Workshop: Infrastructure Planning and Design (Urbanistica - Politecnico di Milano)

Organisation of Rail Transport: A Case Study in

Lesson 2. Timetables and Passengers

Giorgio Stagni in co-operation with Paolo Beria (*)

Milano, 24.11.2011

(*) DiAP, Dipartimento Architettura e Pianificazione, Politecnico di Milano 1 Table of Contents

• LESSON 1. Railways in Lombardy

– Railway: Subjects and Contracts

– Implementing a Master Plan: Hardware and Software

– S-Bahn & Regional Lines in Lombardy

• LESSON 2. Timetables and Passengers

– Our Tools: Timetables and Charts

– Designing the Timetable

– People on Trains: Some Examples

2 Our Tools: Timetables and Charts

3 Graphical Timetable: Basic

 The tool used to regulate and define the services is the timetable.  Graphical timetable is the representation of a train on a space(time) diagram.

Space The line is a train, Station B departing at 9 and covering the space between A and B in 1h.

Station A

9:00 10:00 Time

German speaking people put Time on Y Axis and Space on X. Graphical Timetable: Basic 2

 Familiarising with timetables:

Minimum time gap Space (related with signals) Passing (precedenza) Station B Slower

Faster Station A

Running in Time the opposite Crossing direction (incrocio) Needs to be in a station on single-track lines Timetabling and Line Capacity

The capacity of a line depends (also) on the way the timetable is built.

Fast trains only Slow trains only

space space

time time

Minimum headway between 2 trains Fast and slow trains together

space The capacity of a line could be increased if timetable is homogeneous (all trains have the same speed). But in real life it is necessary to find a compromise between faster and slower services! time Traditional Timetable

Melegnano - 23/10/2009 “Focused” timetable (verso S. Giuliano Mil.) 5 .05 6 .02 .29 7.00 .08 .25 .36 .53 Peak hour 8 .26 “Charter strategy” trips 9 10 11 12 Train circulates only if (considered) 13 .18 14 .34 profitable. 15 16 .15 The train is located in the timetable in 17 .37 order to maximise the highest potential 18 .14 19 .14 demand. 20 21 .41 The train is dimensioned according to the 22 .39 23 foreseen demand. 24

Minor or secondary traffic flows are left R D/IR S IC/EC ES EN unserved or served by other transport An effective means. representation of departures from a station! Regular Interval Timetable

Regular interval timetable - 24/10/2011 (verso S. Giuliano Mil.)

5 6 .09 .39 7 .09 .39 Global approach to mobility 8 .09 .39 (including other modes) 9 .09 .39 10 .05 .39 11 .09 .39 Timetable built to grant the constant 12 .09 .39 13 .09 .39 availability of service: 14 .09 .39  Departures at regular intervals 15 .09 .39 16 .09 .39  Constant pattern of appointments 17 .09 .39 18 .09 .39 at specific nodal points 19 .09 .39 The financial sustainability must look at the 20 .09 .39 21 .09 .35 whole network and not to single trains 22 .35 (that can be losing). 23 .35 24 The benefit for the user of having “always” R D/IR S IC/EC ES EN a train is greater than the cost of having Same station, some trains more empty! the next year :) Regular Interval Timetable: Why?

Why is regular timetabling important, especially in local transport services?

 Allows the creation of a hierarchic network (train – bus – urban)  Introduces mono- and multi-modal transport nodes  Allows the passenger to arrive at any time to the initial stop, avoiding the use of timetables also when using more lines.

Increases the quality of Increases number of users the trip on the network Reduces the perceived Influences the housing cost choices in peripheral areas Symmetrical Timetable

The symmetry is, jointly with regularity, one of the main properties of “modern” rail timetables

 The use of regular timetables implies the definition of symmetry axes  The symmetry axis identifies the basic grid on which the whole timetable is built  The symmetry axis is chosen according to commercial evaluations  The preferred axis is 00 – 30: if the train leaves at minute x, the corresponding one arrives at the same station at minute 60 – x  The customer can easily memorise the timetable in one direction and calculate it for the other one. Symmetry Axis

If the train from A to B leaves at minute 10, the corresponding train from B to A arrives at minute 50 (symmetry around minutes 00 – 30)

With a 00 – 30 symmetry and 1h headway, trains always make a crossing at minutes 00 and 30

00

50 10

30

Station A Symmetrical Timetable and Nodes

With a 30’ headway two other stations become nodes, in this case at minutes 15 – 45 (because there is a crossing every 15 minutes)

Timetable planning should put nodes where it is possible to make connections: main stations, branch stations, stations with bus terminus and so on. Symmetrical Timetable in Nodes

It is important that all the services are based on the same Station C symmetry axis. Otherwise only Direction Direction 55 00 05 mono-directional appointments D – B B–D are possible. 53 07 Example (same symmetry): 50 10  Line B – D: Intercity train Direction Direction E–C C–E  Line C – E: regional train  We can go from B to E and from E to B 30

E

B D C Asymmetrical Timetable: a Connection is Missing

If, for example, the Regional Station C Direction Direction 55 58 00 05 service is designed with D – B B–D another symmetry axis, 53 7 connection works only in one direction. Direction E–C 10  Line B – D train IC Direction  Line C – E train R C–E  We can go from B to E  We CAN’T go from E to B 30 (the Regional trains arrives “too late”) E

B D C Symmetrical Timetable: the Network

Regular timetabling together with symmetry allows the creation of network systems at a regional scale (or even national)

 Application of the hub&spoke model also to railways Designing the Timetable

16 The Easiest Way

mercoledì 23/11/2011 8334 8322 8324 8326 8328 8330 8332 Manfredonia 8314 8316 8318 Siponto

Frattarolo

Amendola 8335 8337 8323 8325 8327 8329 8331 8333 FOGGIA 8315 8317 8319 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 R

FOGGIA - 23/11/2011 Line Foggia-Manfredonia (verso Amendola) 5 • A single train is going to and from 6 .36 Manfredonia, with a stop of few minutes in 7 .47 8 .56 each terminus 9 10 • Highest efficiency in using rolling stock 11 12 .12 • Worst case for users: cannot guarantee a 13 .33 14 .42 standard frequency, except lucky case in 15 .51 16 which travelling time is just a bit lower than 17 .01 30 (or 60) minutes (this is not the case!) 18 .10 19 .18 20 .26 21 Departure time “looses” 22 about 10 minutes per trip 23 24

R D/IR S IC/EC ES EN 17 The Best Way (in Our Opinion)

mercoledì 23/11/2011 24155 24175 24125 24127 24129 24131 24133 24135 24137 24139 24141 24143 24145 24147 24149 24151 24153 SEREGNO 24101 24103 24105 24107 24109 24111 24113 24115 24117 24119 24121 24123

Desio

Lissone-Muggio`

MONZA

SESTO S.GIOVANNI

MI.GRECO PIRELLI

MILANO CENTRALE 5383 MI.P.GARIBALDIMILANO LAMBRATE 5293

MI.P.TA ROMANA Milano Romolo - 23/11/2011 (verso MI.S.CRISTOFORO) MI Romolo 5 24174 5372 24124 24126 24128 24130 24132 24134 24136 24138 24140 24142 24144 24146 24148 24150 24152 24154 MI.S.CRISTOFORO 24100 24102 24104 24106 24108 24110 24112 24114 24116 24118 24120 24122 6 .24 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 7 .24 .54 R 8 .24 .54 9 .24 .54 Line S9 Milano S.Cristoforo-Seregno 10 .24 .54 11 .24 .54 • Constant frequency of 30’ for the whole day 12 .24 .54 13 .24 .54 • Good efficiency in using rolling stock 14 .24 .54 15 .24 .54 • Best case for users. 16 .24 .54 17 .24 .54 • Peak hours can be managed using double 18 .24 .54 compositions (easy with EMUs, more complex 19 .24 .54 20 .24 .54 with Loco+Coaches) 21 .24 .54 22 23 24

R D/IR S IC/EC ES EN 18 A Complex World (Main Line)

martedì 23/11/2010 2114 20578 9750 9456 220 2116 9716 2098 9718 20584 2100 9722 2102 9726 2104 9730 9732 2106 20576 42 2108 9738 5502 9740 2110 9742 89 9746 2112 9748 P.NUOVA 2088 9700 2090 9702 2092 9704 9705 2094 9708 9710 9712 9714 2096

SOMMACAMPAGNA Castelnuovo D.G. Peschiera d.Gard

Desenzano 2710 Lonato

Ponte S.Marco 5482

Rezzato 4936 10636 10618 4918 10620 4920 10622 4922 10624 4924 10626 4926 10628 4928 4930 10630 20563 4932 10632 4934 BRESCIA 4904 20555 10612 4908 5485 10606 4938 10616 9451 10608 20583 10610 4910 10614 4912 4914

Ospitaletto T. 4939 4935 4911 4937 4913 4915 4917 4919 4921 4923 4925 4927 4929 4933 ROVATO 4903 2201 4905 4907 4909

Chiari 10602 Calcio Romano Morengo Bariano BRESCIA - 22/11/2011 Vidalengo 23058 10710 23060 23062 23064 23028 23030 23032 23034 23036 23038 23040 23042 23044 23046 23048 10700 23050 10702 23052 10704 23054 10706 23056 10708 TREVIGLIO 10450 23002 23004 10452 10656 23006 10454 10658 23008 10456 10660 23010 10662 23012 10664 23014 23016 23018 23020 23022 23024 23026 (verso Biv. Mella)

Cassano d`Adda 10804 Trecella 23075 5 .03 .24 .44 23000 10712 10714 10676 10678 10680 10682 10684 10686 10688 10690 10692 10694 10818 10696 10698 10820 10822 LIM. 10603 10654 10802 10806 10666 10668 10670 10672 10674 23055 10705 23057 10707 23059 10709 23061 23023 10673 23025 10675 23027 10677 23029 10679 23031 10681 23033 10683 23035 10685 23037 10687 23039 10689 23041 10691 23043 10693 23045 10695 23047 10697 23049 10699 23051 10701 23053 10703 23077 23001 10651 23003 10653 23005 10655 23007 10657 23009 10659 23011 10661 23013 10663 23015 10665 23017 10667 23019 10669 23021 10671 6.00 .08 .15.27 .42 .50 .56

MILANO LAMBRATE 221 2095 9749 2113 9753 2115 2097 9719 2099 9723 2101 9727 9729 2103 9733 2105 9735 9737 2107 9739 9741 10637 2109 9743 9745 2111 2087 9701 2089 9703 9707 2091 9709 10609 9711 9713 9715 37 10633 10635 10615 10619 10621 10623 10625 10627 10629 10631 MILANO CENTRALE 10605 10607 10611 7 .07.27.33 .42 .46 10475 10479 10483 2669 MI.P.GARIBALDIMI.GRECO PIRELLI 93 10805 10807 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 8.0018.0919 .27 20 .39 .44 21 22 IC/EC EN D/IR R ES S 9.00 .09.27 .39 Closed for maintenance! 10.00 .09 .39 11 Line -Verona 12 .39 .49.53 13.00.09.27 .39 .44 • Eurostarcity Milan-Venice, Interregio Milan-Verona, 14.00.27 .39 .44 local traffic Brescia-Rovato (to Bergamo) and 15.00.27 .39 .44 16.00.27 .39 .44 Brescia-Milano must share the same tracks 17.00.09 .27 .44 18.00.09 .27 .31.39 .44 • Although “out of structure” trains still exist, a good 19.00.09.27 .39 .53 structure is important to standardise traffic (useful 20.00 .09.17 .27 .39 21.00.27 .39 .44 for both users and operators!) 22 .06 .18 .27 23 • In suburban area (Treviglio-Milan) 4 tracks are 24 required to have also S Lines (S5-S6) R D/IR S IC/EC ES EN

19 People on Trains: Some Examples

20 1981: “Prehistoric” Timetables even on Main Lines

Milan-: • Three (around 6h), each one with its own name: – “” (ETR.300) –“”(to Naples) –“” •One Rapido to Naples •Two Rapido on partial route Bologna/-Rome Thats all!

Increasing the number of trains per day (and thus the number of seats) is a good measure of "progress" in railway, even more than increasing speed and performances. 1985: a New Era in Italian Timetables

The first “really new” timetable in FS history: a structured service in North-West .

Every 2 hours: • Intercity Turin-Milan (1h35) • Direct train Turin-Milan (1h47) • Intercity Milan-Venice (2h45) • Direct train Milan-Venice (3h) • Intercity Milan-Genoa • Express train Milan-Ventimiglia • Direct train Genoa-Ventimiglia Milan-Rome, from Intercity to Frecciarossa

Non Stop Milan-Rome

S t a z io n e d i MILA NO CENTRA LE Direzione: ROMA (AV)

5 .45 6.00 .15 7.00 .15 8.00 .15 9.00 .15 .30 10.00 .15 11.00 .15 12.00 .15 13.00 .10 14.00 .15 15.00 .15 Yesterday (1987) Today (2011) 16.00 .15 17.00 .15 The Intercity system: The Frecciarossa system: 18.00 .15 .30 9 connections Milan- 32 connections Milan- 19.00 .15 Rome in 5h10 20.00 Rome: 21 • 17 non stop (3h) 22 Stops in • 15 with stops (3h30) 23 24 Bologna-Florence People on Board (another use of timetable charts)

Line Milan-Molteno-Lecco (S7) • Thickness represents the number of passengers in each section Workers to/from Milan 5159 5161 5137 5139 5141 5143 5145 5147 5149 5151 5153 5155 5157 MILANOMILANO LAMBRATE P.GARIBALDI 5123 5129 5131 5133 5135

MILANO GRECO PIRELLI

SESTO S.GIOVANNI

MONZA 5125 5121 Monza Sobborghi

Villasanta

Buttafava Biassono-Lesmo Parco Macherio-C. Triuggio-P.A. Carate-Calò Villa Raverio 5150 Besana 5122

Renate-Veduggio Cassago-N.-B. Schools in Villa Costa Masnaga Raverio and Oggiono MOLTENO

Oggiono

Sala al Barro Civate Valmadrera 5156 5158 5160 5148 5152 5154 5140 5142 5144 5146 5126 5128 5130 5132 5134 5136 5138 LECCO 5124 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

mar11 R A mar11 R R 200 100 50 25

Students going to Lecco and University service from coming back at noon Milan Garibaldi to Greco People on Board: Getting On and Off the Train

Line Milan-Molteno-Lecco • Areas of the circles represent passengers getting on and off the train

MILANOMILANO LAMBRATE P.GARIBALDI

MILANO GRECO PIRELLI

SESTO S.GIOVANNI

MONZA Monza Sobborghi

Villasanta

Buttafava Biassono-Lesmo Parco Macherio-C. Triuggio-P.A. Carate-Calò Villa Raverio

Besana

Renate-Veduggio Cassago-N.-B.

Costa Masnaga

MOLTENO

Oggiono

Sala al Barro Civate Valmadrera

LECCO 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 SALITI 100 50 25 12,5 DISCESI People on Board: S Lines

Line S5 Varese-Treviglio travelling along the Passante (every 30 minutes from 6 to midnight) In section Rho-Passante-Pioltello(-Treviglio peak only), frequency is 15 minutes thanks to overlapping with S6 • In peak hours trains are crowded in both directions (Passante effect) • The performance is very good along the whole day 23064 23066 23068 23070 23072 23028 23030 23032 23034 23036 23038 23040 23042 23044 23046 23048 10700 23050 10702 23052 10704 23054 10706 23056 10708 23058 10710 23060 23062 TREVIGLIO 23000 23002 23004 10656 23006 10658 23008 10660 23010 10662 23012 10664 23014 23016 23018 23020 23022 23024 23026

Cassano d`Adda Trecella Pozzuolo M. Melzo Vignate 10714 10716 10718 10720 10722 10676 10678 10680 10682 10684 10686 10688 10690 10692 10694 10696 10698 10712 PIOLTELLO LIM. 10654 10666 10668 10670 10672 10674 Segrate

MI. P. VITTORIA Milano Dateo Mi.Mi RepubblicaP. Venezia Mi P.Gar.Sott. MI LANCETTI

Mi Villapizzone 10650 10652 10675 MILANO CERTOSA 23075 23077 10673

Rho Fiera Milano 10703 10705 10707 10709 10711 10713 10715 10717 10719 10721 10685 10687 10689 10691 10693 10695 10697 10699 10701 10667 10669 10671 10677 10679 10681 10683 RHO 10651 10653 10655 10657 10659 10661 10663 10665

Vanzago Pogliano

Parabiago

Busto Arsizio

GALLARATE 23074 23076

Cavaria Oggiona Albizzate S.A. Castronno

Gazzada Schian.M 23073 23063 23065 23067 23069 23071 23053 23055 23057 23059 23061 23045 23047 23049 23051 23035 23037 23039 23041 23043 23027 23029 23031 23033 23017 23019 23021 23023 23025 23007 23009 23011 23013 23015 VARESE 23001 23003 23005 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 mar11 A mar11 R 400 200 100 50 Getting On and Off the Train: S Line

Line S1+S3 Milano-Saronno, frequency of 15 minutes all day • Peaks are relevant, but there are passengers along the whole day

Saronno

Saronno Sud

Caronno Pertusella

Garbagnate Milanese Serenella

Bollate Nord

Bollate Centro

Quarto Oggiaro

LANO NORD BOVISA

Mi Lancetti Morning peak: people mainly Milano Domodossola Afternoon & evening peak: MILANO P.G. PASS. MILANOMi CADORNA Repubblica getting on towards Milan people getting off from Milan Mi Venezia Milano Dateo MILANO P.VITTORIA 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 SALITI 200 100 50 25 DISCESI People on Board: Interregio Traffic

Line Turin-Milan, an Interregio every hour. Stops every 15’ in each node (Chivasso, Santhià, Vercelli, Novara, Magenta, Rho): • Excellent performance from early morning to late evening! 2027 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 TORINO P.NUOVA 2003 2005 2007 2009 2071

. 10144 TORINOTORINO P. DORASUSA Torino Stura SETTIMO

Brandizzo

CHIVASSO 2001 10079 Castelrosso Torrazza Saluggia S. Ant. di Sal. Livorno Ferraris Bianze` Tronzano SANTHIA` S. Germano Verc. Olcenengo

VERCELLI Borgo Vercelli

Ponzana 10697 10699 10701 10703 10705 10707 10709 10711 10681 10683 10685 10687 10689 10691 10693 10695 10665 10667 10671 10677 10679 NOVARA 10651 10653 10655 10657 10659 10661 10663

Trecate

Magenta Corbetta S.Stef.

RHO 10669 Rho Fiera Milano MILANOMi VillapizzoneCERTOSA 10673 10675 10492 Milano P.GaribaldiMILANO P.G.Mi Lancetti PASS. 10650 10652 Mi RepubblicaMi Venezia 2022 2024 2040 2026 2028 2014 2016 2018 2020 2010 2012 2004 2006 2008 2070 2002 10694 10696 10698 10700 10702 10704 10706 10708 10680 10682 10684 10686 10688 10690 10692 10664 10666 10668 10670 10672 10674 10676 10678 MILANOMILANO P.VITTORIA CENTRALEMilano Dateo 10654 10656 10658 10660 10662 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

feb10 D A feb10 D R feb10 R A feb10 R R feb10 S A feb10 S R 400 200 100 50

Novara-Milan: Line S6 (especially crowded in peak hours) People on board: non structured lines

Line Pavia-Alessandria (diesel railcars) • Non structured timetable. Mainly for students (see passengers from Pavia between 13 and 14). It’s difficult to reach outstanding performances. 4749 10361 4739 10363 4743 10365 4745 10367 PAVIA 4731 4733

CAVA CARBONARA Sairano Sairano Zinasco

Zinasco Nuovo

Pieve Albignola

Sannazzaro

Ferrera Lomell.

Lomello

Mede

Castellaro

TORREBERETTI

VALENZA

Valmadonna 4742 4744 4746 10364 10368 4734 10360 10362 4732 ALESSANDRIA 4730 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 mar11 R A mar11 R R 200 100 50 25 People on Board: Structuring the Service - Before

Line Milan-Chiasso, November 2003 • The line has international long distance traffic (Gotthard) but regional service is not structured.

MI.S.CRISTOFORO

MI Romolo

MI.P.TA ROMANA 10812 10814 10798 10820 10800 10802 10804 23130 10824 10786 10806 10808 10810 10790 10822 10792 23122 10794 10796 2580 MI.P.GARIBALDI 2572 MILANOMILANO CENTRALE LAMBRATE

MI.GRECO PIRELLI

SESTO S.GIOVANNI

MONZA

Lissone-Muggio` Desio 10821 SEREGNO 10795

Camnago-Lentate

Carimate 10789 Cantu`-Cermenate

Cucciago

ALBATE-CAMERLATA

COMO S.GIOVANNI 10797 10809 10811 10813 10803 10805 10815 10807 10799 10801 10793 2581 2583 2561 10817 2573 CHIASSO 10791 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

nov03 A nov03 R 400 200 100 50

• Trains only in peak hours. Absolutely nothing in mid morning. Mainly addressed to “traditional” commuters • It’s difficult to increase passengers People on Board: Structuring the Service - After

Line Milan-Chiasso, today (March 2011) 24152 24154 24120 24122 24124 24126 24128 24130 24132 24134 24136 24138 24140 24142 24144 24146 24148 24150 MI.S.CRISTOFORO 24100 24102 24104 24106 24108 24110 24112 24114 24116 24118

MI Romolo

MI.P.TA ROMANA 10876 10878 10880 10882 10850 10852 10854 10856 10858 10862 10866 10868 10872 10874 10832 10834 10836 10838 10842 10844 10846 10848 10860 10870 MILANOMI.P.GARIBALDIMILANO CENTRALE LAMBRATE 10840

MI.GRECO PIRELLI

SESTO S.GIOVANNI

MONZA

Lissone-Muggio` Desio 24151 24153 24155 24121 24123 24125 24127 24129 24131 24133 24135 24137 24139 24141 24143 24145 24147 24149 SEREGNO 24101 24103 24105 24107 24109 24111 24113 24115 24117 24119

Camnago-Lentate

Carimate Cantu`-Cermenate

Cucciago

ALBATE-CAMERLATA

COMO S.GIOVANNI 10837 10845 10871 10873 10875 10877 2685 10879 10881 10883 10863 10865 10867 10869 10855 10857 10859 10861 10839 10841 10843 10847 10849 10851 10853 CHIASSO 10835 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

mar11 S A mar11 S R 400 200 100 50

• S9 Milan-Seregno every 30’ all day + S11 Milan-Chiasso every 60’ off-peak / 30’ peak + Direct trains Milan-Chiasso-Bellinzona (CH) • Excellent performance Structuring the Service - Year after Year

Line Milan-Chiasso 2001-2010: • from 16000 to 39000 passengers per day = +145%

Total Passengers (weekday Mo-Fr) MILANO-COMO-CHIASSO Of which: S9 45.000

40.000 39.139 39.143 36.337 35.000 30.000 26.048

25.000 23.768 21.187 18.677 18.257 16.570 20.000 16.638 16.467 15.544

15.000 13.470 8.079

10.000 7.299 Passengersper day 5.071 5.000 4.806 1.342 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Structuring the Service - Year after Year

Desio - 24/11/2003 Desio - 23/11/2005 (verso Lissone-Muggio`) (verso Lissone-Muggio`) 5 .15 5 .43 6 .01 .59 6 .43 .51 7 .17 .47 7 .16 .31 .43 .55 8 .33 .58 8 .22 .39 Line Milan-Chiasso 2003-2011 9 .37 9.00 .45 10 10 .51 11 11 .48 12 .03 12.00 .44 13 .01 13.00 .44 14 .01 .32 14.00 .41 15 15.00 .39 No need to explain! 16 .04 16.00 .51 .59 17.00 .45 17 .43 .54 18 .43 18 .02 .43 .54 19 19.00 .51 .59 20.00 .57 20 .43 21 21 .41 22 22 .53 23 23 .40 24 24

Desio - 23/11/2007 Desio - 23/11/2009 Desio - 23/11/2011 R D/IR S IC/EC ES EN R D/IR S IC/EC ES EN (verso Lissone-Muggio`) (verso Lissone-Muggio`) (verso Lissone-Muggio`) 5 .42 5 .57 5 .56 6 .42 .50 6 .40 .57 6 .39 .56 7 .09 .16 .31 .42 .55 7 .02 .10 .27 .40 .57 7 .02 .09 .26 .39 .56 8 .25 .39 .55 8 .10 .27 .40 .57 8 .09 .26 .39 .56 9 .45 9 .10 .57 9 .09 .26 .39 .56 10 .52 10 .57 10 .09 .39 .56 11 .49 .55 11 .40 .57 11 .09 .39 .56 12 .25 .42 .55 12 .10 .40 .57 12 .09 .39 .56 13 .42 .55 13 .10 .40 .57 13 .09 .39 .56 14 .25 .42 .55 14 .10 .40 .57 14 .09 .39 .56 15 .25 .42 .55 15 .10 .40 .57 15 .09 .39 .56 16 .50 .56 16 .10 .40 .57 16 .09 .39 .56 17 .42 .52 17 .10 .40 .57 17 .09 .39 .56 18.00 .28 .43 .54 18 .10 .27 .40 .57 18 .09 .26 .39 .56 19.00 .25 .51 .58 19 .10 .27 .40 .57 19 .09 .26 .39 .56 20 .42 .58 20 .10 .57 20 .09 .26 .39 .56 21 .41 21 .57 21 .26 .56 22 .53 22 .57 22 .26 .56 23 .39 23 S9 S9 .57 23 S9 S9 .56 S9 S9 S11 24 24 S11 S11 24 S11

R D/IR S IC/EC ES EN R D/IR S IC/EC ES EN R D/IR S IC/EC ES EN Train journey is related with number of stops

In 1987-2005, Direct trains connected Milan with Bologna, and had exceptionally good performance (number of passengers) In 2005, trains were limited to Milan-Parma journey. The number of passengers decreased dramatically. • The more a train is direct (fewer stops), the more it requires a “minimum journey” to capture enough people 2132 2134 2136 2138 BOLOGNA C.LE2120 2122 2124 2126 2128 2130

MODENA

REGGIO EMILIA

2288 2280 2282 2284 2286 PARMA 2272 2274 2276 2278

FIDENZA

Fiorenzuola

PIACENZA

CODOGNO ALPUSTERLENGO

Lodi

LANO ROGOREDO

2139 2287 2141 2289 2281 2133 2283 2135 2137 2285 2127 2277 2129 2279 2131 LANO CENTRALE 2271 2123 2273 2125 2275 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

gen05 45 gen06 45 600 300 150 75 Saturday, 2005 winter time: Saturday, 2006 winter time: Milan-Bologna Milan-Parma Delays (another use of timetable charts)

Line Milan-Mortara, June 2004, Sundays • Thickness represents the average delay (minutes) 4724 ALESSANDRIA 4702

Propagation of delay due to the crossing 10558 10532 10504 10536 10538 10556 4727 10546 10550 MORTARA 4701 10518 10524 10526 10528 10530

Parona Lomellina

Vigevano

Abbiategrasso10502

Gaggiano Trezzano S.N. MI.S.CRISTOFORO 10601 10559 10509 10535 10549 10505 10519 10521 10523 10541 10529 MI.P.GENOVA 10503 10513 10517 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

D P 20 10 5 2.5 Propagation of delay from one trip to the next! (with progressive increase of average delay) Learning more:

www.miol.it/stagniweb

Thank you for your kind attention and... have a nice trip!

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