El Meadows Museum Y La Formación De Las Colecciones De Arte Español En Los Estados Unidos 1

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El Meadows Museum Y La Formación De Las Colecciones De Arte Español En Los Estados Unidos 1 DE ESPAÑA A TEXAS: EL MEADOWS MUSEUM Y LA FORMACIÓN DE LAS COLECCIONES DE ARTE ESPAÑOL EN LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS 1 Amanda W. Dotseth Assistant Curator, Meadows Museum Southern Methodist University, USA RESUMEN Entre las colecciones más importantes de arte español en los Estados Unidos destaca la del Meadows Museum de la Southern Methodist University en Dallas, Texas, cuya colección fue adquirida durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX por el millonario tejano Algur H. Meadows. En este artículo se tratan sus hábitos de coleccionar dentro de un amplio contexto en el que se trata la formación de significativas colecciones de arte español en los Esta - dos Unidos por coleccionistas de los siglos XIX y XX, incluyendo Henry Clay Frick (1849-1919), William Randolph Hearst (1863-1951), Samuel H. Kress (1863-1955) y, sobre todo, Archer M. Huntington (1870-1955). Una breve historia del Meadows Museum sirve para demostrar su relación con las colecciones y los museos precursores así como su papel en los estudios hispánicos de los Estados Unidos en la actualidad. Palabras clave: arte español, museología, coleccionismo, Henry C. Frick, Samuel H. Kress, Archer M. Huntington, Algur H. Meadows, Meadows Museum, Dallas ABSTRACT Among the most important collections of Spanish art in the United States of America is that of the Meadows Museum at Southern Methodist University in Dallas , Texas, whose collection was primarily purchased in the sec - ond half of the 20 th century by the Texas millionaire Algur H. Meadows. His collecting practices are here consid - ered within a broader context of the formation of significant collections of Spanish art in the United States by such 19 th and 20 th -century collectors as Henry Clay Frick (1849-1919), William Randolph Hearst (1863-1951), Samuel H. Kress (1863-1955) and, above all, Archer M. Huntington (1870-1955). A brief history of the Mead - ows Museum highlights its relationship to the collections and museums of its predecessors as well as its role in Hispanic studies in the United States today. Keywords: spanish art, museology, collecting, Henry C. Frick, Samuel H. Kress, Archer M. Huntington, Algur H. Meadows, Meadows Museum , Dallas Ningún estudio de arte español, por muy colecciones de los museos de la costa Este son solvente que pueda ser este, estaría completo si muy conocidas: el Museum of Fine Arts en Bos - no se tienen en cuenta las obras de las colec - ton, el Philadelphia Museum of Art, la National ciones de Estados Unidos. Pocos lugares fuera Gallery of Art en Washington, D.C., el Metro - de la Península Ibérica pueden presumir de tal politan Museum of Art en Nueva York, y desde cantidad de pinturas, esculturas, objetos de arte luego, el museo de la Hispanic Society of Ame - decorativos y libros de calidad excepcional reali - rica, también en Nueva York. Aunque las colec - zados por maestros españoles desde el final de ciones de estos museos, incluidos sus fondos la Edad Media hasta el siglo XXI. Las destacadas españoles, tienen su origen en las fantásticas QUINTANA Nº7 2008. ISSN 1579-7414. pp. 59-90 60 De España a Texas: el Meadows Museum y la formación de las colecciones ... h colecciones privadas de la Época Dorada ( Gilded Leyenda Negra, la propaganda protestante con - t e s Age ), el período de prosperidad nacional de tra la España católica que comenzó en el siglo t 2 o finales del siglo XIX, las colecciones y museos XVI, y rechazadas por el movimiento intelectual D . fundados a mediados del XX no son tan cono - conocido como la Generación del 98. Un libro W cidos. De entre estos, sin duda la colección más posterior editado por Kagan, Spain in America: a 6 d espectacular dedicada al arte español es la del The Origins of Hispanism in the United States n a Meadows Museum de la Southern Methodist amplió su análisis de la cuestión y, lo que es más m University (SMU) de Dallas. El Meadows, al que importante para este artículo, recopiló estudios A a menudo denominan en tono desenfadado el pormenorizados de historiadores y coleccionis - “Prado de la Pradera” 3, debe su colección prin - tas tan influyentes como Georgiana Goddard cipal a las adquisiciones realizadas por el millo - King, Arthur Kingsley Porter y Archer Milton nario tejano Algur H. Meadows durante las casi Huntington 7. tres décadas que transcurrieron entre su prime - El exotismo que se percibía de España y su ra visita a Madrid a principios de la década de arte atrajo por igual a artistas extranjeros y 1950 y su muerte (repentina, en un accidente coleccionistas. En el caso de la pintora Mary de tráfico) en 1978. Los conservadores del Cassatt y los coleccionistas Harry y Louisine museo han seguido aportando obras maestras Havemeyer, los encantos del país reunieron a la clave del arte español y la colección puede con - artista y a los coleccionistas en su viaje a España siderarse como una de las mejores de Estados en 1901. Al igual que numerosos estadouni - Unidos tanto en alcance como en calidad. El denses interesados por el arte en los albores del importantísimo papel que ha desempeñado el siglo XX, viajaban en búsqueda de escenas pin - museo Meadows en la promoción de las gran - torescas e inspiración artística en los trabajos de des colecciones estadounidenses de arte español los antiguos maestros españoles, como El Greco y en el desarrollo del hispanismo en este país (1541 –1614) 8, Diego Velázquez (1599 –1660) y constituye el tema principal de este artículo. Francisco de Goya (1746 –1828), cuya obra fue valorada por su aparente capacidad moderna ¡Coleccionistas! El cebo de este aparejo para capturar el movimiento y la luz con pince - de pesca es un museo, y ya hay como míni - ladas rápidas , rotas y con paletas sutiles 9. Cas - mo algunos cangrejos que están intentando satt pintó en España escenas inspiradas en entrar en la red. toreros y damas con abanicos en balcones 10 , Archer M. Huntington, 1898 4 mientras que el matrimonio Havemeyers adqui - rió pinturas de Goya que posteriormente se col - Antes de describir las circunstancias en las garían en la National Gallery de Washington y que se conformó la colección del Meadows, en el Metropolitan Museum of Art 11 . Aunque resultaría útil examinar los hechos que prece - este viaje conjunto de artista y coleccionistas no dieron a la colección y al estudio del arte espa - es un hecho habitual, constituye un síntoma de ñol en Estados Unidos. Las investigaciones han una tendencia más extendida en las relaciones aportado gran cantidad de información acerca entre Estados Unidos y España. Destacados del desarrollo del hispanismo en este país y de artistas y escritores estadounidenses —William sus consecuencias en las colecciones de arte, los Merritt Chase, Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri y, estudios académicos y la historiografía de Espa - quizá de forma más notoria, John Singer Sar - ña. Cabe destacar el artículo de Richard Kagan gent y Washington Irving — homenajearon a de 1996 “Prescott ’s Paradigm: American Histo - España con palabras e imágenes 12 . Al igual que rical Scholarship and the Decline of Spain” 5, que su íntimo amigo Sargent, la coleccionista de demostró cómo los estudios del siglo XIX, y Boston Isabella Stewart Gardner (1840 –1924) muchos otros posteriormente, estaban teñidos también desarrolló un interés por lo español; la por una idea de España como un lugar anticua - primera obra de arte que compraron ella y su do, exótico, profundamente religioso, supersti - marido la adquirieron en Sevilla, Madona con cioso y romántico; todas ellas características con niño que en aquel momento se consideró una connotaciones negativas expuestas por la de las primeras pinturas de Francisco Zurbarán QUINTANA Nº7 2008. ISSN 1579-7414. pp. 59-90 De España a Texas: el Meadows Museum y la formación de las colecciones ... 61 19 (15 98– 1664). A la cual concedería, más adelan - su colección a estas instituciones . Por el con - h t e te, un lugar privilegiado en el “claustro espa - trario, coleccionaba exclusivamente para su casa s t ñol” de Fenway Court, su mansión convertida particular, la cual, en 1914, era una nueva man - o D en museo, donde también se colgaría el monu - sión de inspiración francesa del siglo XVIII en la . 13 W mental El jaleo de Sargent . East Seventieth Street de Manhattan construida a Otros notables coleccionistas manifestaron pensando en la colección y en la creación, más d 20 n su interés por los viejos maestros españoles de adelante, de un museo público . En el año de a fama reciente. Entre ellos se encontraba Henry su muerte, según la información existente Frick m A Clay Frick (1849 –1919), empresario hecho a sí declaró : “Deseo que esta colección sea mi mismo en el sector del carbón y del acero, que monumento” y, de hecho, con una amplia crearía uno de los mejores museos de arte de variedad de pinturas, esculturas y dibujos de Estados Unidos. De joven, Frick demostró interés antiguos maestros de la más alta calidad, porce - por el arte y una de sus primeras adquisiciones lana de Limoges, arte decorativo francés y fue una pintura del artista español Luis Jiménez alfombras orientales, se asemeja bastante a un 21 Aranda (1845 –1928) titulada En el Louvre 14 . En monumento . los últimos años del siglo XIX, la actividad colec - Uno de los coleccionistas nacionales más cionista de Frick se hizo más regular, se centró prolíficos alcanzó cotas máximas en su trabajo en artistas contemporáneos, especialmente pin - en la década de 1920, cuando, como escribió el tores de la escuela de Barbizon, lo cual lo dife - historiador David Nasaw, “nunca antes había renciaba de sus colegas coleccionistas, como los sido tan grande el contraste entre la deuda mencionados Havemeyers, a los que interesaban europea y la prosperidad estadounidense” 22 .
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