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Being Ukrainian Means: Only Once, Unless Otherwise Indicated

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INSIDE: • The Russian factor in Ukraine’s presidential election – page 2. • Educational achievement of Ukrainians in the U.S. – page 11. • Snapshot of the election: voting in Halychyna – page 17. THEPublished U by theKRA Ukrainian NationalIN AssociationIAN Inc., a fraternal Wnon-profit associationEEKLY Vol. LXXVIII No.4 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, JANUARY 24, 2010 $1/$2 in Ukraine International observers say Ukraine’s It’s Yanukovych vs. Tymoshenko election demonstrates significant progress in runoff of presidential election Organization for Security ence in the second round of the election,” and Cooperation in Europe said João Soares, president of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly and special coor- KYIV – The first round of Ukraine’s dinator of the OSCE short-term observ- presidential election was of high quality ers. and showed significant progress over pre- “Ukraine has proven that it can hold a vious elections, meeting most clean election, even under an incomplete Organization for Security and and unclear election law, confirming the Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and desire of the Ukrainian people to freely Council of Europe commitments, con- choose their leaders. However, a major cluded the international election observa- challenge ahead for Ukraine’s politicians tion mission in a statement published on is to play by the rules rather than with the January 18. rules,” said Matyas Eörsi, head of the del- The observers noted that the election egation of the Council of Europe’s demonstrated respect for civil and politi- Parliamentary Assembly. cal rights, and offered voters a genuine “These elections consolidated the prog- choice among candidates representing ress achieved by Ukraine since 2004. We diverse political views. Candidates were were impressed with the overwhelmingly able to campaign freely, and the cam- orderly process conducted in polling sta- paign period was generally calm and tions across the country on election day. orderly. Shortcomings remain, particularly with yanukovych.com.ua www.tymoshenko.ua The legal framework remained unclear regard to the electoral legal framework and incomplete, and was the subject of and its implementation. This undermines Heading to the February 7 second round of Ukraine’s presidential election are permanent discussion. Nevertheless, the public confidence. Still, the Ukrainian Viktor Yanukovych and Yulia Tymoshenko. election was generally administered effi- voters won these elections. They have by Zenon Zawada votes for two politicians who have as their ciently, and commissions mostly worked once more demonstrated their strong in a collegial and non-partisan manner. A commitment to freedom and democracy,” Kyiv Press Bureau priority enhancing relations with the pluralistic media offered voters a variety Russian Federation. The international said Assen Agov, head of the delegation KYIV – The 2010 presidential election of information about candidates, although of the NATO Parliamentary Assembly. community recognized the elections as fair will offer a showdown similar to the 2004 electronic media reporting was often “The people of Ukraine had a genuine and free, much improved from 2004. vote, pitting the pro-Russian leader Viktor influenced by candidates paying for news democratic choice between a large num- The election marked the end of the era Yanukovych against Prime Minister Yulia coverage, election observers reported. ber of candidates. Open access to infor- of Viktor Yushchenko, a pro-Western Voting and counting on election day Tymoshenko, who supports Ukraine’s mation about the candidates and their banker who was thrust into the Ukrainian were assessed overwhelmingly positively membership in the European Union (EU), program allowed the Ukrainian voters to presidency as a result of the Orange by observers. in the runoff scheduled for February 7. make a well-founded choice. Looking Revolution in late 2004 but failed to fulfill “This was a good and competitive elec- About 67 percent of eligible voters, or back to the last presidential elections, promises of establishing rule of law and tion and very promising for the future of democratic standards and mechanisms 24.6 million Ukrainians, voted in the Ukraine’s democracy. I look forward to January 17 first round, casting the most (Continued on page 16) the continuation of this positive experi- (Continued on page 20) FINAL ELECTION RESULTS Yushchenko praises guilty verdict KYIV – With electronic protocols from 100 percent of district election commis- sions processed, the Central Election Commission announced the following results of Ukraine’s presidential election: against Soviet leaders for Famine Viktor Yanukovych – 35.32 percent (8,686,751 votes) RFE/RL Viacheslav Molotov and Lazar Yulia Tymoshenko – 25.05 percent (6,159,829 votes) Kaganovich, Soviet Ukrainian Communist KYIV – President Viktor Yushchenko Serhii Tihipko – 13.06 percent (3,211,257 votes) Party officials Pavel Postyshev and Arseniy Yatseniuk – 6.96 percent (1,711,749 votes) has praised a Ukrainian court ruling that Stanislav Kosior, and Ukrainian politi- Viktor Yushchenko – 5.45 percent (1,341,539 votes) finds former Soviet leaders culpable in cians Vlas Chubar and Mendel Hataevich. the mass Famine in Ukraine in The case was initiated by the Security Petro Symonenko – 3.55 percent (872,908 votes) 1932-1933, RFE/RL’s Ukrainian and Service of Ukraine in May. Volodymyr Lytvyn – 2.35 percent (578,886 votes) Russian services reported on January 14. Boris Gryzlov, the speaker of Russia’s Oleh Tiahnybok – 1.43 percent (352,282 votes) The judge declared the case closed State Duma and a leader of the ruling Anatoliy Grytsenko – 1.2 percent (296,413 votes) after pronouncing the verdict, as all of the United Russia party, responded by calling Inna Bohoslovska – 0.41 percent (102,435 votes) defendants are deceased. the ruling a politically motivated action Oleksander Moroz – 0.38 percent (95,169 votes) But President Yushchenko said in a that is “part of the plan to fall afoul of Yurii Kostenko – 0.22 percent (54,376 votes) statement that the ruling is a landmark Russia.” He said the idea that genocide Liudmyla Suprun – 0.19 percent (47,349 votes) “that restores historical justice and gives was organized by Soviet leaders is base- Vasyl Protyvsikh – 0.16 percent (40,352 votes) a chance to build Ukraine on fair and less. Oleksander Pabat – 0.14 percent (35,475 votes) democratic principles.” Mr. Gryzlov added that Ukraine suf- Serhii Ratushniak – 0.12 percent (29,796 votes) The list of leaders found guilty by the fered from the poor harvest along with court of organizing “genocide of a other Soviet republics. Mykhailo Brodskyi – 0.06 percent (14,991 votes) Ukrainian ethnic group” and murdering “Ukrainian authorities once again are Oleh Riabokon – 0.03 percent (8,334 votes) millions of people included Soviet leader trying to prove that Russia treats A total of 2.2 percent voted against all presidential candidates. Joseph Stalin, his close associates Ukrainian people badly,” he said. 2 THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY SUNDAY, JANUARY 24, 2010 No. 4 ANALYSIS NEWSBRIEFS The Russian factor in Ukraine’s U.S. congratulates Ukraine didates. “People who voted for me are intel- ligent people; they’ll make up their own presidential election of 2010 WASHINGTON – The United States has minds,” he said. (RFE/RL) congratulated Ukraine on the quality of the by Taras Kuzio regions. These are all people who are first round of its presidential election. State Nashi mock Orange policy Department spokesman Philip Crowley Eurasia Daily Monitor sympathetic to Russia and want to see the noted that the Organization for Security and MOSCOW – Activists of the youth January 14 development of Russian-Ukrainian rela- movement Nashi “congratulated” the tions,” said UR deputy Konstantin Zatulin Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), one of sev- eral groups that monitored the vote, found Ukrainian president on his defeat in the The Russian factor in this year’s (Ukrayinska Pravda, December 25). presidential election in a rally near the Ukrainian presidential elections is essen- Ms. Tymoshenko’s Fatherland Party that the election had been conducted far bet- ter than previous Ukrainian elections. “We Ukrainian Embassy in Moscow on January tially a straw man and far less important has only cooperated with the center-right 18. “Over 100 Nashi activists rallied in front key than five years ago. Russian political European People’s Party (EPP) group in congratulate the Ukrainian people on the conduct of their January 17 presidential of the Ukrainian Embassy in Moscow to technologists openly worked for one can- the European Parliament and is the most congratulate the Ukrainian people on the didate (Viktor Yanukovych), while active Ukrainian party in Strasbourg- elections, which the OSCE deemed to have been high-quality, showing significant prog- defeat of the Viktor Yushchenko policy of Moscow allegedly sought to poison the Brussels. Mr. Yushchenko’s Our Ukraine rapprochement with American ‘friends,’ and opposition candidate (Viktor is also a member of the EPP, but he has ress over previous elections,” Mr. Crowley said on January 20. “This is another signifi- to sum up the grim results of the Orange Yushchenko). President Vladimir Putin been persona non grata since 2008 after president’s five-year rule,” Nashi spokesper- visited Kyiv on the eve of the first and cant demonstration of the development of EPP leaders repeatedly criticized his son Kristina Potupchik told Interfax. “After second rounds to endorse Mr. democracy in Ukraine. The
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  • Re-Thinking U.S.-Soviet Relations in 1956: Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech, the Poznán Revolt, the Return of Władysław Gomułka, and the Hungarian Revolt

    Re-Thinking U.S.-Soviet Relations in 1956: Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech, the Poznán Revolt, the Return of Władysław Gomułka, and the Hungarian Revolt

    Trinity College Trinity College Digital Repository Senior Theses and Projects Student Scholarship Spring 2014 Re-Thinking U.S.-Soviet Relations in 1956: Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech, the Poznán Revolt, the Return of Władysław Gomułka, and the Hungarian Revolt Emily Parsons Trinity College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses Part of the Diplomatic History Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Parsons, Emily, "Re-Thinking U.S.-Soviet Relations in 1956: Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech, the Poznán Revolt, the Return of Władysław Gomułka, and the Hungarian Revolt". Senior Theses, Trinity College, Hartford, CT 2014. Trinity College Digital Repository, https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/theses/365 1 Re-Thinking U.S.-Soviet Relations in 1956: Nikita Khrushchev’s Secret Speech, the Poznań Revolt, the Return of Władysław Gomułka, and the Hungarian Revolt Emily Parsons History Department Senior Thesis Advisor: Samuel Kassow Trinity College 2013-2014 2 Table of Contents: Acknowledgements 3 Introduction 4 Part One: The Chronology of the Events of the Cold War in 1956 12 Chapter 1: Do As I Say Not As I Do: Nikita Khrushchev’s Secret Speech 13 Chapter 2: The Eastern Bloc Begins to Crack: Poznań Revolt and Polish October 21 Chapter 3: Khrushchev Goes Back on His Word: The Hungarian Revolt of 1956 39 Part Two: The United States Reactions and Understanding of the Events of 1956 60 Chapter 4: Can Someone Please Turn on the Lights? It’s Dark in Here: United States Reactions to the Khrushchev’s Secret Speech 61 Chapter 5: “When They Begin to Crack, They Can Crack Fast.