MANAGING A HYDROPOWER IMPASSE ON THE KUNENE RIVER
by
P Heyns Pr Eng
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry INTERNATIONAL RIVER BASINS
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry KUNENE RIVER BASIN
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry KUNENE HYDROLOGY
Catchment Area = 10 500 km² Area in Angola = 87 % Area in Namibia = 13 % Rainfall = 1 300 – 25 mm/a Rainfall is Seasonal = 90 % November to April Rainfall is Variable = 50 – 200 % of average Evaporation = 300 – 2 000 mm/a Average Flow = 5 500 Mm³/s = 175 m³/s
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE STRUCTURE CAPACITY PURPOSE
Gove Dam 2 570 Mm³ Storage/Regulation Matala Weir 60 Mm³ Irrigation/Hydropower • Power Station 39 MW Regulation/Water Supply Calueque Dam 475 Mm³ Regulation/Irrigation/Transfer • Pump Station 2 m³/s Water Transfer to Namibia Ruacana Weir 20 Mm³ Divert Water to Head Bay • Power Station 240 MW Power to Angola and Namibia
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry RUACANA ARTIST’S IMPRESSION
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry RUACANA LAYOUT
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry RUACANA
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry CALUEQUE DAM
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry CALUEQUE PUMP STATION
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry CALUEQUE PUMPING MAIN
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry CALUEQUE – NAMIBIA CANAL
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry WATER TRANSFER TO NAMIBIA
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry LEGAL FRAMEWORK
International: • Helsinki Rules • United Nations Watercourse Convention Regional: • SADC Treaty on Regional Economic Cooperation • SADC Protocol on Shared Watercourses National: • Agreements between Angola and Namibia water issues • In country water policy, legislation and regulations
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry KUNENE TREATIES DOCUMENT YEAR First Border Agreement 1890 Second Border Agreement 1926 First Water Use Agreement 1926 Second Water Use Agreement 1964 Third Water Use Agreement 1969 Endorsement Agreement 1990 Hydropower Development Agreement 1991
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGMENTS Governments of Angola and Namibia
Permanent Joint Technical Commission
Operating Authority Sub-committees
Operation and Maintenance Studies, of Investigations, Feasibility, Infrastructure Measuring and Monitoring
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
Political Commitment: • Committed to SADC Shared Water Protocol • Treaties exist Water Commission: • Established • Advisory role • Technical Committees • Investigations and studies Operating Authority: • Defunct Basin Management Committee: • Not in place
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry CALUEQUE BEFORE ATTACK
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry BOMB DAMAGE : CALUEQUE DAM
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry BOMB DAMAGE : CALUEQUE DAM
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry DAMAGE AT CALUEQUE
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry TheThe pipelinepipeline waswas attackedattacked onon occasionoccasion forfor tacticaltactical reasonsreasons KUNENE RIVER POTENTIAL
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry EPUPA FALLS
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry EPUPA FALLS
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry EPUPA DAM SITE
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE
ITEM STRUCTURE EPUPA BAYNES
Dam Capacity (Mm³) 7 809 1 744 Hydropower Capacity (MW) 360 360 Height (m) 161 203
Surface Area (km²) 382 49 Downstream from Epupa (km) 7 40
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES
ISSUE FAVOURABILITY BAYNES EPUPA
Technical Lower Better
Financial Lower Higher
Economical Lower Higher
Environmental Higher Lower
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry FACILITATING COLLABORATION • Create awareness about the value of cooperation • Agree to cooperate in good faith • Maintain dialogue to develop trust and understanding • Openly discuss concerns and expectations • Develop a shared vision and objectives • Involve stakeholders and cooperating partners • Bypass issues of conflict and make progress • Resolve conflicts over time in an amicable way • Build capacity and confidence through training • Develop management and negotiating skills • Promote transparency and accountability
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry TECHNICAL COOPERATION
• Execute joint studies, investigations and research • Collect data, verify jointly and exchange information • Develop technical, scientific and legal skills • Propose viable development projects • Allocate water for the most beneficial uses • Jointly do hydrological gauging and assessment • Control pollution and monitor water quality • Assess environmental integrity • Manage floods and droughts
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry BEST PRACTICES
• Execute joint resource investigations and feasibility studies • Arrange for reliable data collection and monitoring • Exchange and share information • Determine criteria and agree on the facts • Develop a multi criteria decision making process • Reach consensus on the best project alternatives • Develop an integrated management plan • Advise the Governments about new projects • Enter into agreements to effect development activities • Promote joint project management
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry CALUEQUE – NAMIBIA CANAL
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES
ISSUE FAVOURABILITY BAYNES EPUPA
Technical • Reservoir Lower Better • Height Lower Better • Geology Weaker Better • Sensitivity to upstream regulation Critical None Financial • Capital Cost Higher Lower • Risk of overruns Higher Lower Economical • Power Production Lower Higher • Present Value of System Cost Higher Lower • Internal Rate of Return Lower Higher Environmental • Inundated area Less More • Riverine Vegation Affected Less More • Preservation of Epupa Falls Yes None
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry