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Pharyngeal apparatus • in 4-5 weeks surface elevations start appearing lateral to developing pharynx. • Initially it consist of core of mesenchyme ( derived from paraxial & lateral plate mesoderm) is covered externally by ectoderm & internally by endoderm. • During 4th week most of mesenchyme is derived from neural crest cells that migrate into pharangeal arches to contribute to skeletal element , while original mesenchyme give rise to musculature & vascular endothelium. Pharyngeal arches • Six paired swellings -lateral wall of primitive pharynx • Fifth one disappears • Develops in 4th week i.u Components of pharyngeal apparatus • Pharyngeal arches • Pharyngeal clefts • Pharyngeal pouches • Pharyngeal membrane Components of pharyngeal arch • Core of mesoderm • Cartilage • Artery • Nerve Derivatives of first arch • Nerve- Trigeminal nerve • Muscles- muscles of mastication (…), anterior belly of diogastric, mylohyoid, tensor tympani, tensor palati • Cartilage - meckel’s cartilage ventral (malleus , incus) dorsal (mandible) • ligaments- sphenomandibular, anterior ligament of malleus Second pharyngeal arch • All muscles of facial expression • Facial nerve Reicherts cartilage ventral dorsal (lesser cornu stapes upper part of hyoid) • Stylohyoid ligament Derivatives of third arch • Stylopharyngeus • Glossopharyngeal nerve Cartilage ventral dorsal (disappears) (Greater cornu and lower part of hyoid bone) PLANE OF CUT Derivatives of fourth and sixth arch • Superior laryngeal nerve(4th arch) Vagus • Recurrent laryngeal nerve nerve(6th arch) • 4th and 6th arch cartilage - form cartilage of larynx (thyroid, cricoid, arytenoids and cuneiforms) • Muscles- cricothyroid, levator palati, constrictors of pharynx, intrinsic muscles of larynx MUSCLES OF BRANCHIAL ARCHES First - Trigeminal V Fourth Vagus X Sixth Accessory XI Innervated by Derivatives of pharyngeal pouch Derivatives of pharyngeal pouch • Pouch 1 – Tubotympanic recess - AuditoryTube, Tympanic cavity • Pouch 2 – lining (crypts of Palatine Tonsils) • Pouch 3- Inferior Parathyroid Glands & thymus • Pouch 4 – superior ParathyroidGlands & C-Cells Clinical • Brachial cyst and fistula- • congenital epithelial cyst • lateral part of the neck • due to failure of obliteration of the second branchial cleft (or failure of fusion of the second and third branchial arches) BRANCHIAL ANOMALIES • Tracher collin syndrome • Piere robin syndrome • Di- george syndrome .

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Endothelium in the Pharyngeal Arches 3, 4 and 6 Is Derived from the Second Heart Field
Thomas Jefferson University Jefferson Digital Commons Center for Translational Medicine Faculty Papers Center for Translational Medicine 1-15-2017 Endothelium in the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 is derived from the second heart field. Xia Wang Thomas Jefferson University Dongying Chen Thomas Jefferson University Kelley Chen Thomas Jefferson University Ali Jubran Thomas Jefferson University AnnJosette Ramirez Thomas Jefferson University Follow this and additional works at: https://jdc.jefferson.edu/transmedfp Part of the Translational Medical Research Commons LetSee next us page know for additional how authors access to this document benefits ouy Recommended Citation Wang, Xia; Chen, Dongying; Chen, Kelley; Jubran, Ali; Ramirez, AnnJosette; and Astrof, Sophie, "Endothelium in the pharyngeal arches 3, 4 and 6 is derived from the second heart field." (2017). Center for Translational Medicine Faculty Papers. Paper 45. https://jdc.jefferson.edu/transmedfp/45 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Jefferson Digital Commons. The Jefferson Digital Commons is a service of Thomas Jefferson University's Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL). The Commons is a showcase for Jefferson books and journals, peer-reviewed scholarly publications, unique historical collections from the University archives, and teaching tools. The Jefferson Digital Commons allows researchers and interested readers anywhere in the world to learn about and keep up to date with Jefferson scholarship. This article has been accepted for inclusion in Center for Translational Medicine Faculty Papers by an authorized administrator of the Jefferson Digital Commons. For more information, please contact: [email protected]. Authors Xia Wang, Dongying Chen, Kelley Chen, Ali Jubran, AnnJosette Ramirez, and Sophie Astrof This article is available at Jefferson Digital Commons: https://jdc.jefferson.edu/transmedfp/45 HHS Public Access Author manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript Author Dev Biol Manuscript Author .
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Multimedial Unit of Dept. of Anatomy Jagiellonian University The head and neck regions of a 4-week human embryo somewhat resemble these regions of a fish embryo of a comparable stage of development. This explains the former use of the designation „branchial apparatus” – the adjective „branchial” is derived from the Greek word branchia – the gill. The pharyngeal apparatus consists of: pharyngeal arches pharyngeal pouches pharyngeal grooves pharyngeal membranes The pharyngeal arches begin to develop early in the fourth week as neural crest cells migrate into the future head and neck regions. Drawings illustrating the human pharyngeal apparatus. The first pharyngeal arch (mandibular arch) develops two prominences the maxillary prominence (gives rise to maxilla, zygomatic bone, and squamous part of temporal bone) the mandibular prominence (forms the mandible) Drawings illustrating the human pharyngeal apparatus. Drawings illustrating the human pharyngeal apparatus. Drawings illustrating the human pharyngeal apparatus. Drawing of the head, neck, and thoracic regions of a human embryo (about 28 days), illustrating the pharyngeal apparatus. During the fifth week, the second pharyngeal arch enlarges and overgrows the third and fourth arches, forming an ectodermal depression – the cervical sinus. A - Lateral view of the head, neck, and thoracic regions of an embryo (about 32 days), showing the pharyngeal arches and cervical sinus. B - Diagrammatic section through the embryo at the level shown in A, illustrating growth of the second arch over
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PharyngealPharyngeal archesarches andand pouchespouches L.MossL.Moss--SalentijnSalentijn PharyngealPharyngeal arches:arches: aa definitiondefinition A segmental series of five paired swellings that surround the foregut between days 20 to 35 of embryonic development. These segments, which are unique to vertebrates, are “wedged” between the developing forebrain and heart. PharyngealPharyngeal archesarches a.k.a.a.k.a. visceralvisceral oror branchialbranchial archesarches DevelopDevelop (and(and disappeardisappear asas distinctivelydistinctively visiblevisible structures)structures) inin aa rostrorostro--caudalcaudal sequencesequence RequireRequire neuralneural crestcrest cellscells forfor theirtheir developmentdevelopment EvenEven afterafter theythey areare nono longerlonger visiblevisible externally,externally, theythey havehave aa lastinglasting impactimpact onon thethe anatomyanatomy ofof thethe headhead andand neckneck andand ofof thethe greatgreat vesselsvessels 55 PharyngealPharyngeal archesarches 55 AorticAortic archesarches ArchesArches numberednumbered 11--66 Arches,Arches, grooves,grooves, pouches,pouches, andand membranesmembranes Pharyngeal groove Pharyngeal pouch Pharyngeal arch Foregut Pharyngeal membrane PharyngealPharyngeal cleftcleft transienttransient “gill“gill--slit”slit” photograph by Purcell R,National Geographic November 2006 Dell H (2006) BasicBasic bodybody planplan ofof allall chordateschordates (incl.(incl. vertebrates)vertebrates) Dorsal hollow neural tube Segmented lateral mesoderm Central notochord Ventral
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