DOCSLIB.ORG

Country Paper on Effective Methods to Combat Transnational Organized Crime in Criminal Justice Processes (Philippines)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Country Paper on Effective Methods to Combat Transnational Organized Crime in Criminal Justice Processes (Philippines) 116TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE PARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS COUNTRY PAPER ON EFFECTIVE METHODS TO COMBAT TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROCESSES (PHILIPPINES) Ricardo Tiuseco Pamintuan *,** I. FACTUAL SETTING The Philippines, which has not attained genuine economic growth in the past, Transnational organized crime (TOC) is certainly fits this profile. Additionally, its a serious global menace that has evolved location and thousands of mostly into a sophisticated and even legitimate unsecured islands, with rugged coastlines means of perpetuating criminal activities and friendly townsfolk, facilitate and dynasties. It continues to threaten the infiltration and provide strategic and ideal future, the very existence, of every man, drop-off and transshipment points for woman, and child because of its innate TOCGs. voraciousness. No one is spared, not the Americas, not the European Community, II. TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED especially not the developing countries and CRIME IN THE PHILIPPINES emerging democracies in Asia and Africa. It destabilizes economies and creates a A. The Current Situation façade of stability and progress to conceal TOC has not been given much attention the erosion of the moral fabric of modern by past administrations due in large society on which it feeds. Globalization and measure to preoccupation with domestic the growing popularity and application of problems still evident to this day, among the internet has made it possible for them, uneven distribution of wealth, trade transnational organized crime groups imbalance, and the protracted though (TOCGs) to expand their activities at an isolated insurgency in the south. This has alarming rate under a cloak of legitimacy been compounded by the traditional notion and to establish bases of operations beyond that crime prevention lies within the their normal and traditional confines. purview of domestic law enforcement. States with high poverty levels are Thus, international covenants particularly vulnerable to such incursions notwithstanding, TOCs have not been as because of the staggering amounts these seriously addressed in the Philippines as groups are willing to invest in employing in other countries. As a member of the offshore managers and in gaining the United Nations, the Philippines has goodwill of local law enforcers and officials. participated in the various conventions of the UN Congress on the Prevention of * Court Attorney VI, Supreme Court of the Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, and Philippines, Philippines has become party to such positive measures **Submitted in partial compliance with the as the Milan Plan of Action, the Caracas requirements of the 116th International Group Declaration, and the Guiding Principles for Training Course on Crime Prevention (The Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in Administration of Criminal Justice) under the aegis the Context of Development and a New of the Japanese Government, 21 August-17 International Economic Order. November, 2000, UNAFEI, Tokyo, Japan. 183 RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No. 58 For some time, Philippine leaders have such wide coverage, they can accordingly been aware of the guidelines and policies be charged, tried and penalized under on the prevention and control of organized Philippine laws, as long as no question of crime, judicial independence, extradition, territorial jurisdiction or diplomatic mutual assistance, transfer of proceedings, immunity is raised. Still, the Philippines and treatment of prisoners, among other is wanting in legislation on some forms of matters. Unfortunately, there has been a TOC like money laundering11, human dearth of relevant local legislation on these trafficking, environmental crimes,12 card subjects, and the ones enacted have been fraud, computer-related crimes,13 stolen fairly conservative. auto and auto parts trafficking, maritime piracy, and violations of intellectual Existing criminal laws, however, may be property rights. The latter, described in made applicable against TOCGs as long as 1995 by the FBI as the “crime of the 21st the crime involved or any of its components Century,” is itself a tool for money falls within the definition of any criminal laundering,14 but there is no existing local statute and meets the requirements of legal mechanism for making such Philippine principles on territoriality. The determination or dealing with a given Revised Penal Code (RPC), the main source identified situation. of criminal law in the Philippines since1 January 1932, enumerates specific felonies Without belaboring the obvious, the fact that may be committed by any person. is, even the terms “transnational organized Similarly, special laws on specific crimes crime” and “transnational organized crime not identified or defined in the RPC, such groups” have no exact definition under as laws on narcotics,1 graft and corrupt existing Philippine laws. The only known practices,2 illegal possession or definition of TOC is found in a paper by a manufacture of firearms and explosives,3 police senior superintendent who declared illegal gambling,4 illegal fishing,5 illegal that “there is an emerging consensus logging,6 piracy and highway robbery,7 defining transnational crime as an offense hijacking,8 car theft,9 and white slavery,10 that has an international dimension and may also be committed, directly or involves (the) crossing of at least one border indirectly, by members of TOCGs. With before, during and after the fact. Therefore, 1 Republic Act No. 6425. (Henceforth, any reference 11 Although the Philippines is not a member of the to Republic Acts shall be indicated as “R.A.”). Financial Action Task Force (FATF) on Money 2 R.A. No. 3019. Laundering, it is enjoined to adopt the “Forty 3 Presidential Decree No. 1866. (Henceforth, any Recommendations” of the FATF drawn up on 1990 reference to Presidential Decrees shall be indicated and revised in 1996. as “P.D.”). 12 For instance, in the case of the Philippines, how to 4 R.A. No. 3063 (on horse racing); P.D. No. 449 (on protect biodiversity, how to deal with the cockfighting); P.D. No. 483 (on game fixing); P.D. unauthorized dumping of toxic wastes, how to No. 510 (on slot machines); and P.D. No. 1306 (on ensure the safe use of chemicals on food products jai alai). and raw materials, or how to police marine 5 P.D. No. 704. sanctuaries within Philippine waters. 6 P.D. No. 330. 13 The efficacy of the recently enacted E-Commerce 7 P.D. No. 532. Law (R.A. No. 8792) is yet to be determined. 8 R.A. No. 6235 14 Organized Crime and Product Counterfeiting, 9 R.A. No. 6538. <http://www.ari.net/iacc/economic.html> 20 May 10 Batas Pambansa Blg. 186. 2000. 184 116TH INTERNATIONAL TRAINING COURSE PARTICIPANTS’ PAPERS it is a mutual concern of at least two crimes.”19 Two years later, Marcos created affected countries that they must jointly the Peace and Order Council (POC),20 address.”15 This definition begs the whose functions and responsibilities question, to say the least. To fully duplicated those of the NACAC. Because understand the nature of TOC and TOCGs, of this, E.O. No. 829 was passed on 11 a resort to other sources is inevitable. The September 1982, abolishing the NACAC INTERPOL defines TOCG as: “Any with the POC absorbing its functions, enterprise or group of persons engaged in duties, and responsibilities. The National a continuing illegal activity which has as Law Enforcement Coordinating Committee its primary purpose the generation of (NALECC) was also constituted to profits, irrespective of national coordinate the activities of various law boundaries.”16 This definition, criticized by enforcement agencies. In such seminal Italy, Spain, and Germany for leaving out form, however, the POC and the NALECC the requirement of an organized command were nothing more than toothless structure, and by the U.S. and Canada for organizations that posed no significant omitting the requirement of using violence threat to the scattered TOCGs operating to attain the group’s goals, was later altered in the country. to read, “Any group having a corporate structure whose primary objective is to From that time until the ascent to the obtain money through illegal activities, presidency by Fidel V. Ramos, Marcos’ often surviving on fear and corruption.”17 cousin and former police chief, there was absolutely no forward movement in the B. Legal Frameworks for Combating battle against TOC. Within his first year Transnational Organized Crime18 in office, Ramos reorganized the NALECC 1. The Early Experiments twice. In 1999, the NALECC would Early attempts to combat TOC were undergo yet another organizational shift mostly of local application and, in more as the government intensified its TOC ways than one, required further legislation programme. Meanwhile, Ramos issued to be effective. In 1979, at the height of E.O. No. 246 on 18 May 1995, martial law, former President Ferdinand reconstituting the National Action E. Marcos established a National Committee on Anti-Hijacking as the Committee on Anti-Organized Crime National Committee on Anti-Hijacking and (NACAC) to formulate government plans, Anti-Terrorism (NACAHT). implement actions, and control all activities “relative to the five pillar Realizing that the task of preventing or approach to the National Criminal Justice eradicating TOC on its own was going to System, particularly on organized be very difficult, the Philippines sought to fight this war in alliance with its neighbors. 15 Lucas V. Cauton, Jr., Transnational Crime: The New In a grand show of regional solidarity, nine Challenge to Law Enforcement, Transnational Ministers of Interior/Home Affairs and Crime Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2000, p. 86. Representatives of ASEAN Member 16 First International Symposium on Organized Countries21 converged in Manila, on 20 Crime, St. Cloud, France, May 1988. December 1997 for the 1st ASEAN 17 Transnational Organized Crime, <http:// Conference on Transnational Crime and www.alternatives.com/crime/define.html> 20 May signed the ASEAN Declaration on 2000. 18 See Appendix A for the Timeline of the Philippines’ 19 Letter of Instruction No.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cruising Guide to the Philippines
    Cruising Guide to the Philippines For Yachtsmen By Conant M. Webb Draft of 06/16/09 Webb - Cruising Guide to the Phillippines Page 2 INTRODUCTION The Philippines is the second largest archipelago in the world after Indonesia, with around 7,000 islands. Relatively few yachts cruise here, but there seem to be more every year. In most areas it is still rare to run across another yacht. There are pristine coral reefs, turquoise bays and snug anchorages, as well as more metropolitan delights. The Filipino people are very friendly and sometimes embarrassingly hospitable. Their culture is a unique mixture of indigenous, Spanish, Asian and American. Philippine charts are inexpensive and reasonably good. English is widely (although not universally) spoken. The cost of living is very reasonable. This book is intended to meet the particular needs of the cruising yachtsman with a boat in the 10-20 meter range. It supplements (but is not intended to replace) conventional navigational materials, a discussion of which can be found below on page 16. I have tried to make this book accurate, but responsibility for the safety of your vessel and its crew must remain yours alone. CONVENTIONS IN THIS BOOK Coordinates are given for various features to help you find them on a chart, not for uncritical use with GPS. In most cases the position is approximate, and is only given to the nearest whole minute. Where coordinates are expressed more exactly, in decimal minutes or minutes and seconds, the relevant chart is mentioned or WGS 84 is the datum used. See the References section (page 157) for specific details of the chart edition used.
    [Show full text]
  • Toward an Enhanced Strategic Policy in the Philippines
    Toward an Enhanced Strategic Policy in the Philippines EDITED BY ARIES A. ARUGAY HERMAN JOSEPH S. KRAFT PUBLISHED BY University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies Diliman, Quezon City First Printing, 2020 UP CIDS No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, without written permission from the publishers. Recommended Entry: Towards an enhanced strategic policy in the Philippines / edited by Aries A. Arugay, Herman Joseph S. Kraft. -- Quezon City : University of the Philippines, Center for Integrative Studies,[2020],©2020. pages ; cm ISBN 978-971-742-141-4 1. Philippines -- Economic policy. 2. Philippines -- Foreign economic relations. 2. Philippines -- Foreign policy. 3. International economic relations. 4. National Security -- Philippines. I. Arugay, Aries A. II. Kraft, Herman Joseph S. II. Title. 338.9599 HF1599 P020200166 Editors: Aries A. Arugay and Herman Joseph S. Kraft Copy Editors: Alexander F. Villafania and Edelynne Mae R. Escartin Layout and Cover design: Ericson Caguete Printed in the Philippines UP CIDS has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ______________________________________ i Foreword Stefan Jost ____________________________________________ iii Teresa S. Encarnacion Tadem _____________________________v List of Abbreviations ___________________________________ ix About the Contributors ________________________________ xiii Introduction The Strategic Outlook of the Philippines: “Situation Normal, Still Muddling Through” Herman Joseph S. Kraft __________________________________1 Maritime Security The South China Sea and East China Sea Disputes: Juxtapositions and Implications for the Philippines Jaime B.
    [Show full text]
  • Tourism and Crime: Evidence from the Philippines
    Kyoto University Tourism and Crime: Evidence from the Philippines Rosalina Palanca-Tan,* Len Patrick Dominic M. Garces,* Angelica Nicole C. Purisima,* and Angelo Christian L. Zaratan* Using panel data gathered from 16 regions of the Philippines for the period 2009–11, this paper investigates the relationship between tourism and crime. The findings of the study show that the relation between tourism and crime may largely depend on the characteristics of visitors and the types of crime. For all types of crime and their aggregate, no significant correlation between the crime rate (defined as the number of crime cases divided by population) and total tourist arrivals is found. However, a statistically significant positive relation is found between foreign tour- ism and robbery and theft cases as well as between overseas Filipino tourism and robbery. On the other hand, domestic tourism is not significantly correlated with any of the four types of crimes. These results, together with a strong evidence of the negative relationship between crime and the crime clearance efficiency, present much opportunity for policy intervention in order to minimize the crime externality of the country’s tourism-led development strategy. Keywords: tourism, crime, negative externality, sustainable development Introduction The tourism industry in the Philippines has expanded rapidly in recent years due primar- ily to intensified marketing of the country’s rich geographical and biological diversity and of its historical and cultural heritage. In 2000–10, the tourism sector consistently made substantial contribution to the Philippine economy, averaging about 5.8% of gross domes- tic product (GDP) on an annual basis.
    [Show full text]
  • ADDRESSING ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE in the PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES Second-Largest Archipelago in the World Comprising 7,641 Islands
    ADDRESSING ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE IN THE PHILIPPINES PHILIPPINES Second-largest archipelago in the world comprising 7,641 islands Current population is 100 million, but projected to reach 125 million by 2030; most people, particularly the poor, depend on biodiversity 114 species of amphibians 240 Protected Areas 228 Key Biodiversity Areas 342 species of reptiles, 68% are endemic One of only 17 mega-diverse countries for harboring wildlife species found 4th most important nowhere else in the world country in bird endemism with 695 species More than 52,177 (195 endemic and described species, half 126 restricted range) of which are endemic 5th in the world in terms of total plant species, half of which are endemic Home to 5 of 7 known marine turtle species in the world green, hawksbill, olive ridley, loggerhead, and leatherback turtles ILLEGAL WILDLIFE TRADE The value of Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT) is estimated at $10 billion–$23 billion per year, making wildlife crime the fourth most lucrative illegal business after narcotics, human trafficking, and arms. The Philippines is a consumer, source, and transit point for IWT, threatening endemic species populations, economic development, and biodiversity. The country has been a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity since 1992. The value of IWT in the Philippines is estimated at ₱50 billion a year (roughly equivalent to $1billion), which includes the market value of wildlife and its resources, their ecological role and value, damage to habitats incurred during poaching, and loss in potential
    [Show full text]
  • Crime Rate in Ozamiz City, Philippines
    Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 186-215, August 2015 Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 186-215, August 2015 ISSN 2350-7020 (Print) ISSN 2350-7020 (Print) ISSN 2362-9436 (Online) ISSN 2362-9436 (Online) doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v4i1.847 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7828/jmds.v4i1.847 Crime Rate in Ozamiz City, Philippines Mercy O. Caba-ong1, Jose F. Cuevas Jr.1, Angelita B. Alvarico1, Marie Rosellynn C. Enguito2 1College of Criminology, Misamis University, Ozamiz City, Philippines 2Misamis University Research Center, Misamis University, Ozamiz City, Philippines Corresponding author: Mercy O. Caba-ong, email: [email protected] Abstract Data about the crime rate are relevant in improving the crime control programs in a locality. The purpose of this paper was to determine the crime rate in Ozamiz City from the calendar year 2010 to 2013. This study also aimed to compare the volumes of the index and non-index crimes, respectively and to obtain the percentage breakdown of these offenses per year. The paper also examined the spatiotemporal patterns of index crimes. Incidents of crime reported and docketed in the police blotter were retrieved from Ozamiz City Police Station. Case investigators were also interviewed to verify the data. Findings showed a decreased crime rate in 2010 relative to 2011, a most notable decline in 2012, and the sharpest increase in 2013. Among the index crimes, physical injuries had the highest crime volume, followed by theft and robbery. Despite the lower rate of non-index crimes compared to index crimes, illegal logging, riding motor vehicles without the plate number, driver‟s license and registration could not be disregarded.
    [Show full text]
  • SC70 Doc. 69.2
    Original language: English SC70 Doc. 69.2 CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________________ Seventieth meeting of the Standing Committee Rosa Khutor, Sochi (Russian Federation), 1-5 October 2018 Reports of regional representatives ASIA 1. This document has been submitted by Kuwait. 2. General information: Regional Representative: Chain, Indonesia, Kuwait Alternate Regional Representative: Japan, Nepal, Republic of Korea Number of Parties in the Region: 38 Parties providing information for this Report: Afghanistan, Bahrain, China, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, Kuwait, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates, and Yem en 3. Introduction: This report summarized the activities of Parties between 69th Standing Committee Meeting (November 2017, Rosa Khutor) and 70th Standing Committee Meeting (October 2018, Rosa Khutor, Sochi). 4. Activities within each party 4.1 Afghanistan: 1.Participation in CITES meeting None 2.Cooperation with the parties and other None 3.Implimentation of CITES, including conservation, legislation and law enforcement activities a.Wild Animal Protection and hunting regulation law Afghanistan developed Wild Animal Protection and hunting regulation law, this law is currently drafted, on September, 2018 Afghanistan conducted more from three coordination meeting with relevant organization, asspacilly Ministry of agriculture irrigation and water regarding specification of National Environmental SC70 Doc. 69.2 – p. 1 Protection Agency (NEPA) and Ministry of Agriculture irrigation and livestock (MAIL) role in the implementation of this law to finalize as soon as possible. After adoption of this law, Afghanistan will be able to regulate wild animal illegal hunting, trapping and preventing the extinction of endangered species b.
    [Show full text]
  • State Terrorism in the Philippines Unmasking the Securitized Terror Behind ‘War on Drugs’
    MSc. Crisis & Security Management Thesis - Spring 2017 Leiden University, The Hague Campus State Terrorism in the Philippines Unmasking the securitized terror behind ‘War on Drugs’ Master Thesis, Spring 2017 George Plevris (s1722026) Supervisor: Dr. M. Kitzen Second Reader: Liesbeth van der Heide University of Leiden- The Hague Campus Master MSc. Crisis & Security Management May 2017 Leiden University 1 MSc. Crisis & Security Management Thesis - Spring 2017 By the end of this paper, I believe you will come to the same observation that I arrived: Terror (-ism) is the finest tool of political and social governance a state can deploy. If executed well, it does not only achieve the goal of submission of the audience, but it eliminates the latter’s tool of resistance: hope. Leiden University 2 MSc. Crisis & Security Management Thesis - Spring 2017 Abstract Typically, modern states have the monopoly on legitimate violence drawn from their sovereignty and democratic rule of law, on the behest of their citizens. This ‘legitimate’ violence however has seen a rise in the last two decades, and taken forms of intricate civil wars, wars on crime, wars on drugs and wars on terror. Yet, despite outcries for violations of laws and human rights, of crimes against humanity and war crimes, policies of extreme violence performed by the democratic states are hardly ever labeled as state terrorism. This paper will explore the scholarship of state terrorism, often a contested topic among academic and experts, and will approach the issue through the current ‘war on drugs’ raging in the Philippines. The theoretical premise that I will carve out aims to explore and acknowledge the existence of state terror but also the difficulty in naming it.
    [Show full text]
  • The Current Situation of Crime Associated with Urbanization: Problems Experienced and Countermeasures Initiated in the Philippines
    THE CURRENT SITUATION OF CRIME ASSOCIATED WITH URBANIZATION: PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED AND COUNTERMEASURES INITIATED IN THE PHILIPPINES By Celia V. Sanidad-Leones* I. INTRODUCTION In the Philippines, urbanity is viewed with the combined concept of size, density and the presence of certain institutions associated with an urban lifestyle like a town hall, church or chapel, public plaza, park or cemetery, market place, buildings for trade activities and public buildings like schools, puericulture and a health centre and library. Demographic studies reveal some common characteristics of urban communities: (1) a heterogeneity of cultures with concomitant differences in beliefs and behaviours; (2) differences among group members, with relationships between persons restricted to specific needs; (3) increased mobility, impersonality and anonymity; and (4) people who vary in age, race, ethnicity, norms and values. These are predisposing factors that breed urban criminality. Comparatively, crime rates are higher in poorer neighbourhoods and in areas with higher population density, deteriorated living conditions and many unemployed members of the labour force. Following the pattern of other countries, rapid urbanization, industrialization and migration to the cities are major factors that contribute to higher crime rates in Philippine urban centres. Urban blight in the country is essentially a result of the sudden unprecedented exodus of people from rural to urban areas. Progressively increasing difficulties in rural areas, exacerbated by the natural and man-made calamities that the country continues to experience have resulted in massive migration to the cities. In-migration, alongside natural population increase, accounts for the burgeoning urban population and the disparate rise of primate cities like Metro Manila.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis on the Location and Type of Index Crimes in the Philippines
    An Analysis on the Location and Type of Index Crimes in the Philippines by Rena Sandy H. Baculinao and Roel F. Ceballos Mathematics and Statistics Department, College of Arts and Sciences University of Southeastern Philippines Presented by Roel F. Ceballos Mathematics and Statistics Department, College of Arts and Sciences University of Southeastern Philippines Introduction • Crime is as an act committed or omitted in the violation of a law forbidding or commanding it and for which a punishment is imposed upon conviction. • In the Philippines, the Revised Penal Code (Republic Act. No. 3815) serves as the fundamental law that defines criminal offenses and provides the penalties for the commission of such. • Crime is divided into index and non-index crimes for statistical purposes and to create a standardized definition of crime classification. • Index crimes refer to crimes against person and crimes against property such as murder, homicide, physical injury and rape, carnapping/carjacking, and cattle rustling. • On the other hand, non-index crimes are violations of special laws such as illegal logging or local ordinances. Source: Senate Economic Planning Office, 2013 Introduction • Based on PNP reports, crime rates in the Philippines has a steady drop and crime solution efficiency has also improved over the years. • However, despite these improvements, our crime solution efficiency remains low compared to ASEAN countries. Thus, there is a need to further study or analyze crime data in order to understand it better. • This study aims to determine the crime hotspots or location where a specific type of index crime is most likely to occur. Objective This study aims to determine the crime hotspots or location where a specific type of index crime is most likely to occur.
    [Show full text]
  • PHILIPPINES 15.1 Patterns of Organised Crime in the Philippines
    CHAPTER FIFTEEN PHILIPPINES 15.1 Patterns of Organised Crime in the Philippines Its geographical location and archipelagic coastline make the Philip- pines particularly vulnerable to the smuggling of contraband. Com- prehensive enforcement of the long maritime borders is very difficult and explains the relatively high incidence of crimes such as piracy, firearms smuggling, and drug trafficking. There are, to date, very few systematic reports on the levels of organised crime in the Philippines. The main source of information is the Philippine Centre on Trans- national Crime which was established by the Government to conduct and disseminate research on this phenomenon. Much of the available documentation crystallise drug trafficking and trafficking in persons as the chief organised crime problems in the Philippines.878 For example, the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), citing the Philippines Dangerous Drugs Board, recently reported that in 2007, eight transnational drug trafficking groups were operating in the Philippines, often in concert with one or more of the 249 reported domestic groups.879 Further, trafficking in persons, espe- cially women, from the Philippines occurs at very high levels. In 2000, it was estimated that 143,611 Filipina women had left the country and ended up working in slavery-like conditions abroad.880 The smuggling of firearms and other contraband have also been described as ‘ram- pant’. According to other research papers published by the Philippine Centre on Transnational Crime, drug trafficking, motor vehicle theft, illegal gambling, prostitution, piracy of software and other intellectual 878 See generally, James Finckenauer & Ko-Lin Chin, Asian Transnational Organized Crime (2007) 9–10.
    [Show full text]
  • WILDLIFE LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTION PLAN (Wildleap) 2018-2028
    WILDLIFE LAW ENFORCEMENT ACTION PLAN (WildLEAP) 2018-2028 MESSAGE The Department of Environment and Natural Resources is committed to push for people-centered agenda in pursuit of environmental protection and sustainable development. It shall continue to institute reforms, and pursue programs and projects that would truly protect the environment and improve people's lives. The formulation of the Wildlife Law Enforcement Action Plan (WildLEAP) 2018-2028 through a multi-stakeholder consultation process is one such measure designed to assure the involvement of all concerned sectors in this gargantuan task to combat illegal activities against wildlife. Indeed, there is a need to harmonize and intensify efforts of law enforcement agencies to arrest and hold the violators accountable for their acts against the voiceless creatures. With the WildLEAP 2018-2028 guiding fund-sourcing, resource allocation, prioritization of enforcement activities, and evaluation of impacts of enforcement work in the country, we would vastly improve our capability to address illegal wildlife trade and protect biodiversity in the archipelago. I thank the Biodiversity Management Bureau (BMB) for leading the working group in the formulation of the WildLEAP 2018-2028. --------- ROY A. CIMATU Secretary, DENR MESSAGE The active synchronization of enforcement personnel has led to a significant curtailment of illegal activities on wildlife throughout the country, but there is yet room for improvement. Alarming developments point to the Philippines having been made a transshipment and destination point for wildlife trade across national borders even as we guard against the encroachment of poachers within our territory. Inter-agency collaboration in wildlife enforcement is necessary in our all-out war against poachers and traffickers of wildlife species.
    [Show full text]
  • Crime Rate in Zamboanga City: Before and During Quarantine Period
    International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol. 11, No. 3, 2021, E-ISSN: 2222-6990 © 2021 HRMARS Crime Rate in Zamboanga City: Before and During Quarantine Period Justine Karl Alvarez, Fahad Hadjiri, Rina Grace Alfaro, Cheezel Book, Charloth Kayle Pelisan, Robert Clark Bechavez, Romenick Molina and Jocelyn Kong To Link this Article: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i3/8935 DOI:10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i3/8935 Received: 10 January 2021, Revised: 19 February 2021, Accepted: 16 March 2021 Published Online: 30 March 2021 In-Text Citation: (Alvarez et al., 2021) To Cite this Article: Alvarez, J. K., Hadjiri, F., Alfaro, R. G., Book, C., Pelisan, C. K., Bechavez, R. C., Molina, R., & Kong, J. (2021). Crime Rate in Zamboanga City: Before and During Quarantine Period. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(3), 1184-1199. Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s) Published by Human Resource Management Academic Research Society (www.hrmars.com) This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode Vol. 11, No. 3, 2021, Pg. 1184 – 1199 http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/IJARBSS JOURNAL HOMEPAGE Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://hrmars.com/index.php/pages/detail/publication-ethics 1184 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Vol.
    [Show full text]