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Ciliophora -

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Pellicle is a membrane with alveoli. Oral groove, , cytopharynx, food , cytoproct – for digestion. for osmoregulation. (It pumps out water. Think of how osmosis works and why a freshwater protest would need one.) Some ciliates have reduced ciliature cirrus (-i) are tufts of cilia and/or modified cilia. fused to form leg-like structures.

Stentor Euplotes Vorticella

Membranelles are rows of cilia fused to form sheet-like structures. Cilia and flagella have similar internal structure. 9 + 2 arrangement of . 9 fused pairs of microtubules on the outside of a cylinder, plus 2 unfused microtubules in the center.

Dynein "arms" attached to the microtubules serve as the molecular motors. Flagella (longer and less numerous ) undulate, while cilia (shorter and usually more numerous) move in an oar-like fashion. phylum Bacillariophyta -

The is a 2-part, silicious . One valve fits inside the other. When cells divide, each daughter cell forms a new valve to fit inside the old one, so some cells are smaller. They get smaller and smaller until, at 1/3 original size, they reproduce sexually and return to full size. These unusual (photosynthetic) occurred in large numbers in the past (blooms) in places where their remnant formed layers of diatomaceous earth (now used as water filters and polishing compounds, including tooth paste.) phylum Phaeophyta – these marine algae are often very large, like kelp and sargassum, and have a simple, multicellular form. They have zones of growth, called meristems. phylum Rhodophyta – are deep-water, marine macroalgae. Their pigments are suitable for deep water. Some are edible and provide useful products, like (used in ice cream), , and . Ameboid Amebas – with and without tests (shell-like structures) Pseudopods are used for movement and

Lobopodia are blunt and lobe-like. Pseudopod movement involves a thick and a thin flowing . break down and rebuild as one converts to the other. phylum Gymnamoeba “naked” amoebae, without tests. Some are parasitic and some are free-living. phylum

axopodia and silicious tests with perforations. Axopodia are pseudopods reinforced with microtubules – stiff and needle-like. phylum

reticulopodia and chambered, tests. Reticulopodia are threadlike and branching pseudopods. Ancient oozes of foraminifera formed the White Cliffs of Dover and pink sands of Bermuda. Some of them are the largest ever lived. phylum Myxomycota – plasmodial slime molds

The body form is a – a multi-nucleate mass of

complex cycles include formation phylum

cell walls and

solitary or colonial phylum Choanoflagellata

collar cells adapted for filter-feeding a collar of microvilli and a single

These protists are more closely related to Animalia than any other group. They are considered to be a sister group of Animalia.