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Maternalism and Moral Reform in Northern Newfoundland and Labrador, 18944938

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Maternalism and Moral Reform in Northern Newfoundland and Labrador, 18944938 Norsing for the GrenfelI Mission: Maternalism and Moral Reform in Northern Newfoundland and Labrador, 18944938 Jill S-a Perry A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in partial Mfilment af the requirernents for the degree of Master of Arts Department of History Mernorial University of Newfoundland September 1997 St. John's, Newfoundland National Library Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Seivices services bibliographiques 345 Weilington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaON K1AON4 OUawaON K1AOW Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Lïbraxy of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distn'bute or seIl reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microfonn, vendre des copies de cette these sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette these. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othemise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimes reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT From 1894 onwards, the Grenfell Mission was a powerful, foreign influence in northern Newfoundland and Labrador. In spite of its vast army of volunteers and staff members, historians have been oveMlheImingIy concerned with the activities of Wilfked Grenfell, the Mission's founder. But in the Mission behind the man, it was women who did the majority of the day-to-day work. Within this femaie workforce, nurses were a key component. Nurses were central to the Mission's operations on two levels. First., they perfomed a wide range of duties, both medicai and non-medical, which kept the Mission running smoothiy. Second they were strategically central to the Mission's objectives of "improving" the local people. ui accordance with matemaiist rationales of the early twentieth cennily, the officia1 Grenfell discourse deemed nurses ideaily suited to moral refonn work because it was felt that "essential" female virtues iike sympathy, selflessness, and dornesticity had been mouided into a mode1 of bourgeois fernininity by their professional training. As the female embodiment of a "superior" culture, nurses were supposed to refom the local people according to the Mission's Anglo-Saxon, middle-ciass vision of how life shouid be. When the matemalist rationaie for nurses' importance is measured against an examination of the daily realities of Grenfell nursing, a tripartite gap emerges between discourse and reai Me. First, the conservative gender ideology obscured the fact that Grenfeu nursing was, hdamentally, an exceptional female work experience. In shouldering a wide I range of duties at isolated Mission stations, Grenfeu nurses enjoyed high levels of independence, authority, and adventure. Second, by portraykg nurses as smiling angels-of- mercy, the official discourse denied both the unpleasant realities of that experience, as weil as individual deviation hmthe ideal. Grenfeii nursing was, nrst and foremost, hard work; fedeindependence was ultimately circumsrmi by a maledominated Mission hierarchy; and Grenfeu nurses were not aiways respectflll of Mission policies nor doctors. Third, by portraying nurses as timely heroines, the official discourse shrouded the less admirable aspects of thek work. in keeping with their own cultural influences, nurses' reform efforts were often marred by a distinct lack of respect for the local people and their way of life. Rooted in middle-class assumptions about "proper" Mestyle, nurses' reform initiatives were often eiitist and, through their focus on local women, highly gendered. A full examination of Grenfell nursing must balance the admirable quality of nurses' work against the problematic aspects of that opportunity. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Financial support for this project bas corne fiorn several sources. First, I would like to thank the Deparmient of History and School of Graduate Studies at Mernorial University for the graduate fellowship held during the year of my MA. In addition, I th& the Hannah lnstitute for the History of Medicine for the rnasters feilowship which hded my second year of researching and writing. Finally, 1 am grateful to the Srndwood Centre for Newfoundland Studies at Memonal University for the gant which enabled a research trîp to Yale University. On an academic levei, 1 thank Dr. Linda Keaiey for supe~sionof this thesis. At the Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador, 1 thank Howard Brown for his painstaking rettievai of nurses' persomel files. In addition, 1 thank Andy Parnaby; though not involved in any official capacity, he was a reliable source of enthusiastic discussion and critical commentary. Personai thanks are extended to my imrnediate farnily: to my father for sparking my interest in social histoq- long before 1 knew what it was; to my mother for her grnuine interest in, and unflinching support of,just about everything I have ever done; and to my sister for king my oldest niend, as weil as a generous supplier of British Columbia. care- packages. Thanks aiso to my Friday-aftemoon-history-beer-buddies@ou know who you are) for being a great source of tension release. And las but far from least, 1 thank Andy Parnaby, who was a Lifeline in the bad moments, and an essentiai ingredient in the good. 0.. 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................ ACKNOTKLEDGEMENTS ............................................. CHAPTER introduction .......................................... CHAPTER Matenialism and the Official Grenfell Discourse ............. CHAPTER The Women Behind the Man: Grenfeil Nurses At Work, Part 1 .. CHAPTER 4: Working For the Man: GrenfeLi Nurses At Work, Part 2 ....... CHAPTER 5: Hovels and Housewives: Reforming the Local People ......... APPENDIX A: Table Showing hcoming Nurses' Geographic Origins. 19 14- 1938 APPENDIX B: Table Showing Distribution of Nurses by Year and HospitaY Nursing Station. 19 14- 193 8 .............................. Map of Greafell Mission Hospitais/Nursing Stations. 18%- 193 8 Chapter 1 Introduction In the winter of 1929, Nurse Kate Austen was a long way £kom home. The remote Labrador hospital where she worked had littie in common with Sydney, Austrdia Harsh winter weattier, in particular, was a constant challenge. Retrrming to the hospital one snowy evening, Austen plunged nine feet dominto a massive snowdrift. Panic-sûuck, she kicked and kat at the snow as it feli in around her, but al1 efforts to crawl out were futile. To make matters worse, there was little chance of king rescued; she had ken on an emergency house cali and it was already close to midnight. Galvanized by the indignity of dying so close to the hospital door afler rnonths of risky winter travel, Austen remembered the tale of a local man who had ken similady trappeci- Following his example, she uspd one snowshoe as an adjustable plaâonn and the other to dig her way up and out of the massive drift Haif an hour later, Austen staggered, exhausted, to her bedroom above the quiet hospital.' Austen's narrow escape fiom the snowdnft and many other remarkable tales nom her three-year stint in Labrador were recorded by her husband, Ellion Memck Pubtished in 1942, Northern Nurse is the story of Austen's employment with the Grenfell Mission of northem Newfoundland and Labrador fkom 1928 to 1930. At North West River in 1929, Austen was the only medical help available for hundreds of miles - a responsibility which 'Eiliott Memck, Northern Nurse (Woodstock, Vermont: The Countryman Press, 1942) 1 73- 174. was fi-equentiy complicated by a mgged terrain and severe climate. Certainly, such a high degree of outdoor adventure was not typical of the nursing profession. Fominately, Kate Austen was no typicai nurse, as this book makes abundantly clear. But Austen's experience was not as undas one might suppose. In fact, many other foreign nurses struggled with the same circumstances.' Although only a select few have had thek stories published, between 1894 and 1938, roughly 350 nurses were employed by the Grenfeil Mission of Newfoundand and abr rad or.^ Like Kate Austen, the vast majority of these nurses were foreign women, largely fkom Canada, the United States and the British Isles, who travelled 'Other published biographiedmemoirs of Grenfeu nurses include Bessie Jane BanfiIl, Labmdor Nurse (London: Robert Haie, 1954), Dora Elizabeth Burchiii, Labrador Memories (Shepparton, Victoria: Shepparton News Publishing Co., 1947)' Floretta Elmore Greeiey and Hugh Payne Greeley, Work and Plav in the Grenfell Mission (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1920), Dorothy lupp, A Journev of Wonder and Other Writin~(New York: Vantage, 197 1), Mificent Blake Loder, Dauehter of Labrador (St. John's: Hamy C&, 1989), and Judith Power, Hazel Corn~ton-Hart:Angel fiorn the North (St. John's: Jespersen, 1995). 'This total has ken obtained, in part, by compiling names found in the "Reports of the Staff Selection Cornmittee" which appear in the July issues of Amone the Deep Sea Fishe~from 19 14 onwards. Between 19 14 and 1938,179 nurses worked for the Mission. Apart fiom the possible existence of the occasionai nurse whose name did not make the Reports (because of publication timing), the post- 19 14 figure is reasonably accurate. Pnor to 19 14, no such reports exist. 39 different nurses have been distinguished for this period through passing mention of their names. Since the pre-19 14 information is far fiom comprehensive, 1 estimate that although 32 1 nurses definitely worked for the Mission, missing names would probably bring the total closer to 350. In addition, 1 have suppiemented the official iists with the names of nurses married to Grenfeu doctors; though the Mission did not credit them with nurses's status, their names have been included if they appear to have been formdy trained as such, and continued to perfonn a nurse's duties after marriage.
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