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Prosecuting Sodomites in Early Modern Spain and Mexico Fede3icoga3za Ca3vajal

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Prosecuting Sodomites in Early Modern Spain and Mexico Fede3icoga3za Ca3vajal But5erflies Will Bu3n THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK But5erflies Will Bu3n Prosecuting Sodomites in Early Modern Spain and Mexico Fede3icoGa3za Ca3vajal University of Texas Press Austin Copyright ©2003 by the University of Texas Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First edition, 2003 Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to Permissions, University of Texas Press, Box 7819, Austin, TX 78713-7819. ᭺ϱ The paper used in this book meets the minimum require- ments of ansi/niso z39.48-1992 (R1997) (Permanence of Paper). Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Garza Carvajal, Federico. Butterflies will burn : prosecuting sodomites in early modern Spain and Mexico / Federico Garza Carvajal. p. cm. Revised and updated edition. Originally published in 2000, by the University of Amsterdam, under title: Vir : perceptions of manliness in Andalucía and México 1561–1699. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-292-70183-7 (cloth : alk. paper)— isbn 0-292-70221-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Men— Spain—Andalusia—History. 2. Men— Spain—Andalusia—History. 3. Masculinity—Mexico— History. 4. Masculinity—Mexico—History. 5. Trials (Sodomy)— Spain—Andalusia—History. 6. Trials (Sodomy)—Mexico—History 7. Sex role. I. Title: Prosecuting sodomites in early modern Spain and Mexico. II. Garza Carvajal, Federico. Vir. III. Title. hq1090.7.s7g37 2003 305.31Ј0946Ј8 —dc21 2003007724 Fo3 my parents, María P. Carvajal† and Federico G. Garza Fo3 Javier del Río THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Tierra-Piedra-Adoquín. Textura-Variado. Firmeza-Solidez. Caliente. Sentido del tacto, muy variado. Ves lo que es, lo sientes. Deja huella, marca. Te puedes apoyar, es estable. Se proyectan las cosas, las sombras. La tierra gira y da vueltas, y vueltas, y vueltas... josé ignacio lucio pérez, Notes for Portarretrato Ocre 1/2 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK CONTENTS List of Illustrations, xi Notes on Translation and Transcription, xiii Abbreviations, xv Acknowledgments, xvii prologue Varied Textures, 1 chapter 1 A Total Man and a Total Woman, 15 chapter 2 A Brief History of Early Modern Spain on Sodomie, 39 chapter 3 Mariner, Would You Scratch My Legs?, 74 chapter 4 Cotita and the Antipodas, or How a Cadre of Effeminate Sodomites Infested New Spain with an Endemic Cancer Known as the Abominable Sin Contra Natura, 131 epilogue He Died of a Broken Heart, 184 appendix 1 Natura Armada, 189 appendix 2 Tentando pijas y siesos: Como se confirma el derra- mamiento de la suciedad, 193 appendix 3 Cotita que es lo mismo que mariquita y sus lindas niñas en la ciudad de México, 200 Notes, 203 Glossary, 257 Works Cited, 269 Index, 303 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1.1. La mujer barbuda, 20 1.2. Notions of a perfect early modern Man, 21 1.3. Map of Spain, 22 1.4. Lithograph of Alférez Alonso/Antonio Díaz, 38 2.1. Pragmática de los Reyes Católicos acerca de los reos de pecado nefando, 41 2.2. “Vista de Andalucía siglo XVI,” 58 2.3. Bartolomew Portugués, or representations of the other, 60 2.4. Philip IV and a page in “ruffs and cuffs,” 67 2.5. María, marica, maricón, 69 3.1. Shirtless to the stake, 75 3.2. “Sevilla siglo XVI,” 82 3.3. Space on board a seventeenth-century ship, 84 3.4. Grummet and page at work, 87 3.5. Appeal trial records of Cristóbal, 98 –99 3.6. Frontispiece of a sodomy trial record, 112 4.1. Mapa de América Septentrional, 1746, 133 4.2. “Forma y levantado de la ciudad de México,” 170 4.3. Representations of early modern Indios in Mexico City, 175 4.4. Emulating a beautiful woman, 177 4.5. List of the accused in the 1657–1658 Mexico City sodomy trials, 180 4.6. Frontispiece of the 1657–1658 Mexico City sodomy trials, 182 [ xi ] THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK NOTES ON TRANSLATION AND TRANSCRIPTION I have adopted the following convention for the use of the word “sod- omy.” When the word is in the context of a theoretical discussion, I use the French “sodomie.” When the word is linked to a Spanish archival source, or when the discussion that follows seems to flow from such a source, I use “sodomía” or “sodomías.” On the other hand, when the word forms part of the ordinary text, I use “sodomy.” Likewise, I have adopted a number of historically traditional conven- tions for the Spanish transcriptions. Unless noted otherwise, I transcribed and translated all the contents of the archival documents that make up this study. When I quoted directly from an archival source, I use the orig- inal Spanish name or spelling. When a word forms part of the ordinary text, I employed modern-day Spanish rules of grammar. As a matter of my own proper style, I did not translate Spanish proper names or names of places into the English. [ xiii ] THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ABBREVIATIONS AGI Archivo General de Indias, Seville AGN Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico City AGS Archivo General de Simancas AHN Archivo Histórico Nacional, Madrid AMS Archivo Municipal de Sevilla ARCV Archivo Real Chancillería, Valladolid BCV Bibliothèque de la Casa de Velázquez, Madrid BFT Biblioteca de la Facultad de Teología, Burgos BLAC Benson Latin American Collection, University of Texas at Austin BN Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid BNS Bibliotheek Nederlands Scheepvartmuseum, Amsterdam BR Bibliotheek Rosenthaliana, Universiteit van Amsterdam BRAH Biblioteca de la Real Academia de la Historia, Madrid BUG Biblioteca de la Universidad de Granada BUS Biblioteca de la Universidad de Salamanca CEDLA Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation, Amsterdam PKB PreuBischer Kulturbesitz Bibliothek, Ibero-Amerikanisches Institut, Berlin [ xv ] THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I extend my heartfelt gratitude to Theresa May, editor-in-chief of the University of Texas Press. Her keen insight and perseverance have en- abled me to publish this book. The original book, titled VIR: Perceptions of Manliness in Andalucía and México, 1561–1699, received staunch and unwavering support from Leo Noordegraaf and Arij Ouweneel, history professors at the Universiteit van Amsterdam. Leo read the initial proposal and the subsequent chap- ter drafts with interest and wholeheartedly understood my claim to write a different sort of history. He also provided me with all the necessary papers to placate the university and governmental bureaucracies in the Netherlands. Subsequently, Leo secured the funding for the initial publi- cation of this work. Arij, for his part, accommodated my stay at the UvA’s Centre for Latin American Research and Documentation (CEDLA). Over the last years, he read through even the most mundane folios I presented him with—always eagerly and in a timely way. His ability and desire to ven- ture beyond demarcated epochs and entrenched academic paradigms or disciplines have enriched the scope of my writing. In both Leo and Arij, I have found two astute mentors and two good friends. For the current edition, I have completely rewritten the prologue, chapters 1 and 2, the epilogue, and the appendices. Chapters 3 and 4 were also partially revised. Mary Elizabeth Perry, David William Foster, Wil- liam B. Taylor, Ramón A. Gutiérrez, Pete Sigal, James N. Green, and two anonymous readers generously provided me with useful tips for the revi- sions and publication in the United States. Additional advice for this revised edition also transcended academic disciplines. This was evident in the kind words of encouragement ex- pressed to me by Rebeca Siegel, Asunción Lavrín, Emilie L. Bergmann, Paul Julian Smith, Anthony J. Cascardi, Norma Alarcón, Margaret Chowning, Nicholas Spadaccini, Gregory S. Hutcheson, Alain Saint- Saëns, Serge Gruzinski, Pamela Voekel, Eric Zinner, Nikki Craske, Moshé Sluhovsky, Luis Marentes, Elisa Servín, Verónica Grossi, Eduardo [ xvii ] [ xviii ] BUT TERFLIES WILL BURN Archetti, David Montejano, Susan Deans-Smith, Solange Alberro, San- dra Lauderdale Graham, Mari Carmen Ramírez, Rita Cano Alcalá, Raúl Villa, Jeffrey Merrick, Teófilo Ruiz, Jesús Escobar, Jodi Bilinkoff, Car- olyn Boyd, Josiah Blackmore, Barbara Weissberger, Richard Kagan, David Nirenberg, John D’Emilio, David Higgs, Pilar Cuder Domínguez, Pablo E. Pérez-Mallaína, Pedro Pérez Herrero, Carlos Baztán LaCasa, and Eduardo Suárez, the chief editor at Laertes who published the Span- ish edition of this book. My gratitude also extends to those who read, critiqued, or edited por- tions or all of the original manuscript: Geert Banck, Harm Den Boer, Brucht Pranger, Mattijs Van de Port, María José Ramírez Ramírez, Gery Nijenhuis, Theo van der Meer, Alan Bray, Kees Smit Sibinga, Margot Morshuis, Florine Boucher, Rob Aitken, Alfredo Leewis, Rebeca Siegel, Susan Eckstein, Standish Meacham, Santiago Hernández, Rafael Car- rasco, Andrés Moreno Mengíbar, Jorge González Aragón, Ana Morales, Koldo J. Garai, Jaime del Val, and Javier del Río. I’m especially indebted to Rosemary Wetherold, who meticulously edited this current edition. Her penchant for clarity undoubtedly en- hanced its contents. Additionally, Lynne Chapman at the University of Texas Press has worked diligently to ensure the manuscript’s timely publication. The staff at CEDLA, in particular, María José Ramírez Ramírez, Jolanda Van de Boom, Hanna Berretty, Marinella Wallis, Graça de Oli- veira, Patricia Dekker, and Kees den Boer attended to my endless requests with admirable expertise. Aliet Soeteman and Louise Hesp, administra- tive assistants at the University of Amsterdam’s Faculty of the Humani- ties, most graciously drafted all the correspondence required by the uni- versity. I am also indebted to Lars and Bruce Hamilton Maddox; the latter is a keen philanthropist and benefactor of the original version. The work on this manuscript began back in the early 1990s while I pursued graduate studies at the University of Texas at Austin. Laura Gutiérrez Witt, head librarian at the Benson Latin American Collection, tutored me in the art of seventeenth-century Spanish paleography.
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