Judah and Jerusalem Old Testament
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Case #2 United States of America (Respondent)
Model International Court of Justice (MICJ) Case #2 United States of America (Respondent) Relocation of the United States Embassy to Jerusalem (Palestine v. United States of America) Arkansas Model United Nations (AMUN) November 20-21, 2020 Teeter 1 Historical Context For years, there has been a consistent struggle between the State of Israel and the State of Palestine led by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In 2018, United States Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced that the U.S. embassy located in Tel Aviv would be moving to the city of Jerusalem.1 Palestine, angered by the embassy moving, filed a case with the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 2018.2 The history of this case, U.S. relations with Israel and Palestine, current events, and why the ICJ should side with the United States will be covered in this research paper. Israel and Palestine have an interesting relationship between war and competition. In 1948, Israel captured the west side of Jerusalem, and the Palestinians captured the east side during the Arab-Israeli War. Israel declared its independence on May 14, 1948. In 1949, the Lausanne Conference took place, and the UN came to the decision for “corpus separatum” which split Jerusalem into a Jewish zone and an Arab zone.3 At this time, the State of Israel decided that Jerusalem was its “eternal capital.”4 “Corpus separatum,” is a Latin term meaning “a city or region which is given a special legal and political status different from its environment, but which falls short of being sovereign, or an independent city-state.”5 1 Office of the President, 82 Recognizing Jerusalem as the Capital of the State of Israel and Relocating the United States Embassy to Israel to Jerusalem § (2017). -
Absentee Property Law of 1950 Was Meant to Serve As the Legal Basis to Transfer the Property of Palestinian Refugees Into the Possession of the State of Israel
Absentees against Their Will – Property Expropriation in East Jerusalem under the Absentee Property Law July 2010 Introduction The Absentee Property Law of 1950 was meant to serve as the legal basis to transfer the property of Palestinian refugees into the possession of the State of Israel. The law says that the land and property of Palestinian residents and nationals of Arab countries who, from November 29, 1947 until a declaration that the state of emergency declared in 1948 ended [which has not yet happened] were in one of the Arab countries, or "in any part of the Land of Israel that is outside of the area of Israel," would revert to the possession of the Custodian of Absentee Property, meaning, to the possession of the State.1 Following the annexation of East Jerusalem in 1967, and as a result the application of all of the laws of Israel -- including the Absentee Property Law -- to the annexed area, a problematic situation arose in which the property of almost all the Palestinian residents of the city became, in fact, absentee property, because those residents were at the time to which the law refers citizens of Jordan, then an enemy country, who resided in "a part of the Land of Israel that [was] outside of the area of Israel." To contend with this problematic situation, section 3 of the Law and Administration Ordinance 5730-1970 provides that the law does not apply to residents of East Jerusalem who "on the day of the incidence of the order of application of the law was in the area of its application and was a resident thereof."2 Therefore, only residents who were physically present in East Jerusalem on the day of annexation are not considered absentees. -
Boundaries, Barriers, Walls
1 Boundaries, Barriers, Walls Jerusalem’s unique landscape generates a vibrant interplay between natural and built features where continuity and segmentation align with the complexity and volubility that have characterized most of the city’s history. The softness of its hilly contours and the harmony of the gentle colors stand in contrast with its boundar- ies, which serve to define, separate, and segregate buildings, quarters, people, and nations. The Ottoman city walls (seefigure )2 separate the old from the new; the Barrier Wall (see figure 3), Israelis from Palestinians.1 The former serves as a visual reminder of the past, the latter as a concrete expression of the current political conflict. This chapter seeks to examine and better understand the physical realities of the present: how they reflect the past, and how the ancient material remains stimulate memory, conscious knowledge, and unconscious perception. The his- tory of Jerusalem, as it unfolds in its physical forms and multiple temporalities, brings to the surface periods of flourish and decline, of creation and destruction. TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOGRAPHY The topographical features of Jerusalem’s Old City have remained relatively con- stant since antiquity (see figure ).4 Other than the Central Valley (from the time of the first-century historian Josephus also known as the Tyropoeon Valley), which has been largely leveled and developed, most of the city’s elevations, protrusions, and declivities have maintained their approximate proportions from the time the city was first settled. In contrast, the urban fabric and its boundaries have shifted constantly, adjusting to ever-changing demographic, socioeconomic, and political conditions.2 15 Figure 2. -
East Jerusalem September 16, 2020
Precedent for Annexation – East Jerusalem September 16, 2020 Israel’s annexation of East Jerusalem serves as the historical precedent and template for any further extension of Israeli sovereignty in the West Bank. Following the Declaration of Independence in 1948, Israel extended its sovereignty beyond the borders designated by the U.N. partition resolution and declared Jerusalem its capital. The move was not recognized by any state. After the West Bank occupation in June 1967, Israel extended sovereignty over East Jerusalem through a process that continues to this day, by which Israeli laws and regulations are applied progressively to land Israel occupied militarily. This process contravened international law, and the international community objected, including the United States.1 United Nations Security Council and General Assembly resolutions called on Israel to rescind the annexation.2 Israeli officials countered that they had only implemented a series of administrative measures to restore order, integrating the delivery of service to residents of a unified Jerusalem as the East Jerusalem Municipality was ordered to cease operations.3 Since 1967, Israeli policy has been to enforce its sovereignty by making sure there is a Jewish majority in the city through a mix of de facto and de jure measures, which allows it to continue to maintain it has not annexed the territory. The new municipal boundaries of Jerusalem left out densely populated Palestinian areas that threatened a Jewish majority. Land belonging to villages near Jerusalem was annexed, but the homes of their Palestinian owners were excluded. East Jerusalem Palestinians were registered as “permanent residents,” which restricts their rights and prevents them from voting in Israeli national elections or holding an Israeli passport. -
Isratin: the One-State Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian
Isratin: The One-State Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Ken-Ben Chao War in the 20th Century Mr. John Bickel January 6, 2011 An anxious crowd of two hundred and fifty people gathered and waited outside the Tel Aviv Museum on May 14, 1948. Within the next thirty-two minutes, the State of Israel was formally established. After nearly two millennia in exile, the Jewish homeland was reborn. The next day, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq attacked Israel, prompting the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Within the next sixty years, several other wars would be fought over the Israeli-Palestinian question. Today, the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, or Arab-Israeli Conflict, remains a critical obstacle to world peace and stability in the Middle East. Though peace talks have been in progress for decades, numerous issues continue to obstruct success in the negotiations. If a viable solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict is not created and implemented, the conflict will continue to plague the region with terrorism and war. Despite many proposed solutions, obstacles such as Jerusalem, the Israeli settlements, and Palestinian terrorism impede significant progress in the peace talks. With the numerous issues regarding the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, the best solution is a gradual reintegration of Palestinians into the Holy Land, a relaxation of tensions between the various factions, and the beginning of serious negotiations towards an eventual one-state solution. History In order to fully comprehend the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, an understanding of the region’s bloody history must first be attained. The origin of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict goes as far back as the Biblical era. -
Bulletin-28: Jerusalem
JERUSALEM THE EPITOME OF ISRAELI ANNEXATION, COLONIZATION AND FORCIBLE TRANSFER BULLETIN NO. 28 BADIL بـديـــــل Resource Center املركز الفلسطيني for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights ملصـادر حقـوق املواطنـة والـالجئيـن June 2019 All rights reserved © BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights Bulletin No. 28: Jerusalem: the epitome of Israeli annexation, colonization and forcible transfer June 2019 Notations Any quotation of up to 500 words may be used without permission provided that full attribution is given. Longer quotations, entire chapters, or sections of this study may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means; electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, or stored in any retrieval system of any nature, without the express written permission of BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights. BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights Karkafa St. PO Box 728, Bethlehem, West Bank; Palestine Tel.: +970-2-277-7086; Fax: +970-2-274-7346 Website: www.badil.org BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights is an independent, non-profit human rights organization working to defend and promote the rights of Palestinian refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs). Our vision, mission, programs and relationships are defined by our Palestinian identity and the principles of international humanitarian and human rights law. We seek to advance the individual and collective rights of the Palestinian people on this basis. 2 Jerusalem: the epitome of Israeli annexation, colonization and forcible transfer The city of Jerusalem is the most advanced example of how Israel deploys multiple mechanisms in order to acquire sovereignty over Palestinian land and confine the Palestinian population to discrete pockets of existence. -
Remaking the Ancient Landscape in East Jerusalem's National Parks
University at Buffalo School of Law Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law Journal Articles Faculty Scholarship 12-12-2019 Nof Kdumim: Remaking the Ancient Landscape in East Jerusalem’s National Parks Irus Braverman University at Buffalo School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/journal_articles Part of the Land Use Law Commons, Place and Environment Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons Recommended Citation Irus Braverman, Nof Kdumim: Remaking the Ancient Landscape in East Jerusalem’s National Parks, 4 Env't & Plan. E 109 (2019). Available at: https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/journal_articles/1009 Irus Braverman, Nof Kdumim: Remaking the Ancient Landscape in East Jerusalem’s National Parks, Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 4(1) pp. 104-139. Copyright © 2021, © SAGE Publications. Reprinted by permission of SAGE Publications. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal Articles by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ University at Buffalo School of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Nof Kdumim Remaking the Ancient Landscape in East Jerusalem’s National Parks Irus Braverman Landscape is a historical and cultural entity, made through law, not nature—it belongs to a polity, not a species. ---John Wylie, Landscape 2007, 197. Introduction The national parks system worldwide has traditionally concerned itself with nature protection and with imperiled plants and animals, not with urban landscapes and human ruins (Howkins et al. -
East Jerusalem
#ResilientPalestine Building Resilience in Area East Jerusalem Introduction – Challenges to Development in East Jerusalem Jerusalem is one of the most contested cities in the world today, with claims over its sovereignty ranging back centuries. Since the occupation of East Jerusalem (EJ) in 1967, Israel has sustained military and civil control of East Jerusalem. Although there was no “formal” annexation or claim of full sovereignty over EJ, it was effectively annexed by Israel in 1980 under the Jerusalem Law, which states “Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel.”1 This act has been universally condemned by international actors, and declared null and void by the United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolution 478. Despite international criticism, Jerusalem was placed under Israeli law, jurisdiction, and administration and remains so today. Jerusalem possesses social, economic, political, and religious significance. Thus, in the pursuit to build this “united” and “undivided” capital of Israel, Israeli policies in East Jerusalem are designed to best suit Israeli security, political, and economic interests. Ongoing land annexation and settlement building continue to alter the demographic, physical, and cultural makeup of the city. Policies that discriminate against the Palestinian population are prevalent. These laws are constructed specifically to prevent Palestinian Jerusalemites from developing a united, safe, and flourishing community, with a strong identity, culture, and economy, grounded in social and community cohesion. Instead, a discriminatory permit and zoning system, inequitable citizenship law, limited municipal autonomy, the building of the Separation Barrier, and exclusionary urban plans, have combined to create an increasingly uninhabitable area of Jerusalem. 1 Zahriyeh, Ehab, “Who owns Jerusalem?” Al Jazeera. -
Israel's Law of Return: Analysis of Its Evioution and Present Application Nancy C
Penn State International Law Review Volume 12 Article 4 Number 1 Dickinson Journal of International Law 9-1-1993 Israel's Law of Return: Analysis of Its EvIoution and Present Application Nancy C. Richmond Follow this and additional works at: http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Richmond, Nancy C. (1993) "Israel's Law of Return: Analysis of Its EvIoution and Present Application," Penn State International Law Review: Vol. 12: No. 1, Article 4. Available at: http://elibrary.law.psu.edu/psilr/vol12/iss1/4 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by Penn State Law eLibrary. It has been accepted for inclusion in Penn State International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Penn State Law eLibrary. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COMMENTS I Israel's Law of Return: Analysis of Its Evolution and Present Application I. Introduction To Zion, looks, the Jew, So long our hopes are not yet lost- Two thousand years we cherished them- To live in freedom in the Land Of Zion and Jerusalem. Excerpt from Hatikvah, the National Anthem of the State of Israel' The lyrics of Hatikvah reflect the yearnings that Jews have felt throughout centuries of persecution, yearnings to return to their homeland, the ancient land of Israel. While these yearnings appeared quashed after the Holocaust, in the wake of this disaster, "Zionism alone emerged as a viable Jewish response" to the horrors of anti- Semitism.2 This movement resulted in the establishment of the state of Israel on May 14, 1948, in accordance with the United Nations' adoption of the resolution for the formation of an independent Jewish state in Palestine.' In reparation for the devastation the Holocaust 1. -
International Conference on the Question of Jerusalem
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE QUESTION OF JERUSALEM “The Question of Jerusalem after 50 years of Occupation and 25 years of the Oslo Accords” Rabat, 26 - 28 June 2018 ___________________________________________________________________________ CHECK AGAINST DELIVERY PLENARY II The Question of Jerusalem in international law and Member States’ obligations Israeli non-compliance and civil society action Paper presented by Mr. Moshe Amirav Professor, Hebrew University of Jerusalem 2 Jerusalem – "The March of Follies" 1967-2017 Professor Moshe Amirav* My Personal "Jerusalem Syndrome" The 7th of June, 1967, remains fixed in my memory until today. In the midst of the Six Day War I entered the Old City of Jerusalem with my paratrooper brigade. It was for me a dream fulfilled. As a youngster I had been preoccupied with the dream that one day I would see a unified Jerusalem. I belonged to the Betar Youth Movement which, in Israel of the 1950's and 1960', viewed unification of Jerusalem as its 'banner'. At age 16 I came up with a crazy idea, to steal over the border between Israeli and Jordanian Jerusalem and to blow the shofar near the Wailing Wall, situated at that time in Jordan. On the eve of Yom Kippur, 1962, I went up to Mount Zion, on the Israeli side of the city where I knew my hero, the national poet Uri Zvi Greenberg, would pray every year, facing the Old City. I came to get his blessing for this absurd idea and was very offended when Greenberg shouted at me "Are you crazy? You will be shot dead by the Jordanian Legionnaires before you even pass the border, and your symbolic sacrifice will be in vain. -
Legal Brief on Jerusalem
DIPLOMATIC BRIEFING, 7 MARCH 2018 – YABOUS CULTURAL CENTER, JERUSALEM “EMBOLDENING FULL ANNEXATION: THREE MONTHS SINCE THE TRUMP DECLARATION ON JERUSALEM” LEGAL BRIEF ON JERUSALEM “A Legal Analysis of Bills and Legislation to Revoke the Permanent Residencies of Palestinians and Alter the Status of Jerusalem”1 7 March 2018 Introduction The United States President’s recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel on 6 December 2017, and accompanying plans for the relocation of the US embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, is a culmination of the continuous and legally defiant posturing of the Israeli government towards Jerusalem. The United States will open the US Embassy in the Arnona neighbourhood in West Jerusalem on “Israel’s 70th Anniversary”, which is the anniversary of the Palestinian Nakba.2 This legal brief seeks to highlight the current legal status of the City of Jerusalem, its conformity or non-conformity to the International Legal System, as well as to outline Israel’s unilateral measures that have changed the physical, social, economic and cultural reality of the city and the effects they have had on the local occupied Palestinian population. 1. Jerusalem 1947 – 2017 Critically the status of Jerusalem is protected under international law. According to United Nations General Assembly Resolutions 181 (1947) and 303 (1949), the whole city of Jerusalem (East and West) is to be placed under international control established as a “corpus separatum under a special international regime” administered by the United Nations and under the responsibility of the now defunct Trusteeship Council.3 The City of Jerusalem was to encompass the municipality of Jerusalem and its surrounding Palestinian villages and towns, east until Abu Dis, south until Bethlehem, west until Ein Karim and the most northern Shu'fat.4 However, Israel patently ignored the General Assembly resolutions and embarked almost immediately on a permanent colonization of the territory. -
Jerusalem Syndrome, Which Can Be Triggered by a Visit to the City
Jerusalem, showing municipal borders and neighbourhoods Metropolitan Disorders—10 yonatan mendel NEW JERUSALEM ncyclopædias of psychology cite a type of religious psychosis known as the Jerusalem Syndrome, which can be triggered by a visit to the city. Symptoms can include bellow- ing liturgical songs, delivering moralistic sermons and an Eintensified concern with cleanliness and ritual purity. Though similar reactions have been recorded at other holy cities, notably Rome and Mecca, Jerusalem holds the record for this psychopathology.1 From the point of view of any normal urban logic, however, the city itself appears crazier still. Its boundaries extend far beyond its core population centres, encompassing dozens of villages, barren hilltops, orchards and tracts of desert, as well as new-build suburbs with scant relation to the historical city; in the north, they stretch up, like a long middle finger, nearly to Ramallah, to take in the old Qalandia airport, some 10 kilometres from the Old City walls, and bulge down almost to Bethlehem in the south. Jerusalem’s former Deputy Mayor, Meron Benvenisti, has said of these monstrously extended city limits: I’ve reached the point that when someone says ‘Jerusalem’ I am very cynical about it. This is a term that has been totally emptied of its content. Today there is no geographic concept called ‘Jerusalem’, and instead I suggest using a new term, ‘Jermudin’, which is the territory stretched from Jericho to Modi’in. Someone decided to rub the hills that have no connection to Jerusalem with holy oil, and today we need to deal with a ‘Jerusalem’ region, which is unmanageable and which is held by force.2 But if the cityscape of Jerusalem has no decipherable urban logic, what rationality has shaped its growth? In Benvenisti’s view, ‘it all started from the post-1967 municipal borders and the famous principle of maximum new left review 81 may june 2013 35 36 nlr 81 square kilometres of land and minimum number of Arabs.’3 There is much to be said for this hypothesis; but we will have to begin a little earlier than that.