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Contornos Y Límites Corporales Del Hombre Medio En México (1930-1960)1

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Contornos Y Límites Corporales Del Hombre Medio En México (1930-1960)1 Entre lágrimas y pieles. Performer: Tatiana Ramos (2019). Performance colectiva: “La Casa Fría”. Grupo de creación en perfor- mance Pasarela. Dirección: Sonia Castillo Ballén. Contornos y límites corporales del hombre medio en México (1930-1960)1 Contours and corporal limits of average man in México (1930-1960) // Contornos e limites de corpo dos homens médios no México (1930-1960) Gustavo Adolfo Enríquez Gutiérrez2 Universidad Pedagógica Nacional, Morelos, México [email protected] Johan Cristian Cruz Cruz 3 Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, México [email protected] Revista Corpo-grafías: Estudios críticos de y desde los cuerpos / Volumen 7 – Número 7 / Enero – diciembre 2020 / ISSN impreso 2390-0288, ISSN digital 2590-9398 / Bogotá, D.C., Colombia / 55-67 Fecha de recepción: 15 de enero de 2019 Fecha de aceptación: 25 de julio de 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14483/25909398.15505 Cómo citar este artículo: Enríquez Gutiérrez, G.A., Cruz Cruz, J. C. (2020, enero-diciembre). Contornos y límites corporales del hombre medio en México (1930-1960). Revista Corpo-grafías: Estudios críticos de y desde los cuerpos, 7(7), pp. 55-67 / ISSN 2390-0288. 1 Articulo de Investigación: El presente artículo deriva de la investigación realizada por Gustavo Adolfo Enríquez Gutiérrez y Johan Cristina Cruz Cruz, durante el curso académico 2016-2017 en el marco de la Maestría en Educación Básica, (Universidad Peda- gógica Nacional-Morelos, México) sobre la Obra Educativa del Médico-Psiquiatra José Gómez Robleda de 1930-1960. 2 Profesor-investigador en la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional-Morelos. Doctor en Educación, UAEM-ICE. En la actualidad realiza investigaciones sobre diversidad en educación. 3 Licenciado en Historia por la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa. Maestro en Historia, con mención honorífica, por la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), galardonado con la Medalla al Mérito Universitario Alfonso Caso, edición 2014. Doctor en Educación, con mención honorífica, por el Programa de Doctorado en Educación de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos (UAEM). 56 Corpo-grafías // Vol. 7, Núm. 7 // enero-diciembre 2020 Resumen Resumo Durante los años de 1930 a 1960, en México, se articuló Durante os anos de 1930 a 1960, no México, um discur- un discurso que buscó establecer un proyecto renova- so foi organizado para estabelecer um projeto de reno- dor a través del “hombre medio”, elemento clave para vação em que o “homem médio” seria a chave para en- entender los valores e ideales de un hombre nuevo, tender esse propósito, uma vez que representaria todos pugnando por la raza cósmica de José Vasconcelos. El os valores e ideais do trabalho, um homem novo e rege- proyecto del hombre medio fue diseñado por el médico nerado, emulando a raça cósmica de José Vasconcelos. e investigador José Gómez-Robleda a través de la bioti- O projeto do homem médio foi projetado pelo médico pología. Esta ciencia clasificó a los individuos de acuer- e pesquisador José Gómez-Robleda. O mais importante do con su constitución: biológica y psicológica. A partir disso foi que ele usou a biopatologia, isto é, a classifi- de la identificación de estos rasgos corporales, el Estado cação dos indivíduos de acordo com sua constituição: mexicano puso en práctica otros proyectos sociales con suas características biológicas e psicológicas. Assim, a la finalidad de mejorar la raza e implementar prácticas partir da identificação das características acima mencio- eugenésicas. nadas, o Estado mexicano poderia implementar outros projetos com o objetivo de melhorar a raça ou imple- Palabras clave mentar práticas eugênicas. Biotipología; eugenesia; hombre medio; regeneración racial Palavras-chave Biotipologia; eugenia; homem médio; regeneração racial Abstract ______________________________________ During the period from 1930 to 1960, in Mexico, a dis- course was articulated to establish a renovator project in Marco cultural del hombre medio en Méxi- which the “average man” would be the key to understan- co a principios del siglo XX ding this project, it represented all the values and ideals La biopolítica emanada del Estado mexicano posrevo- of a new and regenerated man, emulating the cosmic lucionario generó una formulación y explicación sobre race of José Vasconcelos. This project was designed by la constitución anatomofisiológica de los mexicanos; es the doctor and researcher José Gómez-Robles. The most decir, una reglamentación anatomopolítica en los cuer- relevant part of this research project was that it was wor- pos de deportistas, proletarios, indígenas y la familia de th the biotypology; In other words, the classification of clase media. La ciudadanía mestiza, la valía racial y la sa- individuals according to their constitution: their biologi- lud social fueron los parámetros de la normalidad mexi- cal and psychological traits. Thus, from the identification cana, en otras palabras, la mestizofilia en las políticas of the aforementioned features, the Mexican State could socioculturales de la modernidad nacional establecieron implement other projects with the purpose of improving criterios educativos, sanitarios y civiles en la formación the race or implementing eugenic practices. ciudadana. Keywords La ciudadanización implicó introyectar estas ideas en la in- Biotypology; eugenics; middle man; racial regeneration fancia como paso previo a la vida adulta apostando pros- Contornos y límites corporales del hombre medio en México (1930-1960) // Gustavo Adolfo Enríquez, Johan Cristian Cruz 57 pectivamente a la futura ganancia económica y al desarro- ciudadanos como: el privilegio de votar y ser votados, la llo social ulterior de la nación (Gómez-Robleda, 1940 [1941, obligación de declarar cada uno de sus bienes, demos- 1943, 1948b, 1949, 1959, 1961]; Padilla-Arroyo, 2009 trando, además, un trabajo por cuyo ingreso podían vivir [2015]; Muñiz, 2010; Stavenhagen, 2010; Toscano-López, de manera digna y honesta. 2008; Urías-Horcasitas, 2007 [2005, 2004, 2007]). La ciudadanía era determinada por elementos materia- La formación de ciudadanos fue un tema de corte liberal les y simbólicos cuyo objetivo social fue el arraigo a las discutido desde el siglo XIX, argumentando que la cali- comunidades; al imponer la obligación de formar parte dad ciudadana se asentaba en el trabajo y la salud como del padrón municipal como vecino del lugar. El arraigo parte del desarrollo y la modernización del país (Arroyo, comunitario junto con virtudes como prestigio, honora- 1998; Hale, 2002 [1999]; Ríos-Zúñiga, 2005). La Ley Fun- bilidad, riqueza y estima social establecieron el estatus damental de 1857 y posteriormente la de 1917, otorgó ciudadano en una determinada localidad. una serie de garantías a título individual como parte del marco legal reconocido por las autoridades correspon- De este modo, la concepción decimonónica de la ciuda- dientes, como lo señaló el artículo primero de esta Ley: danía en México fue de carácter orgánico y no censario. La ciudadanía se estableció desde varias interpretacio- Artículo 1. El pueblo mexicano reconoce, que los de- nes sobre el “modo honesto de vivir”, no fijada sólo por rechos del hombre son la base y el objeto de las insti- el recurso cuantitativo, sino por otros medios de índole tuciones sociales. En consecuencia, declara, que todas cualitativo. Ser ciudadano partió de establecer relacio- las leyes y todas las autoridades del país deben res- nes entre los elementos de orden territorial con otros petar y sostener las garantías que otorga la presente de orden social conformando una “nueva jerarquía polí- Constitución (Tena-Ramírez [Constitución de 1857], tica”. Este espacio normativo permitió la construcción de 2008, p. 607). otras formas de participación ciudadana en los procesos electorales directos; lo cual permitió ligar el concepto de Sin embargo, algunas de las garantías incluidas en la ciudadanía con un principio de representación política Sección I del Título I, no correspondían con los plantea- (Carmagnani; Hernández-Chávez, 2003, pp. 384-385; mientos iusnaturalistas de los derechos del hombre, es Carmagnani, 1991; 1998). decir, los derechos fundados en la naturaleza humana, universales y anteriores a los ordenamientos jurídicos; La formación de ciudadanos fue el resultado de la ar- sin embargo, los derechos del ciudadano, no implicaron ticularon intereses personales y políticos en un marco que el pueblo tuviera acceso a estos derechos una vez social mucho más amplio. En esta coyuntura, las nocio- que se asumieron como miembro de la colectividad. nes de “ciudadano hipotético” y “ciudadano histórico”; colocaron nuevos sentidos a la ciudadanía en el marco De este modo: ¿quiénes eran los ciudadanos a los que jurídico y político que vinculó la vecindad con valores se refería la constitución de 1857? De acuerdo con este como el honor, el prestigio y la riqueza. La ciudadanía marco normativo, se establecieron dos requisitos. El pri- política formal tuvo poca relación con el contenido real mero, la edad y el segundo, “modo honesto de vivir”. de la ciudadanía civil. De este modo, lo significativo fue En el primer caso, hombres solteros de 21 años o, bien, el uso que dio el Estado, y ciertos actores, al término de casados y con 18 años. El segundo caso, el “modo hones- “ciudadano”; no los documentos normativos desde los to de vivir”, incluyó prerrogativas y obligaciones de los cuales se caracterizó al ciudadano (Annino, 2003). 58 Corpo-grafías // Vol. 7, Núm. 7 // enero-diciembre 2020 La génesis de la ciudadanía se encuentra
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