Integrasi Masyarakat Kawasan Perbatasan Di Desa Sungai Limau, Kecamatan Sebatik Tengah, Kabupaten Nunukan, Provinsi Kalimantan Utara

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Integrasi Masyarakat Kawasan Perbatasan Di Desa Sungai Limau, Kecamatan Sebatik Tengah, Kabupaten Nunukan, Provinsi Kalimantan Utara INTEGRASI MASYARAKAT KAWASAN PERBATASAN DI DESA SUNGAI LIMAU, KECAMATAN SEBATIK TENGAH, KABUPATEN NUNUKAN, PROVINSI KALIMANTAN UTARA THE SOCIAL INTEGRATION OF BORDERLAND COMMUNITY IN SUNGAI LIMAU VILLAGE, CENTRAL SEBATIK SUB DISTRICT, NUNUKAN REGENCY, NORTH KALIMANTAN PROVINCE Wahyudi1 Alumni Pasca Sarjana Universitas Pertahanan Indonesia ([email protected]) Abstrak - Kondisi kawasan perbatasan dengan berbagai dinamikanya berupa rendahnya kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia, rendahnya tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat, ketertinggalan pembangunan, ketergantungan ekonomi dengan negara tetangga hingga potensi masuknya barang-barang terlarang dan infiltrasi asing dari luar melalui kawasan perbatasan. Dinamika yang berkembang tersebut bila diabaikan dapat menimbulkan interaksi sosial yang bersifat disosiatif (negatif) didalam masyarakat yang akan memicu munculnya disintegrasi berupa konflik,baik secara internal antara masyarakat lokal ataupun secara eksternal dengan masyarakat negara tetangga. Bila ditinjau dari aspek pertahanan hal ini dapat mengancam stabiltas keamanan dan kedaulatan negara di perbatasan. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bentuk interaksi sosial yang terjadi pada masyarakat kawasan perbatasan di Desa Sungai Limau, Kecamatan Sebatik Tengah yang berbatasan langsung dengan Malaysia dengan menggunakan teori Interaksi sosial dan konsep perbatasan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif melalui pengumpulan data yang diperoleh dari wawancara, observasi dan studi pustaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa interaksi sosial bersifat asosiatif (positif), yaitu antara masyarakat dengan pemerintah Desa Sungai Limau, antara kelompok masyarakat pendatang pemula (etnis Bugis) dengan pendatang baru (etnis Timor) di Desa Sungai Limau dan antara Masyarakat Desa Sungai Limau (Indonesia) dengan masyarakat Kampung Sungai Pukul (Malaysia) yang ditunjukkan dalam bentuk kerja sama, akomodasi dan potensi asimilasi mengarah kepada integrasi masyarakat yang berbeda baik etnis, agama dan kewarganegaraan. Hal ini mampu menciptakan kondisi aman dan damai di kawasan perbatasan. Kata Kunci: interaksi sosial, kawasan perbatasan, masyarakat perbatasan Abstract - The circumstance located in border region between Indonesia and other countries has a wide range of terrible events such as low quality of human resources, low-level of social welfare, underdevelopment, and economic dependence in neighboring country until the potential of entering illegal goods as well as foreign infiltration from other nations through the border region. By avoiding the adverse circumstances, it truly gives rise to dire consequences including dissociative social interaction in a society that will trigger the disintegration of conflict among community which brings about the conflict between local inhabitants internally and foreign country societies of neighboring 1 Alumni Mahasiswa Pasca Sarjana Program Studi Damai dan Resolusi Konflik, Universitas Pertahanan Indonesia, email : [email protected] Jurnal Pertahanan Agustus 2016, Volume 6, Nomor 2 133 countries externally. In terms of defense view, it could threaten stability and sovereignty of the country in the border region. The purpose of this article is to analyze interaction within community which takes place in people dwelling in Sungai Limau Village, central Sebatik district which is directly adjacent to Malaysia by using the theory of social interaction and border concept. This research uses a qualitative method through data collection which is obtained from interview, observation and literature.The result shows that the social interaction between the people living in the local community and the government of Sungai Limau Village are associative. Furthermore, it is also taken place for the interaction between beginner comers (Bugis ethnic) and newcomers (Timor ethnic) in Sungai Limau as well as between Sungai Limau societies (Indonesian) and Sungai Pukul Inhabitants (Malaysia) which are revealed by the form of cooperation, accommodation and potention of assimilation lead to better integration of people of different ethnicity, religion and nationality. It is capable of creating peace and security circumstance at the border region. Keywords: social interaction , border region, border community Pendahuluan Permasalahan umum yang terjadi dan dihadapi hampir di semua wilayah perbatasan Indonesia adalah kurang optimalnya pengembangan dan pemanfaatan kawasan perbatasan serta kurang tersedianya sarana/prasarana dasar di wilayah perbatasan. Hal ini menyebabkan wilayah perbatasan senantiasa tertinggal dan terisolir dengan tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakatnya yang rendah dan aksesibilitas yang kurang, terutama akses wilayah perbatasan dengan pusat pemerintahan, pusat-pusat pelayanan publik, atau wilayah lain yang relatif lebih maju.2 Beberapa catatan penting dalam melihat persoalan yang terjadi di wilayah perbatasan adalah meliputi sumber daya manusia, keterisolasian dan rendahnya taraf hidup serta berkurangnya sumber daya alam, baik secara legal maupun illegal ke negara tetangga dan munculnya berbagai permasalahan baru yang berdimensi transnasional. Penyelundupan barang dan manusia, perdagangan manusia, perdagangan obat terlarang, pembajakan, pencurian kekayaan laut, dan masalah yang berkaitan dengan keberadaan nelayan di kawasan perbatasan. 3 Salah satu provinsi yang memiliki daerah perbatasan terpanjang di Indonesia adalah Provinsi Kalimantan Utara yang berbatasan langsung dengan Malaysia. Provinsi ini tidak saja memiliki daerah perbatasan di daratan, namun juga di lautan. Salah satu 2 Badan Nasional Pengelola Perbatasan, Desain Besar (Grand Design) Pengelolaan Batas Wilayah Negara Dan Kawasan Perbatasan Tahun 2011-2025, (Jakarta: BNPP, 2011). 3 Nuraesnaini, Poppy Setiawati, Adaptasi Nelayan Kawasan Perbatasan di Desa Sei Pancang, Kecamatan Sebatik Utara, Kabupaten Nunukan, Provinsi Kalimantan Utara, (Bandung: Universitas Padjajaran, 2013). 134 Jurnal Pertahanan Agustus 2016, Volume 6, Nomor 2 kawasan laut di Provinsi Kalimantan utara yang berbatasan dengan Malaysia adalah Kabupaten Nunukan yang merupakan kawasan perbatasan yang memiliki arti penting, tidak saja bagi Provinsi Kalimantan Utara, tetapi juga bagi Indonesia karena kabupaten ini merupakan jalur utama, baik darat maupun laut antara Indonesia dengan Malaysia. Sebatik yang berada di Kabupaten Nunukan merupakan sebuah pulau yang dimiliki oleh dua negara, yaitu Indonesia dan Malaysia. Hal ini karena di Pulau Sebatik memiliki garis perbatasan yang membagi dua pulau tersebut. Hal tersebut menunjukkan betapa strategis posisi pulau Nunukan dan pulau Sebatik.4 Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas dan ditinjau dari perspektif sosiologi, proses dinamika sosial yang terus berlangsung tanpa pengelolaan yang baik akan berpotensi menimbulkan konflik di dalam interaksi sosial yang terjadi, baik antara masyarakat ataupun antar masyarakat di luar. Jika konflik ini terjadi di wilayah perbatasan, bila ditinjau dari persperktif kajian pertahanan, berpotensi menimbulkan ancaman berupa instabilitas wilayah perbatasan yang dalam jangka panjang dapat mengganggu kedaulatan NKRI dan ancaman eksistensi negara di perbatasan. Dengan demikian, dari perspektif pertahanan, khususnya PCR (Peace and Conflict Resolution), penting untuk melakukan penelitian tentang interaksi sosial antar masyarakat perbatasan di Desa Sungai Limau, Kecamatan Sebatik Tengah, Kabupaten Nunukan dengan melihat hubungan antara masyarakat di perbatasan berupa interaksi sosial yang terjadi. Daerah perbatasan Indonesia menyimpan potensi konflik, semisal perbatasan Indonesia dan Timor Leste, tepatnya di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara, Indonesia dengan Distrik Oecussi, Timor Leste,terjadi konflik berupa aksi kekerasan yang tidak hanya melibatkan hubungan antar pemerintah (government to government), tetapi juga melingkupi hubungan antarmasyarakat (people to people). Berbeda halnya dengan ketegangan di Ambalat dan Tanjung Datu di perbatasan Indonesia-Malaysia hanya melibatkan militer dari kedua negara. Lebih lanjut di perbatasan Papua, ketegangan lebih kepada hubungan antara aparat keamanan dengan gerakan separatis. Wilayah perbatasan dari perspektif pertahanan merupakan wilayah yang harus dijaga kedaulatannya baik dari gangguan internal maupun secara eksternal, karena 4 Ariwibowo, dkk, Kajian Akademis Usulan Daerah Otonomi Baru Kota Sebatik Kalimantan Timur, (Surabaya: Universitas Airlangga, 2012). Jurnal Pertahanan Agustus 2016, Volume 6, Nomor 2 135 ancaman bagi kedaulatan negara khususnya di perbatasan dapat berupa agresi, pelanggaran wilayah, pemberontakan bersenjata, sabotase, spionase, aksi teror bersenjata, ancaman keamanan laut dan udara, serta konflik komunal. Dengan demikian, interaksi sosial yang asosiatif didalam masyarakat perbatasan harus dipertahankan untuk menciptakan rasa damai di perbatasan.5 Berdasarkan Undang-Undang No. 3 Tahun 2002 tentang Pertahanan Negara menjelaskan bahwa kawasan perbatasan darat dan laut Indonesia dinyatakan memiliki arti penting dalam menjaga kedaulatan negara, keutuhan wilayah, dan keselamatan segenap bangsa dari berbagai ancaman, baik dari dalam maupun dari luar. Hal ini diperkuat oleh Buku Putih Pertahanan Indonesia Tahun 2008 yang menyatakan bahwabeberapa bentuk ancaman di perbatasan dapat berupa agresi hingga konflik komunal.6 Berdasarkan hal di atas, dapat diketahui bahwa kawasan perbatasan menyimpan potensi konflik yang bisa terjadi sewaktu-waktu, baik berupa konflik internal (konflik komunal) di antara sesama warga perbatasan, konflik vertikal berupa pemberontakan
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