prague, and some of them the Czech Republic was selected by a joint session of the have consulates across the country. 8 3 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

and Israel.[63] Main equipment includes: multi-role fight- ers JAS 39 Gripen, combat aircraft Aero L-159 Alca, modernized attack helicopters Mi-35, armored vehicles Pandur II, OT-64, OT-90, BVP-2 and Czech modernized tanks T-72 (T-72M4CZ).

3.3 Administrative divisions Countries with Embassies of the Czech Republic. See also: Regions of the Czech Republic and List of districts of the Czech Republic The Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs have primary roles in setting foreign policy. Membership in the European Union is central to the Czech Republic’s Since 2000, the Czech Republic has been divided into foreign policy. The Czech Republic held the Presidency thirteen regions (Czech: kraje, singular kraj) and the cap- of the Council of the European Union for the first half of ital city of Prague. Every region has its own elected re- 2009. gional assembly (krajské zastupitelstvo) and hejtman (a regional governor). In Prague, the assembly and presi- The Czech Republic has strong ties with Slovakia, Poland dential powers are executed by the city council and the [57] and Hungary as member of Visegrad Group, as well mayor. as with Germany,[58] Israel,[59] [60] and European Union and their members. The older seventy-six districts (okresy, singular okres) in- cluding three “statutory cities” (without Prague, which Czech officials have supported dissenters in Burma, had special status) lost most of their importance in [61] , and Cuba. 1999 in an administrative reform; they remain as ter- ritorial divisions and seats of various branches of state administration.[64]

Map of the Czech Republic with traditional regions and current Czech soldier in Afghanistan administrative regions

3.2 Military

Main article: Military of the Czech Republic

The Czech armed forces consist of the Army, Air Force and of specialized support units. The President of the Czech Republic is Commander-in-chief of the armed forces. In 2004 the army transformed itself into a fully professional organization and compulsory military ser- vice was abolished. The country has been a member of NATO since 12 March 1999. Defense spending is ap- Map with districts proximately 1.04% of the GDP (2015).[62] Currently, as a member of NATO, the Czech military are participat- ing in ISAF and KFOR operations and have soldiers in a Capital city. Afghanistan, , , b Office location. 4.1 Climate 9

4 Geography Wide Fund for Nature, the territory of the Czech Re- public can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Cen- See also: Geography of the Czech Republic tral European mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, The Czech Republic lies mostly between latitudes 48° Western European broadleaf forests and Carpathian montane conifer forests. There are four national parks in the Czech Republic. The oldest is Krkonoše National Park (Biosphere Reserve), Šumava National Park (Biosphere Reserve), Podyjí Na- tional Park, Bohemian . The three historical lands of the Czech Republic (for- merly the core countries of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown) correspond almost prefectly with the river basins of the (Czech: Labe) and the basin for Bo- hemia, the Morava one for Moravia, and the river basin for Czech Silesia (in terms of the Czech territory). Satellite image of the Czech Republic

and 51° N (a small area lies north of 51°), and longitudes 4.1 Climate 12° and 19° E. The Czech landscape is exceedingly varied. Bohemia, to the west, consists of a basin drained by the Elbe (Czech: Labe) and the Vltava rivers, surrounded by mostly low mountains, such as the Krkonoše range of the . The highest point in the country, Sněžka at 1,602 m (5,256 ft), is located here. Moravia, the eastern part of the country, is also quite hilly. It is drained mainly by the Moravian-Silesian Beskids Morava River, but it also contains the source of the Oder River (Czech: Odra). The Czech Republic has a temperate continental climate, with warm summers and cold, cloudy and snowy winters. The temperature difference between summer and win- ter is relatively high, due to the landlocked geographical position.[66] Within the Czech Republic, temperatures vary greatly, depending on the elevation. In general, at higher al- titudes, the temperatures decrease and precipitation in- creases. The wettest area in the Czech Republic is found around Bílý Potok in Jizera Mountains and the driest re- gion is the Louny District to the northwest of Prague. Another important factor is the distribution of the moun- tains; therefore, the climate is quite varied.

Podyjí National Park is one of four national parks.

Water from the landlocked Czech Republic flows to three different seas: the North Sea, Baltic Sea and Black Sea. The Czech Republic also leases the Moldauhafen, a 30,000-square-metre (7.4-acre) lot in the middle of the Docks, which was awarded to Czechoslo- vakia by Article 363 of the Treaty of Versailles, to allow the landlocked country a place where goods transported down river could be transferred to seagoing ships. The territory reverts to Germany in 2028. Rolling hills of Králický Sněžník Phytogeographically, the Czech Republic belongs to the Central European province of the Circumboreal Region, At the highest peak of Sněžka (1,602 m or 5,256 ft), the within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the World average temperature is only −0.4 °C (31 °F), whereas in 10 5 ECONOMY the lowlands of the , the average 4.2 Environment temperature is as high as 10 °C (50 °F). The country’s capital, Prague, has a similar average temperature, al- See also: Protected areas of the Czech Republic though this is influenced by urban factors. The coldest month is usually January, followed by Febru- Czech Republic ranks as fifth most environmentally con- ary and December. During these months, there is usu- scious country in the world in Environmental Perfor- ally snow in the mountains and sometimes in the major mance Index.[69] cities and lowlands. During March, April and May, the temperature usually increases rapidly, especially during April, when the temperature and weather tends to vary widely during the day. Spring is also characterized by high water levels in the rivers, due to melting snow with occasional flooding. The warmest month of the year is July, followed by Au- gust and June. On average, summer temperatures are about 20 °C (68 °F) – 30 °C (86 °F) higher than during winter. Summer is also characterized by rain and storms. Map of Protected areas of the Czech Republic: National Parks (grey) and Protected Landscape Areas (green).

Eurasian eagle-owl is a protected predator.

Krkonoše National Park

Autumn generally begins in September, which is still rel- atively warm and dry. During October, temperatures usually fall below 15 °C (59 °F) or 10 °C (50 °F) and Eurasian lynx was reintroduced and protected after deciduous trees begin to shed their leaves. By the end of extensive hunting in the past. November, temperatures usually range around the freez- ing point. The coldest temperature ever measured was in Litvínovice near České Budějovice in 1929, at −42.2 5 Economy °C (−44.0 °F) and the hottest measured, was at 40.4 °C [67] (104.7 °F) in Dobřichovice in 2012. Main article: Economy of the Czech Republic Most rain falls during the summer. Sporadic rainfall is The Czech Republic possesses a developed,[70] high- relatively constant throughout the year (in Prague, the av- income[71] economy with a per capita GDP rate that is erage number of days per month experiencing at least 0.1 84% of the European Union average.[72] One of the most mm of rain varies from 12 in September and October to stable and prosperous of the post-Communist states, the 16 in November) but concentrated heavy rainfall (days Czech Republic saw growth of over 6% annually in the with more than 10 mm per day) are more frequent in the three years before the outbreak of the recent global eco- months of May to August (average around two such days nomic crisis. Growth has been led by exports to the Euro- per month).[68] pean Union, especially Germany, and foreign investment, 5.1 Energy 11

Constitution.[76] The official currency is the Czech crown, and it had been floating until 7. 11. 2013, when the central bank temporarily pegged the exchange rate at 27 crowns per euro in order to fight deflation.[77] When it joined EU, the Czech Republic obligated itself to adopt the euro, but the date of adoption has not been deter- mined. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks the Czech ed- ucation system as the 15th best in the world, higher than the OECD average.[78] The Czech Republic is ranked 24th in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom.

The Czech Republic is part of the EU single market and the Schengen Area.

Treemap of exports from the Czech Republic in 2013, by product type

Leading Czech transportation companies include Škoda Auto (automobiles), Škoda Transportation (tramways, trolleybuses, metro), Tatra (the third oldest car maker in the world), Karosa (buses), Aero Vodochody (air- planes) and Jawa Motors (motorcycles). http://www. worlddiplomacy.org states that “Elections in 2013 Škoda Auto is one of the largest car manufacturers in Central Europe. In 2014, it sold a record number of 1,037,000 cars and brought a new government for the Czech republic. Al- said it aimed to double sales by 2018. (image of Škoda Superb) though starting off 2013 rather weakly, the economy re- bounded strongly in the coming quarters and most re- cently (Q1,2015) the economy has enjoyed the fastest while domestic demand is reviving. GDP increase in the entire EU, clocking at 2.8% com- pared with Q4,2014, or 3.9% year-on-year.”[79] Most of the economy has been privatised, including the banks and telecommunications. A 2009 survey in coop- On August 2015, Czech GDP growth was 4.4%, giving eration with the Czech Economic Association found that the Czech economy the highest growth rate in Europe.[80] the majority of Czech economists favour continued lib- Unemployment rate is at 4.9%, giving the Czech Repub- [73] eralization in most sectors of the economy. lic the second lowest unemployment rate in the European The country has been a member of the Schengen Area Union after Germany.[81] since 1 May 2004, having abolished border controls, completely opening its borders with all of its neighbours (Germany, Austria, Poland and Slovakia) on 21 Decem- 5.1 Energy ber 2007.[74] The Czech Republic became a member of the World Trade Organisation on 1 January 1995. Main article: Energy in the Czech Republic Production of Czech electricity exceeds consumption by Czech Republic would become the 49th largest economy [75] about 10 TWh per year, which are exported. Nuclear in the world by 2050 with a GDP of US$ $342 billion. power presently provides about 30 percent of the total Monetary policy is conducted by the Czech Na- power needs, its share is projected to increase to 40 per- tional Bank, whose independence is guaranteed by the cent. In 2005, 65.4 percent of electricity was produced 12 5 ECONOMY

Mošnov (near ), , Prague and Kunovice (near Uherské Hradiště). České dráhy (the Czech Railways) is the main railway operator in the Czech Republic, with about 180 million passengers carried yearly. Its cargo division, ČD Cargo, is the fifth largest railway cargo operator in the Euro- pean Union. With 9,505 km (5,906.13 mi) of tracks, the Czech Republic has one of the densest railway networks in Europe.[82] Of that number, 2,926 km (1,818.13 mi) is electrified, 7,617 km (4,732.98 mi) are single-line tracks and 1,866 km (1,159.48 mi) are double and multiple-line tracks.[83] In 2006 the new Italian tilting trains Pendolino ČD Class 680 entered service. They have reached a speed of 237 km/h setting a new Czech railway speed record. Dukovany Nuclear Power Station Russia, via pipelines through Ukraine and to a lesser ex- tent, , via pipelines through Germany, supply the by steam and combustion power plants (mostly coal); 30 Czech Republic with liquid and natural gas. percent by nuclear plants; and 4.6 percent from renew- The road network in the Czech Republic is 55,653 km able sources, including hydropower. The largest Czech (34,581.17 mi) long.[84] There are 738,4 km of motor- power resource is Temelín Nuclear Power Station, an- ways and 439,1 km of expressways.[85] The speed limit is other nuclear power plant is in Dukovany. 50 km/h within towns, 90 km/h outside of towns and 130 The Czech Republic is reducing its dependence on km/h on expressways. highly polluting low-grade brown coal as a source of en- ergy. Natural gas is procured from Russian Gazprom, roughly three-fourths of domestic consumption and from 5.3 Communications Norwegian companies, which make up most of the re- maining one-fourth. Russian gas is imported via Ukraine Main article: Internet in the Czech Republic (Druzhba pipeline), Norwegian gas is transported through Germany. Gas consumption (approx. 100 TWh in 2003– The Czech Republic ranks in the top 10 countries world- 2005) is almost double electricity consumption. South wide with the fastest average internet speed.[86] The Moravia has small oil and gas deposits. Czech Republic has the most Wi-Fi subscribers in the European Union.[87][88] By the beginning of 2008, there were over 800 mostly local WISPs,[89][90] with about 5.2 Transportation infrastructure 350,000 subscribers in 2007. Plans based on either GPRS, EDGE, UMTS or CDMA2000 are being of- Main article: Transport in the Czech Republic fered by all three mobile phone operators (T-Mobile, Václav Havel Airport in Prague is the main international Telefónica O2, Vodafone) and internet provider U:fon. Government-owned Český Telecom slowed down broad- band penetration. At the beginning of 2004, local-loop unbundling began and alternative operators started to of- fer ADSL and also SDSL. This and later privatisation of Český Telecom helped drive down prices. On 1 July 2006, Český Telecom was acquired by glob- alized company ( owned) Telefónica group and adopted new name Telefónica O2 Czech Republic. As of June 2014, VDSL and ADSL2+ are offered in many variants, with download speeds of up to 40 Mbit/s and upload speeds of up to 2Mbit/s. Cable internet is gaining popularity with its higher download speeds ranging from The Czech railway network is largely electrified and is among the 2 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s. densest in Europe.

airport in the country. In 2010, it handled 11.6 mil- 5.4 Science and technology lion passengers, which makes it the fifth busiest airport in Central and Eastern Europe. In total, the Czech Re- The Czech lands have a long and rich scientific tradition. public has 46 airports with paved runways, six of which The research based on cooperation between universities, provide international air services in , , Academy of Sciences and specialised research centers 5.5 Tourism 13

• Gregor Mendel (1822–1884), often called the "fa- ther of genetics", is famed for his research concern- ing the inheritance of genetic traits.[91]

• Jakub Husník (1837–1916), improved the process of photolithography.

• Karel Klíč (1841–1926), painter and photographer, inventor of the photogravure.

• František Křižík (1847–1941), electrical engineer, inventor of the arc lamp.

• Jan Janský (1873–1921), serologist and neurologist, discovered the ABO blood groups.

• Bedřich Hrozný (1879–1952), deciphered the Hittite language.[91]

• Josef Čapek (1887–1945) and Karel Čapek (1890– 1938), brothers who originated the word robot.

• František Burian and Arnold Jirásek, founded the first plastic surgery in 1927.[93]

• Jaroslav Heyrovský (1890–1967), inventor of polarography, electroanalytical chemistry and recipient of the Nobel Prize.[91]

Otto Wichterle, inventor of the contact lens • Oldřich Homuta, inventor of Remoska oven in 1957.

• Otto Wichterle (1913–1998) and Drahoslav Lím brings new inventions and impulses in this area. Impor- (1925–2003), Czech chemists responsible for the tant inventions include the modern contact lens, the sep- invention of the modern contact lens and silon aration of modern blood types, and the production of (synthetic fiber).[94] Semtex plastic explosive. In March 1978, Czechoslo- vakian Vladimír Remek was the first person outside of • Stanislav Brebera (1925–2012), inventor of the the Soviet Union and the United States to go into space. plastic explosive Semtex in 1966.[95] Prominent scientists who lived and worked in historically • Ladislav Mareš, inventor of the first machine pro- Czech lands include: ducing nanofibres, “Nanospider”.[96]

• (1592–1670), teacher, edu- • Antonín Holý (1936–2012), scientist and chemist, [91] cator and the founder of modern education. in 2009 was involved in creation of the most effec- [97] • Jan Marek Marci (1595–1667), mathematician, tive drug in the treatment of AIDS. physicist and imperial physician, one of the founders of spectroscopy.[92] A number of other scientists are also connected in some way with the Czech lands, including astronomers • Václav Prokop Diviš (1698–1765), inventor of the Johannes Kepler and Tycho Brahe, the founder of the first grounded lightning rod. psychoanalytic school of psychiatry Sigmund Freud, • Bernard Bolzano (1781–1848), noted mathemati- physicists Christian Doppler, Ernst Mach, Nikola Tesla, cian, logician, philosopher, and pacifist. Albert Einstein, engineer Viktor Kaplan and logician Kurt Gödel. • Jan Evangelista Purkyně (1787–1869), anatomist and physiologist responsible for the discovery of Purkinje cells, Purkinje fibres and sweat glands, as 5.5 Tourism well as Purkinje images and the Purkinje shift. Main article: Tourism in the Czech Republic • Josef Ressel (1793–1857), inventor of the screw The Czech economy gets a substantial income from propeller and modern compass.[91] tourism. Prague is the fifth most visited city in Europe • Jakub Kryštof Rad (1799–1871), inventor of sugar after London, , Istanbul and Rome.[98] In 2001, the cubes. total earnings from tourism reached 118 billion CZK, 14 6 DEMOGRAPHICS

Český ráj, Šumava and the Krkonoše Mountains attract visitors seeking outdoor pursuits. The country is also known for its various museums. Puppetry and marionette exhibitions are very popular, with a number of puppet festivals throughout the country. Aquapalace Praha in Čestlice near Prague, is the biggest water park in central Europe.[104] The Czech Republic has a number of beer festivals, in- cluding: Czech Beer Festival (the biggest Czech beer fes- tival, it is usually 17 days long and held every year in May in Prague), Pilsner Fest (every year in August in Plzeň), The "Olomoucký pivní festival" (in Olomouc) or festi- Prague is one of the most visited cities in Europe. val "Slavnosti piva v Českých Budějovicích" (in České Budějovice). making up 5.5% of GNP and 9% of overall export earn- ings. The industry employs more than 110,000 people – over 1% of the population.[99] The country’s reputa- 6 Demographics tion has suffered with guidebooks and tourists reporting overcharging by taxi drivers and pickpocketing problems Main article: Demographics of the Czech Republic mainly in Prague.[100][101] Since 2005, Prague’s mayor, Pavel Bém, has worked to improve this reputation by cracking down on petty crime[101] and, aside from these According to preliminary results of the 2011 census, problems, Prague is a safe city.[102] Also, the Czech Re- the majority of the inhabitants of the Czech Repub- public as a whole generally has a low crime rate.[103] For lic are Czechs (63.7%), followed by (4.9%), tourists, the Czech Republic is considered a safe destina- Slovaks (1.4%), (0.4%), Germans (0.2%) and tion to visit. The low crime rate makes most cities and Silesians (0.1%). As the 'nationality' was an op- towns very safe to walk around. tional item, a substantial number of people left this field blank (26.0%).[108] According to some estimates, there are about 250,000 Romani people in the Czech Republic.[109][110] There were 437,581 foreigners residing in the coun- try in September 2013, according to the Czech Statistical Office,[111] with the largest groups being Ukrainian (106,714), Slovak (89,273), Vietnamese (61,102), Russian (32,828), Polish (19,378), German (18,099), Bulgarian (8,837), American (6,695), Roma- nian (6,425), Moldovan (5,860), Chinese (5,427), British (5,413), Mongolian (5,308), Kazakh (4,850), Belarusian (4,562).[111] The Jewish population of Bohemia and Moravia, 118,000 according to the 1930 census, was virtually annihilated [112] Medieval castles such as Karlštejn are frequent tourist attractions. by the Nazi Germans during the Holocaust. There were approximately 4,000 Jews in the Czech Republic in 2005.[113] The former Czech prime minister, Jan Fischer, There are several centres of tourist activity. The [114] spa towns, such as Karlovy Vary, Mariánské Lázně is of Jewish origin and faith. and Františkovy Lázně and Jáchymov (very high The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2013 was estimated at radioactivity), are particularly popular relaxing holiday 1.29 children born/woman, which is below the replace- destinations. Architectural heritage is another object of ment rate of 2.1, and one of the lowest in the world.[115] visitor´s interest – it includes many castles and chateaux In 2014, 46.7% of births were to unmarried women.[116] from different historical epoques, namely Karlštejn Cas- The life expectancy in 2013 was estimated at 77.56 years tle, Český Krumlov and the Lednice–Valtice area. There (74.29 years male, 81.01 years female).[115] Immigra- are 12 cathedrals and 15 churches elevated to the rank tion increased the population by almost 1% in 2007. of basilica by the Pope, calm monasteries, many modern About 77,000 people immigrate to the Czech Republic and ancient churches – for example Pilgrimage Church of annually.[117] Vietnamese immigrants began settling in Saint John of Nepomuk is one of those inscribed on the the Czech Republic during the Communist period, when World Heritage List. Away from the towns, areas such as they were invited as guest workers by the Czechoslovak 7.1 Art 15 government.[118] In 2009, there were about 70,000 Viet- 7.1 Art namese in the Czech Republic.[119] Most decide to stay in the country permanently.[120] At the turn of the 20th century, Chicago was the city with the third largest Czech population,[121] after Prague and Vienna.[122] According to the 2010 US census, there are 1,533,826 Americans of full or partial Czech descent.[123]

6.1 Religion

Main article: Religion in the Czech Republic

The Czech Republic has one of the least religious popu- lations in the world, being the country with the third most atheistic population by percentage, behind only China and Japan.[125] Historically, the Czech people have been characterised as “tolerant and even indifferent towards religion”.[126] According to the 2011 census, 34% of the population stated they had no religion, 10.3% was Roman Catholic, 0.8% was Protestant (0.5% Czech Brethren and 0.4% Hussite), and 9% followed other forms of reli- gion both denominational or not (of which 863 people answered they are Pagan). 45% of the population did not answer the question about religion.[124] From 1991 to 2001 and further to 2011 the adherence to Roman Catholicism decreased from 39% to 27% and then to 10%; Protestantism similarly declined from 3.7% to 2% and then to 0.8%.[127] According to a Eurobarometer Poll in 2010,[128] 16% of Czech citizens responded that “they believe there is a God” (the lowest rate among the countries of the Euro- pean Union),[129] whereas 44% answered that “they be- lieve there is some sort of spirit or life force” and 37% said that “they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force”.

6.2 Education

Main article: Education in the Czech Republic

Spring, Summer, Autumn and Winter (1896) by Art Education in The Czech Republic is compulsory for 9 Nouveau artist years.

The Czech Republic is known worldwide for its individ- ually made, mouth blown and decorated art glass and crystal. One of the best Czech painters and decorative 7 Culture artists was Alphonse Mucha (1860–1939) mainly known for and his cycle of 20 large canvases named the Slav Epic, which depicts the history of Czechs Main article: Culture of the Czech Republic and other Slavs. As of 2012, the Slav Epic can be seen in Veletržní Palace of National Gallery in Prague, which 16 7 CULTURE

manages the largest collection of art in the Czech Repub- The style penetrated the Bohemian Crown in lic. the late 15th century when the older Gothic style started Other notable Czech artists include: to be slowly mixed with Renaissance elements (architects Matěj Rejsek, Benedikt Rejt). An outstanding example of the pure in Bohemia is the • Max Švabinský (1873–1962) – painter, illustrator, Royal Summer Palace, which was situated in a newly es- abstract art tablished garden of Prague Castle. Evidence of the gen- eral reception of the Renaissance in Bohemia, involving • (1882–1953) – painter, a massive influx of Italian architects, can be found in spa- • Josef Čapek (1887–1945) – painter, cubism cious chateaux with elegant arcade courtyards and geo- metrically arranged gardens.[131] Emphasis was placed on • Bohumil Kubišta (1884–1918) – painter, cubism comfort, and buildings that were built for entertainment purposes also appeared.[132] • Václav Špála (1885–1945) – painter, cubism

• František Kupka (1871–1954) – painter, abstract art

• Jan Zrzavý (1890–1977) – painter, graphic artist, il- lustrator

• Karel Teige (1900–1951) – painter, illustrator, surrealism

• Toyen (1902–1980) – painter, illustrator, surrealism

• Jiří Anderle (1936) – graphic artist

7.2 Architecture

Main articles: Czech , Czech Renais- sance architecture and Czech St. Nicholas’ Church in Prague, a magnificent exemplar of the Bohemian Baroque The earliest preserved stone buildings in Bohemia and Moravia date back to the time of the in In the 17th century, the Baroque style spread through- the 9th and 10th century. Since the Middle Ages the out the Crown of Bohemia. Very outstanding are the ar- Czech lands have been using the same architectural styles chitectural projects of the Czech nobleman and imperial like most of Western and Central Europe. The oldest still generalissimo from the 1620s. standing churches were built in the Romanesque style. His architects Andrea Spezza and Giovanni Pieroni re- During the 13th century it was replaced by the Gothic flected the most recent Italian production and were very style. In the 14th century Emperor Charles IV invited to innovative at the same time. Czech Baroque architec- his court in Prague talented architects from France and ture is considered to be a unique part of the European Germany, Matthias of Arras and Peter Parler. During the cultural heritage thanks to its extensiveness and extraor- Middle Ages, many fortified castles were built by the king dinariness. In the first third of the 18th century the Bo- and aristocracy, as well as many monasteries. During the hemian lands were one of the leading artistic centers of Hussite wars, many of them were damaged or destroyed. the Baroque style. In Bohemia there was completed the development of the Radical Baroque style created in Italy by Francesco Borromini and Guarino Guarini in a very original way.[133] Leading architects of the Bohemian Baroque were Jean-Baptiste Mathey, František Maxmil- ián Kaňka, Christoph Dientzenhofer, and his son Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer. In the 18th century Bohemia produced an architectural peculiarity – the Baroque Gothic style, a synthesis of the Gothic and Baroque styles. This was not a simple return to Gothic details, but rather an original Baroque transfor- mation. The main representative and originator of this Royal Summer Palace in Prague considered the purest Renais- style was Jan Blažej Santini-Aichel, who used this style sance architecture outside Italy[130] in renovating medieval monastic buildings.[131] 7.3 Literature 17

Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk by Santini in Prague

the most modern trends of international architecture. During the 19th century, the revival architectural styles This fact is attested to by a number of projects by world- were very popular in the Bohemian monarchy. Many renowned architects (Frank Gehry, Jean Nouvel, Ricardo churches were restored to their presumed medieval ap- Bofill, and John Pawson). There are also contemporary pearance and there were constructed many new build- Czech architects whose works can be found all over the ings in the Neo-Romanesque, Neo-Gothic and Neo- world (Eva Jiřičná, Jan Kaplický).[131] Renaissance styles. At the turn of the 19th and 20th cen- turies the new art style appeared in the Czech lands – Art Nouveau. The best-known representatives of 7.3 Literature Nouveau architecture were Osvald Polívka, who designed the Municipal House in Prague, Josef Fanta, the architect Main article: of the Prague Main Railway Station, and Jan Kotěra. Czech literature is the literature written by Czechs, Bohemia contributed an unusual style to the world’s ar- chitectural heritage when Czech architects attempted to transpose the Cubism of painting and sculpture into ar- chitecture. During the first years of the independent Czechoslovakia (after 1918), a specifically Czech ar- chitectural style, called ‘Rondo-Cubism’, came into exis- tence. Together with the pre-war Czech Cubist architec- ture it is unparalleled elsewhere in the world. The first Czechoslovak president T. G. Masaryk invited the promi- nent Slovene architect Jože Plečnik to Prague, where he modernized the Castle and built some other buildings. Between World Wars I and II, Functionalism, with its sober, progressive forms, took over as the main architec- tural style in the newly established Czechoslovak Repub- lic. In the city of Brno, one of the most impressive func- tionalist works has been preserved – , de- signed by the architect .[131] The most significant Czech architects of this era were Adolf Loos and Josef Gočár. After the World War II and the Communist coup in 1948 the art in Czechoslovakia came under the strong Soviet influence. Hotel International in Prague is a brilliant ex- ample of the so-called Socialist realism, the Stalinistic art style of the 1950s. Czechoslovak avant-garde artistic movement known as the style (called after the Franz Kafka Brussels World’s Fair Expo 58) became popular in the time of political liberalization of Czechoslovakia in the mostly in the Czech language, although other languages 1960s. like , Latin or German have been Even today, the Czech Republic is not shying away from also used, such as by author Franz Kafka, who—while 18 7 CULTURE

bilingual in Czech and German[134][135]—wrote his works to strive for political freedom, establishing a confident, in German, during the era of Austrian rule. politically aware nation. Influential Czech authors who wrote in Latin in- clude Cosmas of Prague († 1125), Peter of Zittau († 7.4 Media 1339), John Hus († 1415), Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic (1461–1510), Jan Dubravius (1486–1553), Since the Czech Republic is a democratic republic, jour- Tadeáš Hájek (1525–1600), Johannes Vodnianus Cam- nalists and media are free to write about everything, ex- panus (1572–1622), and Bohuslav Balbín (1621–1688). cept supporting nazism, racism and violating the Czech In the late 13th century the royal court in Prague was one law. The country was ranked as the 13th most free press of the centers of German Minnesang. The most famous in the World Freedom Index by Reporters Without Bor- Czech medieval German-language work is the Plough- ders in 2014.[136] man of Bohemia (Der Ackermann aus Böhmen), written around 1401 by Johannes von Tepl. The heyday of Czech The most trustful media in the Czech Republic are public German-language literature can be seen in the first half of services. Czech Television, the only national public tele- the 20th century, which is represented by the well-known vision service, owns the 24-hour news channel ČT24.[137] names of Franz Kafka, Max Brod, Franz Werfel, Rainer Other public services are Czech Radio and the Czech Maria Rilke, Egon Erwin Kisch, and others. News Agency (ČTK). Privately owned television services such as TV Nova, Prima Family and TV Barrandov are The Bible translations played an important role in the de- also very popular, with TV Nova being the most popular velopment of Czech literature and standard Czech lan- channel in the Czech Republic. guage. The oldest Czech translation of the Psalms orig- inated in the late 13th century and the first Czech trans- Newspapers are quite popular in the Czech Republic. The lation of the whole Bible was finished around 1360. The best-selling daily national newspapers are Blesk (aver- first complete printed Czech Bible was published in 1488 age 1.15M daily readers), Mladá fronta DNES (average (Prague Bible). The first complete Czech Bible trans- 752,000 daily readers) and Daily (average 72,000 daily lation from original languages was published between readers).[138] 1579–93 and is known as the Bible of Kralice. Czech-language literature can be divided into several 7.5 Music main time periods: the Middle Ages (Chronicle of Dal- imil); the Hussite period (Tomáš Štítný ze Štítného, Jan Main articles: Music of the Czech Lands and Moravian Hus, Petr Chelčický); the (Henry traditional music the Younger of Poděbrady, Luke of Prague, Wenceslaus Hajek, Jan Blahoslav, Daniel Adam z Veleslavína); the Baroque period (John Amos Comenius, Adam Václav Music in the Czech lands has its roots in more than 1,000- Michna z Otradovic, Bedřich Bridel, Jan František Beck- year-old sacred music. The first surviving references ovský); the Enlightenment and Czech reawakening in Lord, Have Mercy on Us come from the end of the 10th the 19th century (Václav Matěj Kramerius, Karel Hynek century and in the traditional folk music of Bohemia, Mácha, Karel Jaromír Erben, Karel Havlíček Borovský, Moravia and Silesia and in the long-term high-culture Božena Němcová, Jan Neruda, Alois Jirásek); the avant- classical music tradition. Since the early eras of artificial garde of the interwar period (Karel Čapek, Jaroslav music, Czech musicians and composers have often been Hašek, Vítězslav Nezval, Jaroslav Seifert, Bohuslav influenced by genuine folk music (such as polka which Reynek); the years under Communism and the Prague originated in Bohemia). Notable Czech composers in- Spring (Josef Škvorecký, Bohumil Hrabal, Kun- clude Antonín Dvořák, Bedřich Smetana, Gustav Mahler dera, Arnošt Lustig, Václav Havel); and the literature (he was born and grew up in the Czech lands), Adam of the post-Communist Czech Republic (Ivan Martin Michna, Jan Dismas Zelenka, Josef Mysliveček, Leoš Jirous). Janáček, Josef Suk, Bohuslav Martinů, Erwin Schulhoff and Petr Eben. Jaroslav Seifert was the only Czech writer awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. A famous antiwar comedy novel The Good Soldier Švejk by Jaroslav Hašek is the 7.6 Theatre most translated Czech book in history. It was depicted by Karel Steklý in two color films The Good Soldier Schweik Main article: Theatre of the Czech Republic in 1956 and 1957. Czech literature and culture played a major role on at least Theatre of the Czech Republic has rich tradition with two occasions, when Czechs lived under oppression and roots in the Middle Ages. In the 19th century, the the- political activity was suppressed. On both of these oc- atre played an important role in the national awakening casions, in the early 19th century and then again in the movement and later, in the 20th century it became a part 1960s, the Czechs used their cultural and literary effort of the modern European theatre art. 7.9 Cuisine 19

international acclaim, including Hidden & Dangerous, Operation Flashpoint, Vietcong and Mafia. Today, the most globally successful Czech games include ARMA, DayZ, Space Engineers, Machinarium, Shadowgun and BLACKHOLE. The Czech Game of the Year Awards are held annually at the Anifilm festival in Třeboň.

7.9 Cuisine

Main article: Czech cuisine is marked by a strong emphasis on meat

Antonín Dvořák

7.7 Film

Main article: Cinema of the Czech Republic

The Barrandov Studios in Prague are the largest film stu- dios in country and one of the largest in Europe. The [139] Czech Republic has many popular film locations. A mug of Budweiser Budvar Filmmakers have come to Prague to shoot scenery no longer found in Berlin, Paris and Vienna. The city of Karlovy Vary was used as a location for the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale.[140] Czech Lion is the high- est award for Czech film achievement. The international Karlovy Vary film festival is one of the oldest in the world.

7.8 Video games

Main article: Video gaming in the Czech Republic

The Czech Republic is home to several globally suc- cessful video game developers, including Illusion Soft- works (2K Czech), Bohemia Interactive, Keen Software House, Amanita Design and Madfinger Games. The Czech video game development scene has a long history, Svíčková na smetaně served with sirlion, dumplings (knedlíky), and a number of Czech games were produced for the whipped cream and cranberries[141] ZX Spectrum, PMD 85 and Atari systems in the 1980s. In the early 2000s, a number of Czech games achieved dishes. Pork is quite common; beef and chicken are also 20 7 CULTURE

popular. Goose, duck, rabbit and wild game are served. Fish is rare, with the occasional exception of fresh trout and carp, which is served at Christmas. Czech beer has a long and important history. The first brewery is known to have existed in 993 and the Czech Republic has the highest beer consumption per capita in the world. The famous "pilsner style beer" (pils) origi- nated in the western Bohemian city of Plzeň, where world famous Pilsner Urquell is still being produced. Further south the town of České Budějovice, known as Budweis in German, lent its name to its beer, eventually known as Budweiser Budvar. Apart from these and other major brands, the Czech Republic also boasts a growing number of top quality small breweries and mini-breweries seek- ing to continue the age-old tradition of quality and taste, Ice hockey is one of the most popular sports in the Czech Republic whose output matches the best in the world. and the Czech national team is one of the world’s best teams Tourism is slowly growing around the Southern Moravian region too, which has been producing wine since the Mid- 7.10 Sports dle Ages; about 94% of vineyards in the Czech Republic are Moravian. Aside from slivovitz, Czech beer and wine, Main article: Sport in the Czech Republic the Czechs also produce two unique liquors, Fernet Stock and Becherovka. Kofola is a non-alcoholic domestic cola Sports play a part in the life of many Czechs, who are soft drink which competes with Coca Cola and Pepsi in generally loyal supporters of their favorite teams or in- popularity. dividuals. The two leading sports in the Czech Repub- Some popular Czech dishes include: lic are ice hockey and football. Tennis is also a very popular sport in the Czech Republic. The many other sports with professional leagues and structures include • Vepřo knedlo zelo: roast pork with bread dumplings basketball, volleyball, team handball, track and field ath- and stewed cabbage letics and floorball. The Czech ice hockey team won the gold medal at the 1998 Winter Olympics and has won • Svíčková na smetaně: roast sirloin of beef with six gold medals at the World Championships, including steamed dumplings and cream of vegetable sauce three straight from 1999 to 2001. In total the country has won 14 gold medals in summer (plus 49 as Czechoslo- • Rajská (omáčka): beef in tomato sauce, traditionally vakia) and five gold medals (plus two as Czechoslovakia) served with dumplings in winter Olympic history. • Koprovka: beef in dill sauce, traditionally served Sport is a source of strong waves of patriotism, usually with dumplings rising several days or weeks before an event. The events considered the most important by Czech fans are: the • Pečená kachna: roast duck with bread or potato Ice Hockey World Championships, Olympic Ice hockey dumplings and braised red cabbage tournament, UEFA European Football Championship, UEFA Champions League, FIFA World Cup and quali- [142] • Guláš: a variety of beef and pork goulash stews, fication matches for such events. In general, any in- served with dumplings or bread ternational match of the Czech ice hockey or football national team draws attention, especially when played • Smažený sýr: fried cheese, typically served with against a traditional rival. potatoes or french fries and tartar sauce The Czech Republic also has great influence in tennis, with such players as , 8 times Grand Slam • Bramboráky: potato pancakes, traditionally served singles champion, 2010 Wimbledon Championships – with sour cabbage Men’s Singles finalist Tomáš Berdych, 2011 and 2014 Wimbledon Championships – Women’s Singles cham- There is also a large variety of local sausages, wurst, pion Petra Kvitová, 1998 Wimbledon Women’s Singles pâtés, and smoked and cured meats. Czech desserts in- title Jana Novotná, 2015 French Open – Women’s Sin- clude a wide variety of whipped cream, chocolate, and gles finalist Lucie Safarova, 2011 Wimbledon Champi- fruit pastries and tarts, crepes, creme desserts and cheese, onships – Women’s Doubles champion Květa Peschke poppy seed filled and other types of traditional cakes such and 18 time Grand Slam champion Martina Navratilova. as buchty, koláče and štrůdl. One of the most popular Czech sport is hiking, mainly in 21 the Czech mountains. The word “tourist” in the Czech jedná a písemnosti se vyhotovují v českém jazyce. Účast- language also means a trekker or hiker. For beginners, níci řízení mohou jednat a písemnosti mohou být před- thanks to the more than 100 years long tradition, there is kládány i v jazyce slovenském ...” (§16, odstavec 1). a unique system of waymarking, one of the best in Eu- Zákon o správě daní a poplatků (337/1992 Sb.) "Úřední rope. There is a network of around 40,000 km of per- jazyk: Před správcem daně se jedná v jazyce českém fectly marked short and long distance trails crossing the nebo slovenském. Veškerá písemná podání se předklá- dají v češtině nebo slovenštině ...” (§ 3, odstavec 1). http: whole country and all the Czech mountains – not only in //portal.gov.cz the Šumava Mountains, but also in the Vysočina, Krušné hory, Jizerské hory, Beskydy, Jeseníky, Orlické hory and [4] “Czech Republic Population 2014”. World Population Giant Mountains – Krkonoše. Review. Retrieved 14 April 2014. [5] “Population”. Czech Statistical Office. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 21 March 2015. 8 See also [6] Census of Population and Housing 2011: Basic final re- sults. Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved on 19 December • List of Czech Republic-related topics 2012.

• Outline of the Czech Republic [7] “Czech Republic”. International Monetary Fund. Re- trieved 14 April 2015. • [8] “Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC)". Eurostat Data Explorer. Retrieved 13 9 References August 2013. [9] “Human Development Report 2014” (PDF). United Na- Notes tions. 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2015. [10] “Oxford English Dictionary”. Retrieved 13 September [1] “Czech language”. Czech Republic – Official website. 2014. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic. Re- [11] Mlsna, Petr; Šlehofer, F.; Urban, D. (2010). “The Path of trieved 14 November 2011. Czech Constitutionality” (PDF). 1st edition (in : (Bilin- [2] Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally and gual) – Czech and English). Praha: Úřad Vlády České on a long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republiky (The Office of the Government of the Czech Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in commu- Republic). pp. 10–11. Retrieved 31 October 2012. nication with authorities and in courts of law (for the list [12] Čumlivski, Denko (2012). “800 let Zlaté buly sicilské" of recognized minorities see National Minorities Policy of (in Czech). National Archives of the Czech Republic the Government of the Czech Republic, Belorussian and (Národní Archiv České Republiky). Archived from the Vietnamese since 4 July 2013, see Česko má nové oficiální original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2012. národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy). Article 25 of the Czech Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic [13] Velinger, Jan (28 February 2006). “World Bank Marks Freedoms ensures the right of the national and ethnic mi- Czech Republic’s Graduation to 'Developed' Status”. Ra- norities to education and communication with the author- dio Prague. Retrieved 22 January 2007. ities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (The Administrative Rule) in its paragraph 16 (4) (Procedural [14] “Edit/Review Countries”. Imf.org. 14 September 2006. Language) ensures that a citizen of the Czech Republic Retrieved 14 May 2014. who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which [15] Country and Lending Groups. World Bank. Accessed on traditionally and on a long-term basis lives within the ter- 3 July 2014. ritory of the Czech Republic, has the right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the lan- [16] http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/ guage of the minority. If the administrative agency has no text.pdf employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency’s own expense. [17] “Quality of Life Index by Country 2014 Mid Year”. Re- According to Act No. 273/2001 (Concerning the Rights trieved 13 September 2014. of Members of Minorities) paragraph 9 (The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities [18] Social Progress Index and in front of the courts of law) the same also applies to [19] “2011 Human Development Report” (PDF). Retrieved 13 members of national minorities in the courts of law. September 2014.

[3] The Slovak language may be considered an official lan- [20] “Multilateral Policy”. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the guage in the Czech Republic under certain circumstances, Czech Republic. Retrieved 8 August 2015. as defined by several laws – e.g. law 500/2004, 337/1992. Source: http://portal.gov.cz. Cited: “Například Správní [21] “Oxford English Dictionary”. Askoxford.com. Retrieved řád (zákon č. 500/2004 Sb.) stanovuje: “V řízení se 4 March 2011. 22 9 REFERENCES

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[104] “Aquapalace Praha bude největším aquaparkem ve střední [127] “Population by denomination and sex: as measured by Evropě". Konstrukce.cz. Retrieved 27 May 2012. 1921, 1930, 1950, 1991 and 2001 censuses” (PDF) (in Czech and English). Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved [105] “2011 census” (in Czech). Czech Statistical Office. Re- 9 March 2010. trieved 1 June 2013. [128] “Eurobarometer on Biotechnology 2010 – page 381” [106] Nařízení vlády č. 212/1997, kterým se vyhlašuje závazná (PDF). Retrieved 1 February 2013. část územního plánu velkého územního celku Olomoucké aglomerace [129] “Eurobarometer on Biotechnology 2010 – page 381” (PDF). [107] Územní plán velkého územního celku ČESKOBUDĚJOVICKÉ SÍDELNÍ AGLOMERACE, [130] Prague : City Guidebook (1st ed.). Prague: Kartografie. 2000. p. 40. ISBN 80-7011-597-1. [108] První předběžné výsledky Sčítání lidu, domů a bytů 2011: Obyvatelstvo podle národnosti podle krajů. (PDF) . Re- [131] “History of ”. eu2009.cz. Czech Pres- trieved on 12 August 2012. idency of the European Union. Retrieved 20 July 2015.

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[111] Foreigners by type of residence, sex and citizenship, Czech [134] Hawes 2008, p. 29. Statistical Office, 30 September 2013 [135] Sayer 1996, pp. 164–210.

[112] “The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia”. Ushmm.org. [136] “Biggest rises and falls in the 2014 World Press Freedom Retrieved 25 April 2010. Index”. Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 17 July 2015. [113] “The Virtual Jewish Library”. Retrieved 13 September 2014. [137] “Nejserióznější zpravodajství hledejte na webu ct24.cz”. Czech Television. Retrieved 17 July 2015. [114] "PM Fischer visits Israel". Radio Prague. 22 July 2009. [138] "Čechy nejvíce zajímá bulvár. Nejčtenější v zemi je deník [115] “The World Factbook”. Cia.gov. Retrieved 14 May 2014. Blesk”. Czech News Agency. Retrieved 17 July 2015.

[116] “Population change – year 2014”. czso.cz. [139] “KFTV”. Wilmington Publishing and Information Ltd. [117] "Press: Number of foreigners in ČR up ten times since Retrieved 26 October 2012. 1989". Prague Monitor. 11 November 2009. [140] “Czech Film Commission – Karlovy Vary”. Czech Film [118] O'Connor, Coilin (29 May 2007). “Is the Czech Re- Commission. Retrieved 26 October 2012. public’s Vietnamese community finally starting to feel at [141] “28 národních jídel 28 zemí Evropské unie: Od svíčkové, home?". Czech Radio. Retrieved 1 February 2008. přes halušky až po mušle v Belgii”. Reflex.cz.

[119] “Crisis Strands Vietnamese Workers in a Czech Limbo”. [142] “Prague’s Most Popular Sports”. Prague.fm. Retrieved 14 Retrieved 13 September 2014. May 2014. [120] “Foreigners working in the Czech Republic” at the Wayback Machine (archived 3 June 2009). Ministry of Sources Foreign Affairs. July 2006. • Angi, János (1997). “A nyugati szláv államok [121] Czechs and . Encyclopedia of Chicago. [=Western Slavic states]". In Pósán, László; Papp, [122] “Czech and Slovak roots in Vienna”. wieninternational.at. Imre; Bárány, Attila; Orosz, István; Angi, János. Retrieved 13 September 2014. Európa a korai középkorban ["Europe in the "]. Multiplex Media – Debrecen Uni- [123] “Total ancestry reported”. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved versity Press. pp. 358–365. ISBN 963-04-9196-6. 13 July 2014.

[124] “Population by religious belief and by municipality size groups” (PDF). Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved 23 10 Further reading April 2012.

[125] “GLOBAL INDEX OF RELIGION AND ATHEISM” • Hochman, Jiří. Historical dictionary of the Czech (PDF). Retrieved 10 October 2013. State (1998) 25

11 External links Travel

• Czech Republic entry at The World Factbook • Czech Tourism official travel site of the Czech Re- public • Czech Republic information from the United States Department of State • Czech tourist club official webpage • Portals to the World from the United States Library of Congress Coordinates: 49°45′N 15°30′E / 49.750°N 15.500°E • Czech Republic at UCB Libraries GovPubs • Czech Republic at DMOZ • Czech Republic profile from the BBC News • Wikimedia Atlas of the Czech Republic • Geographic data related to Czech Republic at OpenStreetMap • Key Development Forecasts for the Czech Republic from International Futures • Czech Republic • History of Celts • History of Czech Economic and Political Align- ments Viewed as a Transition

Government

• Governmental website • Presidential website • Portal of the Public Administration • Senate • Chief of State and Cabinet Members

News

• The Prague Post • CzechNews • Czech News Agency News • Prague Daily Monitor • Radio Prague

Statistics

• Czech Statistical Office

Trade

• World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Czech Re- public 26 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text

• Czech Republic Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic?oldid=676876166 Contributors: Dreamyshade, Brion VIBBER, Zundark, The Anome, Tarquin, Koyaanis Qatsi, AstroNomer~enwiki, Taw, Jeronimo, -- April, Scipius, Danny, Tim Shell, MarekF~enwiki, Hhanke, SimonP, Panairjdde~enwiki, Camembert, Mintguy, R Lowry, Hephaestos, Olivier, Vkem~enwiki, Edward, Patrick, Infrogma- tion, JohnOwens, Tim Starling, Gabbe, Menchi, Bohuslavroztocil, Wapcaplet, Mic, Ixfd64, Zanimum, Sannse, Prasenberg, Gaz~enwiki, Looxix~enwiki, Mdebets, Ahoerstemeier, Arwel Parry, Docu, TUF-KAT, Darkwind, Александър, Jiang, Kaihsu, Cherkash, GCarty, Rl, John K, Jonik, Mxn, Johan Magnus, BRG, Raven in Orbit, Empetl, Norwikian, Ananaso, Timwi, Rob.derosa, Bemoeial, Daniel Quinlan, WhisperToMe, Wik, Tpbradbury, Munford, Maximus Rex, Grendelkhan, Morwen, Itai, Ed g2s, Joy, Bjarki S, Fvw, Zanthalon, Jerzy, Pro- teus, Qertis, Frish, Jni, Phil Boswell, Sjorford, Yenik~enwiki, Robbot, Juro, Vardion, Ke4roh, Caroig, ChrisO~enwiki, Chrism, Fredrik, Altenmann, Romanm, Naddy, Samrolken, Dukeofomnium, Gidonb, Hippietrail, Timrollpickering, Caknuck, Bkell, Mervyn, UtherSRG, Saforrest, Ddstretch, David Edgar, Gerv, Guy Peters, Katarzyna, Adam78, Lysy, David Gerard, Vjrott, DocWatson42, Pmaguire, Jao, Nikodemos, Meursault2004, Cool Hand Luke, Obli, Matt Borak, Tsca, Everyking, Mellum, Jgritz, Cantus, Rick Block, Malyctenar, Mboverload, Zoney, Matthead, Gzornenplatz, Avala, Golbez, Thewikipedian, Gadfium, Utcursch, SoWhy, Andycjp, Sca, Knutux, Sonjaaa, Ran, Antandrus, Margana, OverlordQ, Kaldari, Jossi, Plasma east, Wikimol, Langston~enwiki, Monarchist, Davidge~enwiki, Krupo, Jk- lamo, Soman, Picapica, Jvedral, Ulmanor, Bluemask, Mike Rosoft, Kingal86, D6, Mormegil, PZFUN, Duja, Ultratomio, EugeneZelenko, R U Bn, Discospinster, Guanabot, Hytrion~enwiki, BlueMars, Michal Jurosz, ThomasK, Pmsyyz, Vsmith, Naive cynic, Parishan, Marianne34, IlyaHaykinson, Quiensabe, Dbachmann, Michael Zimmermann, Pavel Vozenilek, Paul August, SpookyMulder, Ikalmar, WegianWarrior, Bender235, ESkog, Swid, SElefant, CanisRufus, Pgl, Livajo, El C, Miraceti, Kwamikagami, -jkb-, Spearhead, Art LaPella, RoyBoy, EmilJ, RTucker, Bobo192, Janna Isabot, Sortior, Func, Shenme, Cmdrjameson, Man vyi, Darwinek, PeterisP, Thewayforward, Morganiq, Sam Korn, Pharos, Jumbuck, JohnyDog, Freako, Stephen G. 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12.2 Images

• File:10_Soviet_Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/10_Soviet_Invasion_of_Czechoslovakia_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg License: Pub- lic domain Contributors: 10 Soviet Invasion of Czechoslovakia Original artist: The Central Intelligence Agency • File:28._říjen_1918.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/28._%C5%99%C3%ADjen_1918.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Léta zkázy a naděje Original artist: Unknown 28 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Autumn.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_ -_Autumn.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Art Renewal Center Museum, image 4426 Original artist: Alfons Mucha • File:Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Spring.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_ Spring.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Art Renewal Center Museum, image 4424 Original artist: Alfons Mucha • File:Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Summer.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_ -_Summer.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Art Renewal Center Museum, image 4425 Original artist: Alfons Mucha • File:Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_Winter.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Alfons_Mucha_-_1896_-_ Winter.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Art Renewal Center Museum, image 4423 Original artist: Alfons Mucha • File:Ambox_current_red.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg License: CC0 Contributors: self-made, inspired by Gnome globe current event.svg, using Information icon3.svg and Earth clip art.svg Original artist: Vipersnake151, penubag, Tkgd2007 (clock) • File:Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_(after_1400).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/ Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28after_1400%29.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: N3MO • File:Beskid_Śląsko-Morawski_-_panorama_2-edit.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Beskid_ %C5%9Al%C4%85sko-Morawski_-_panorama_2-edit.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: • Beskid_Śląsko-Morawski_-_panorama_2.jpg Original artist: Beskid_Śląsko-Morawski_-_panorama_2.jpg: Pudelek (Marcin Szala), edit by Dmottl • File:Bubo_bubo_1_(Martin_Mecnarowski).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Bubo_bubo_ 1_%28Martin_Mecnarowski%29.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Martin Mecnarowski (http://www.photomecan.eu/) • File:Budvar-mug.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Budvar-mug.JPG License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rude • File:CHKO+NP_Czech_map.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/CHKO%2BNP_Czech_ map.png License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.ochranaprirody.cz/wps/portal/cs/aopkcr/aopk-cr/!ut/p/c5/ vZLNboJAFIWfxQcwcxlAYAkMIL-KgiIbQweL4g8gLeA8fU266Mp2Y71neZLz5UsuStE9l6w7FNnHobpkJ5SgdLKdeaEimqIAVsSLYLsxr2qxjkEGtEYJCNtleattdmSLEnoWeAa0ktr7xMB-LGOfOF5gHIeIxYMPwJbl5raMYQCqcCszNFRrAmZHR_ et9Deaxf_Rc989PDgV0Aal0mMbDkVPtPmdxb-ONYN_ZM2IwYGtr3DoWBPO0l7pJT6V5aC0OFVv959fJ7QfSOX3xCCLlmlCGfG848aef7D0xj7mVva5nyf42l4tpeN7SnNGcQ92M6c7-TQQTq2B020pJkFeaClWLrkXmlPzyIrxtiyoBHorRReTYbnfKwHGjVhnFJpEX8xZVDbueLxrXUZkNcFiV2UomFbnHarPXW28Bz8R1NEXvv6pPg! !/dl3/d3/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ Original artist: AOPK ČR • File:CZexport2013.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/CZexport2013.png License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Itsyoungrapper • File:Carte_du_Conseil_de_l'Europe.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Carte_du_Conseil_de_l% 27Europe.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work by uploader, based on Image:Euro 2008.png Original artist: JLogan • File:Celts_in_Europe.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Celts_in_Europe.png License: CC-BY-SA- 3.0 Contributors: Atlas of the Celtic World, by John Haywood; London Thames & Hudson Ltd., 2001, pp.30-37 and other sources (see talkpage for details). Original artist: QuartierLatin1968,The Ogre,Dbachmann • File:Church_of_St_John_of_Nepomuk_at_Zelená_hora_CZ.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/ Church_of_St_John_of_Nepomuk_at_Zelen%C3%A1_hora_CZ.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Church of St John of Nepomuk at Zelen� Hora Original artist: Anna Prokopová • File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Coat_of_arms_of_ the_Czech_Republic.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Law 3/1993 (state book of laws) Original artist: Jiří Louda (conversion to SVG by Tlusťa) • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:CopyCrownBohemia.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/CopyCrownBohemia.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prague_Praha_2014_Holmstad_Kronjuveler_crone_juwels_Prague_ castle.jpg Original artist: Øyvind Holmstad • File:Czech_ISAF_(6).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Czech_ISAF_%286%29.jpg License: Attri- bution Contributors: http://www.army.cz/scripts/detail.php?id=11100 Original artist: Ministerstvo obrany České republiky • File:Czech_Rep._-_Bohemia,_Moravia_and_Silesia_III_(en).png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/ Czech_Rep._-_Bohemia%2C_Moravia_and_Silesia_III_%28en%29.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: • Czech_Rep._-_Bohemia,_Moravia_and_Silesia_III.png Original artist: Czech_Rep._-_Bohemia,_Moravia_and_Silesia_III.png: *Czech_Rep._-_Bohemia,_Moravia_and_Silesia_II.png: *Czech_Rep._-_Bohemia,_Moravia_and_Silesia_I.png: *Morava_po_roce_1920_na_mapě_Česka.png: AUTHOR UNKNOWN • File:Czech_anthem.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Czech_anthem.ogg License: Public domain Contributors: Office of Government of the Czech Republic vlada.cz Original artist: František Škroup • File:Czechpolsystem.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Czechpolsystem.png License: CC BY 4.0 Con- tributors: Own work Original artist: Itsyoungrapper • File:Defenestration-prague-1618.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Defenestration-prague-1618.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: Johann Philipp Abelinus • File:Diplomatic_missions_of_the_Czech_Republic.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Diplomatic_ missions_of_the_Czech_Republic.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Aquintero82 • File:Dvorak1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Dvorak1.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? 12.2 Images 29

• File:EU-Czechia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/EU-Czech_Republic.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: • File:Location European nation states.svg Original artist: NuclearVacuum • File:Edit-clear.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist: The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the file, specifically: “Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although minimally).” • File:Edvard_Beneš.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Edvard_Bene%C5%A1.jpg License: Public do- main Contributors: This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID fsa.8e00866. This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information. Original artist: Unknown. Transfer; United States. Office of War Information. Overseas Picture Division. Washington Division; 1944. • File:Europe_(orthographic_projection).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Europe_ %28orthographic_projection%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Origi- nal artist: Ssolbergj • File:Europe_green_light.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Europe_green_light.png License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Aegean Boy • File:Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_(1869-1918).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Flag_of_ Austria-Hungary_%281869-1918%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: vectorized by Sgt_bilko, change name by User:Actarux for use in same templates • File:Flag_of_Bohemia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg License: Public do- main Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Bohmen_und_Mahren.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Flag_of_Bohmen_und_ Mahren.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Flag_of_Czechoslovakia.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Flag_of_Czechoslovakia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: • -xfi-'s file • -xfi-'s code • Zirland’s codes of colors Original artist: (of code): SVG version by cs:-xfi-. • File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain Contributors: • File based on the specification given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-xfi-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi, User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370 • File:Flag_of_German_Reich_(1935–1945).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_German_ Reich_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Fornax • File:Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_La_Francophonie.svg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: Based on Image:Francophonie 1987.png. Original artist: Denelson83 • File:Flag_of_NATO.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg License: Public domain Contributors: www.nato.int Original artist: • Vectorized by Mysid and uploaded to Flag of NATO.svg • File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic. svg License: Public domain Contributors: • -xfi-'s file • -xfi-'s code • Zirland’s codes of colors Original artist: (of code): SVG version by cs:-xfi-. • File:Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_ Monarchy.svg License: Public domain Contributors: This vector image was created with Inkscape. Original artist: Sir Iain, earlier ver- sion by ThrashedParanoid and Peregrine981.ThrashedParanoid • File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by- sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Garden_of_Straka_Academy,_Prague_Malá_Strana.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/ Garden_of_Straka_Academy%2C_Prague_Mal%C3%A1_Strana.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Czech Wikipedia user Packa • File:Great_moravia_svatopluk.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Great_moravia_svatopluk.png Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: Based on information described in Štefanovičová, Tatiana (1989). Osudy starých Slovanov, Bratislava: Osveta. Original artist: Tankred 30 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Grygov,_nádraží,_jednotka_680.002.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Grygov%2C_n%C3% A1dra%C5%BE%C3%AD%2C_jednotka_680.002.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/martinhefner/ 8670387079/ Original artist: Martin Hefner • File:HC_LEV_Record_O2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/HC_LEV_Record_O2.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jirka.h23 • File:Havla_1989.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Havla_1989.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contrib- utors: Own work Original artist: MD • File:Holy_Roman_Empire_ca.1600.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Holy_Roman_Empire_ca. 1600.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work, based on File:Holyromanempire.png Original artist: Ssolbergj • File:Hradschin_Prag.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Hradschin_Prag.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Stefan Bauer, http://www.ferras.at • File:Kafka_portrait.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Kafka_portrait.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/news/2008_july_02 Original artist: Atelier Jacobi: Sigismund Jacobi (1860–1935) • File:Karlstejn.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Karlstejn.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? 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Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine readable author provided. Thalion77~commonswiki assumed (based on copyright claims). • File:Münchner_abkommen5_en.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/M%C3%BCnchner_ abkommen5_en.svg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: File:Münchner abkommen5+.svg Original artist: Jaro.p • File:Night_view_of_the_Castle_and_Charles_Bridge,_Prague_-_8034.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/c/ca/Night_view_of_the_Castle_and_Charles_Bridge%2C_Prague_-_8034.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jorge Royan • File:Nuclear.power.plant.Dukovany.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Nuclear.power.plant. Dukovany.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? 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12.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0