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Natural Radioactivity Levels and Associated Radiation Hazards in Nile River Sediments from Aswan to El-Minia, Upper Egypt

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Natural Radioactivity Levels and Associated Radiation Hazards in Nile River Sediments from Aswan to El-Minia, Upper Egypt Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics Vol. 50, April 2012, pp. 224-230 Natural radioactivity levels and associated radiation hazards in Nile river sediments from Aswan to El-Minia, Upper Egypt A El-Taher1,2 & Adel G E Abbady3 1Physics Department, Faculty of science, Al-Azhar University, (Assuit branch), Egypt 2Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Qassium University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia 3Physics Department, South Valley University, Faculty of Science, Qena, Egypt E-mail: [email protected] Received 9 September 2011; revised 17 November 2011; accepted 3 January 2012 The natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and 40K contents in the Nile river sediments at various locations in Upper Egypt from Aswan to El-Minia have been investigated using gamma spectrometric analysis. Determination and measurement of radionuclide concentration are of great importance for assessment of external radiation dose received by man. The range and mean values of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K activity concentrations are 13-42 (29), 10-67 (45) and 74-139 (123) Bq kg−1, respectively. These results are found to be in agreement with those reported data for Egyptian soil as 17 (5–64), 18 (2–96) and 320 (29–650) Bq/kg dry weight (UNSCEAR, 2000). The mean radium equivalent (Raeq) and dose rates are 100.21± − − 10.01 Bq kg 1, 44.88±6.69 n Gy h 1, respectively. The measured activity concentrations differ widely as their presence in the Nile river depends on the pertinent environmental situation such as the presence of dams, barrages and sediments type. The other factors controlling the distribution of the detected natural radioisotopes have been discussed. Keywords: Natural radioactivity, Nile river sediments, Radiation hazards, Upper Egypt 1 Introduction The Nile river, which passes through several In Egypt, the Nile River water is the main source of climatic zones and various geologic settings, must water, providing nearly 95% of water requirements. have attracted the attention of scientists long ago. The Nile is the longest river in the world and is the Construction of the Aswan High Dam in 1961 and creator of the fertile land of Egypt, and it has increased human activities in the Nile valley have sustained its existence and supported man early drastically changed the chemistry and mineralogy of civilization. As a result of the growth of the industrial the river flux. A few studies have focused on the river activities it has subjected to the continuous discharge water chemistry3-6, suspended mater7 and sediment of different types of waste water without adequate composition8,9. A complementary data on the treatment. So, a remarkable increase in pollution concentrations of natural radionuclides and the especially heavy metals has been recorded in the radiation hazard parameters in the River Nile aquatic environment of the Nile. sediments from Aswan to El-Mina have been River sediments may be regarded as at least, a provided in order to: temporary sink of many materials which pass through Establish a reference level activity concentrations the various aquatic chemical and biological cycles of primordial and long lived hazardous radionuclides. operating on the earth’s surface. Thus, sediments From such data any further increase in these levels become an environmental host for many of the waste from any reasons could be evaluated. Identify areas products discharged by society. The effects of these which may be radiologically hazardous from the man-made emissions, in some situations, can be public. sufficiently strong to affect highly the composition of the deposited sediments. Once a substance has been 1.1 Study Area and Sampling incorporated into a sediment, its ultimate fate depends Sediment samples have been collected from 30 on a number of very complex factors. An element sites on the coastal area from Aswan to El-Minia, may considered to be locked permanently into a Upper Egypt. River sediments was taken at 5 to 10 m sediment component or it may later be released and distance from the river side at a water depth of about take part in various biogeochemical reactions1,2. 1-2 m, each sample of about 1 kg was placed in EL-TAHER & ABBADY: NATURAL RADIOACTIVITY LEVELS AND ASSOCIATED RADIATION HAZARDS 225 plastic packets and transported to the laboratory. The average concentrations of the 214Pb (351.9keV) and sediments are mainly derived from the basic volcanic 214Bi (609.3 and 1764.5 keV) decay products 14. rocks, whereas the pre-Nile sediments were derived from acidic and metamorphic rocks and the pre- 3 Results and Discussion existing sedimentary rocks. After removing stones The disintegration of 226Ra and 232Th in the crust of and other non-sample materials, it was kept in a earth is the main source of exposure to ionizing stainless steel tray for 3-5 days in open air for drying. radiation15. The activity concentrations of the They were dried again in an oven at about 105°C to radionuclides have been measured in a selected ensure that moisture is completely removed, The sediment samples from different locations along Nile samples were crushed, homogenized and sieved River from Aswan to El-Minia as presented in through a 200 mesh, which is the optimum size Table 1. enriched in heavy minerals. Weighted samples were In Aswan Governrate, the activity concentration of 3 placed in polyethylene beaker of 350-cm . The 226Ra ranged from 18.61±3.05 Bq kg−1 in Kom Ombo beakers were completely sealed for 4 weeks to reach to 42.44±4.68 Bq kg−1 in El Sibayia with the mean secular equilibrium where the rate of decay of the value of 30.21 Bq kg−1 while 232Th ranged from daughters becomes equal to that of the parent. It was −1 222 220 30.06±1.51 Bq kg in Kom Ombo to 66.89±3.35 Bq assumed that Rn and Rn could not escape from −1 10−12 kg in Edfu 2 after iron alloy factory with the mean the sealed containers after closure . This step is value of 56.50 Bq kg−1 and for 40K ranged from necessary to ensure that radon gas confined within the − 91.53±4.58 Bq kg 1in Aswan Dam to 126.49±6.33 volume and the daughters will also remain in the near Kema fertilizer factory with the the mean value sample. −1 of 113.51 Bq kg . 2 Methodology In Qena Governrate, the activity concentration of − Activity measurements were performed by gamma 226Ra ranged from 24.11±3.36 Bq kg 1 in Nag ray spectrometer, employing a scintillation detector Hamady to 41.57±4.68 Bq kg−1 in Esna City near 3″×3″. It is hermetically sealed assembly, which El-Sibayia with the mean value of 29.34 Bq kg−1 includes a NaI (Tl) crystal, coupled to PC-MCA while 232Th ranged from 30.15±1.52 Bq kg−1 in Esna Canberra Accuspes. To reduce gamma ray city to 60.88±3.05 Bq kg−1 in Qus 2 near industrial background, a cylindrical lead shield (100 mm thick) area which include paper, suger cain factories with the with a fixed bottom and movable cover shielded the mean value of 42.69 Bq kg−1 and for 40K ranged from detector. The lead shield contained an inner 103.41±5.17 Bq kg−1 in Nag Hamady to 128.55±6.43 concentric cylinder of copper (0.3 mm thick) to in Qus 1 between suger cain and paper factories with absorb X-rays generated in the lead. In order to the mean value of 117.90 Bq kg−1. determine the background distribution in the In Sohag Governrate, the activity concentration of environment around the detector, an empty sealed 226 −1 beaker was counted in the same manner and geometry Ra ranged from 19.94±3.54 Bq kg in Sohag city to 34.38±4.52 Bq kg−1 in Gerga with the mean value as the samples. The measurement time of activity or −1 232 background was 12 h. The background spectra were of 24.80 Bq kg while Th ranged from 10.15± −1 −1 used to correct the net peak area of gamma rays of 0.56 Bq kg in Sohag city 60.77±3.04 Bq kg in −1 measured isotopes. A dedicated software program Gerga with the mean value of 31.86 Bq kg and − (Genie, 2000) from Canberra has carried out the for 40K ranged from 106.88±5. Bq kg 1 in Tahta to online analysis of each measured "-ray spectrum13. 139.48 ± 15.23 in El Maragha with the mean value of 124.31 Bq kg−1. 2.1 Data collection Calculations of count rates for each detected photo In Assuit Governrate, the activity concentration of 226Ra ranged from 27.06±3.80 Bq kg−1 in Abu Teeg to peak and radiological concentrations (activity per −1 mass unit or specific activity) of detected 34.38±4.52 Bq kg in Mangbad near Assuit fertilizer −1 radionuclides depend on the establishment of secular factory with the mean value of 30.88 Bq kg while 232 −1 equilibrium in the samples. The concentration of 232Th Th ranged from 44.47±2.23 Bq kg in Assuit city − was determined from the average concentrations of 60.77±3.04 Bq kg 1 in Mangbad near Assuit fertilizer − 212Pb (238.6 keV) and 228Ac (911.1keV) in the factory with the mean value of 31.86 Bq kg 1 and for samples, and that of 226Ra was determined from the 40K ranged from 111 ±5.55 Bq kg−1 in Mangbad to 226 INDIAN J PURE & APPL PHYS, VOL 50, APRIL 2012 − Table 1 — Activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in (Bqkg 1) for Nile river sediment samples Sample Location Governrate Ra-226 Th-232 K-40 number 1 Aswan Dam Aswan 32.1±1.75 59.09±2.96 91.53±4.58 2 Aswan city 28.19±3.71 66.69±3.34 119.74±5.99 3 Kema 25.53±3.09 59.45±2.98 126.49±6.33 4 Kom Ombo 18.61±3.05 50.86±2.34 115.62±5.78 5 Edfu 1 31.70±3.50 62.50±3.13 110.32±5.52 6 Edfu 2 32.91±3.54 66.89±3.35 118.36±5.92 7 El Sibayia 42.44±4.68 30.06±1.51 112.55±5.63 Average 30.21 56.50 113.51 8 Esna city Qena 41.57±4.68 30.15±1.52 112.89±5.65 9 Esna Dam 28.02±4.11 45.17±2.26 116.18±5.81 10 Luxor city 39.32±5.45 30.82±1.55
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