Phylum Ciliophora - Ciliates

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Phylum Ciliophora - ciliates paramecium2.gif paramecium3.jpg Pellicle is a cell membrane with alveoli. Oral groove, cytostome, cytopharynx, food vacuole, cytoproct – for digestion. Contractile vacuole for osmoregulation. (It pumps out water. Think of how osmosis works and why a freshwater protest would need one.) Some ciliates have reduced ciliature cirrus (-i) are tufts of cilia and/or modified cilia. fused to form leg-like structures. Stentor Euplotes Vorticella Membranelles are rows of cilia fused to form sheet-like structures. Cilia and flagella have similar internal structure. 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules. 9 fused pairs of microtubules on the outside of a cylinder, plus 2 unfused microtubules in the center. Dynein "arms" attached to the microtubules serve as the molecular motors. Flagella (longer and less numerous ) undulate, while cilia (shorter and usually more numerous) move in an oar-like fashion. phylum Bacillariophyta - diatoms The cell wall is a 2-part, silicious frustule. One valve fits inside the other. When cells divide, each daughter cell forms a new valve to fit inside the old one, so some cells are smaller. They get smaller and smaller until, at 1/3 original size, they reproduce sexually and return to full size. These unusual algae (photosynthetic) occurred in large numbers in the past (blooms) in places where their remnant frustules formed layers of diatomaceous earth (now used as water filters and polishing compounds, including tooth paste.) phylum Phaeophyta – brown algae these marine algae are often very large, like kelp and sargassum, and have a simple, multicellular form. They have zones of growth, called meristems. phylum Rhodophyta – red algae are deep-water, marine macroalgae. Their pigments are suitable for deep water. Some are edible and provide useful products, like carrageenan (used in ice cream), nori, and agar. Ameboid protozoa Amebas – with and without tests (shell-like structures) Pseudopods are used for movement and phagocytosis Lobopodia are blunt and lobe-like. Pseudopod movement involves a thick ectoplasm and a thin flowing endoplasm. Cytoskeletons break down and rebuild as one converts to the other. phylum Gymnamoeba “naked” amoebae, without tests. Some are parasitic and some are free-living. phylum Radiolaria axopodia and silicious tests with perforations. Axopodia are pseudopods reinforced with microtubules – stiff and needle-like. phylum Foraminifera reticulopodia and chambered, calcareous tests. Reticulopodia are threadlike and branching pseudopods. Ancient oozes of foraminifera formed the White Cliffs of Dover and pink sands of Bermuda. Some of them are the largest protists ever lived. phylum Myxomycota – plasmodial slime molds The body form is a plasmodium – a multi-nucleate mass of protoplasm complex life cycles include spore formation phylum Chlorophyta – green algae cell walls and chloroplasts solitary or colonial phylum Choanoflagellata collar cells adapted for filter-feeding a collar of microvilli and a single flagellum These protists are more closely related to Animalia than any other group. They are considered to be a sister group of kingdom Animalia..

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Molecular Phylogenetic Position of Hexacontium Pachydermum Jørgensen (Radiolaria)
Marine Micropaleontology 73 (2009) 129–134 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Marine Micropaleontology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/marmicro Molecular phylogenetic position of Hexacontium pachydermum Jørgensen (Radiolaria) Tomoko Yuasa a,⁎, Jane K. Dolven b, Kjell R. Bjørklund b, Shigeki Mayama c, Osamu Takahashi a a Department of Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan b Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway c Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan article info abstract Article history: The taxonomic affiliation of Hexacontium pachydermum Jørgensen, specifically whether it belongs to the Received 9 April 2009 order Spumellarida or the order Entactinarida, is a subject of ongoing debate. In this study, we sequenced the Received in revised form 3 August 2009 18S rRNA gene of H. pachydermum and of three spherical spumellarians of Cladococcus viminalis Haeckel, Accepted 7 August 2009 Arachnosphaera myriacantha Haeckel, and Astrosphaera hexagonalis Haeckel. Our molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that the spumellarian species of C. viminalis, A. myriacantha, and A. hexagonalis form a Keywords: monophyletic group. Moreover, this clade occupies a sister position to the clade comprising the spongodiscid Radiolaria fi Entactinarida spumellarians, coccodiscid spumellarians, and H. pachydermum. This nding is contrary to the results of Spumellarida morphological studies based on internal spicular morphology, placing H. pachydermum in the order Nassellarida Entactinarida, which had been considered to have a common ancestor shared with the nassellarians. 18S rRNA gene © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Molecular phylogeny. 1. Introduction the order Entactinarida has an inner spicular system homologenous with that of the order Nassellarida.
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September 2002
RADI LARIA VOLUME 20 SEPTEMBER 2002 NEWSLETTER OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF RADIOLARIAN PALEONTOLOGISTS ISSN: 0297.5270 INTERRAD International Association of Radiolarian Paleontologists A Research Group of the International Paleontological Association Officers of the Association President Past President PETER BAUMBARTNER JOYCE R. BLUEFORD Lausanne, Switzerland California, USA [email protected] [email protected] Secretary Treasurer JONATHAN AITCHISON ELSPETH URQUHART Department of Earth Sciences JOIDES Office University of Hong Kong Department of Geology and Geophysics Pokfulam Road, University of Miami - RSMAS Hong Kong SAR, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway CHINA Miami FL 33149 Florida Tel: (852) 2859 8047 Fax: (852) 2517 6912 U.S.A. e-mail: [email protected] Tel: 1-305-361-4668 Fax: 1-305-361-4632 Email: [email protected] Working Group Chairmen Paleozoic Cenozoic PATRICIA, WHALEN, U.S.A. ANNIKA SANFILIPPO California, U.S.A. [email protected] [email protected] Mesozoic Recent RIE S. HORI Matsuyama, JAPAN DEMETRIO BOLTOVSKOY Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA [email protected] [email protected] INTERRAD is an international non-profit organization for researchers interested in all aspects of radiolarian taxonomy, palaeobiology, morphology, biostratigraphy, biology, ecology and paleoecology. INTERRAD is a Research Group of the International Paleontological Association (IPA). Since 1978 members of INTERRAD meet every three years to present papers and exchange ideas and materials INTERRAD MEMBERSHIP: The international Association of Radiolarian Paleontologists is open to any one interested on receipt of subscription. The actual fee US $ 15 per year. Membership queries and subscription send to Treasurer. Changes of address can be sent to the Secretary.
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Radiozoa (Acantharia, Phaeodaria and Radiolaria) and Heliozoa
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