Jan Salm* Architektura Spod Znaku Swastyki W Prusach Wschodnich

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Jan Salm* Architektura Spod Znaku Swastyki W Prusach Wschodnich 2015 2(42) DOI: 10.5277/arc150209 Jan Salm* Architektura spod znaku swastyki w Prusach Wschodnich – wstęp do rozpoznania tematu Architecture created in East Prussia under the symbol of the swastika – an introduction to the preliminary study Janusz L. Dobesz opisał swego czasu architekturę Janusz L. Dobesz once described the architecture of Wrocławia w dobie nazizmu, zwracając uwagę zarówno Wrocław in the age of Nazism, paying attention both to na jej charakterystyczne cechy, jak i analogie z przy- its characteristic features and allusions to the examples kładami pochodzącymi z innych obszarów ówczesnych from other areas of what was then Germany [1]. It was Nie miec [1]. To pod wieloma względami prekursor ska in many respects a seminal work with a lot of judgmental praca i – jak to u tego Autora bywa – nieunikająca moc - yet often relevant comments – which is not so unusual of nych, ale traf nych ocen, a czasem także dosadnych, jed- that author – as well as straightforward and apt quotes. Let na kowoż cel nie dobranych cytatów. Ale wróćmy do treści us go back, however, to the book mentioned above. The wspom nia nej książki. W przedstawionej w niej panora- panorama of Nazi architecture in Wrocław presented in it mie wrocław skiej architektury nazistowskiej nie zabrak- included a number of allusions to East Prussia – a prewar ło kil ku odniesień do Prus Wschodnich – przedwojen- German province which now is a forgotten historical land nej pro win cji niemiec kiej, a obecnie zapomnianej krainy divided between two countries: Poland (as Warmian- his to rycz nej wchodzą cej w skład dwóch państw: Polski Masurian Voivodeship) and Russia (as a Russian enclave – (jako wo je wódz two war mińsko-mazurskie) oraz Rosji Kaliningrad Oblast). Naturally, the examples which were (w po sta ci enklawy – Ob wodu Kaliningradzkiego). Na- mentioned were only marginal to the author’s primary tu ral nie przy wo łane obiekty stanowiły tylko margines concern focused on Wrocław and Lower Silesia. dla pod stawo wych rozważań skupionych na Wrocławiu Janusz Dobesz once again referred to East Prussia i Dolnym Śląsku. when describing the architecture and decorations of the Janusz Dobesz odniósł się do tematyki wschod nio- Town Hall in Szczytno in Masuria in the article published pruskiej raz jeszcze, omawiając w artykule opub li kowa- in “Architectus” [2]. He was the fi rst Polish author to try nym na łamach „Architectusa” architekturę i wy strój to describe in that very text that signifi cant East Prussian ra tu sza w mazurskim Szczytnie [2]. W tym właś nie work of architecture from the 1930s. This is a spectacular tekś cie jako pierwszy polski autor podjął próbę cha rak- structure with a monumental form, clearly alluding to Or- te rystyki znaczącego wschodniopruskiego dzieła archi - densburgs – symbols of the Teutonic state, as well as mo - tektonicznego lat trzydziestych ubiegłego wieku. Cho dzi tifs typical of totalitarian architecture such as the bal cony tu o spektakularny obiekt zwracający uwagę mo nu men- in the tower to deliver speeches – a suggestive example of talną formą, wyraźnie odwołującą się do Or dens burgów a pulpit (Sprechkanzel) providing proper re lations between the speaker and the crowd (Fig. 1). The Town Hall in Szczytno from 1938 is undoubtedly a ma jor masterpiece * Instytut Architektury, Politechnika Łódzka/Institute of Architec- of the Nazi episode in the East Prussian architecture. It is ture, Łódź University of Technology. also one of the best works by Kurt Frick – a brilliant and 92 Jan Salm Il. 1. Ratusz w Szczytnie. Stan współczesny (proj. K. Frick, fot. J. Salm) Fig. 1. Town Hall in Szczytno. Present condition (designed by K. Frick, photo by J. Salm) – symboli zakonnego państwa, ale także motywami highly prolifi c architect who was an advocate of Nazism typowymi dla totalitarnej architektury, jak bal kon w wie- during the Third Reich [3]. ży służący do wygłaszania przemówień – su ges tyw- Obviously, the list of the buildings mentioned by ny przy kład mównicy (Sprechkanzel) budującej odpo- Janusz Dobesz which belong to the “Brown Architecture” wied nie relacje między mówcą a tłumem (il. 1). Ratusz in East Prussia – erected in 1933–1945 – is not complete. szczy cieński z 1938 r. to niewątpliwie czołowe dzieło Actually it is poorly recognized and consequently practically hit le rowskiego epizodu architektury wschodniopruskiej. undescribed. Although the designs from those times were Zalicza się rów no cześnie do najlepszych realizacji Kur ta quite numerous, they became part of the landscape of the Fricka, archi tekta wybitnego i bardzo płodnego, a w ok- province for a short time – they were a grim note at the resie III Rzeszy zwolennika ideologii nazistowskiej [3]. end of the German history of that area. After 1945, some Wspomniane przez Janusza Dobesza budowle nie wy - of them were destroyed or deprived of their original use, czerpują oczywiście całego wątku „brunatnej archi tek- some of them were remodeled and lost their signifi cance. tury” w Prusach Wschodnich – obiektów realizowanych That is why it is worth mentioning those characteristic w latach 1933–1945. Jest on bardzo słabo rozpoznany, buildings erected in 1933–1945. It is worth including them a co za tym idzie – praktycznie nieopisany. Realizacje in the more general deliberations concerning Nazi Ger - tam tych lat, choć całkiem liczne, wpisały się w krajobraz many architecture and urban planning and recognizing their prowincji na krótko – były ponurym akordem kończącym regional signifi cance as important assets of cultural heritage. niemiecką historię tych ziem. Po 1945 r. w części uleg- It should be kept in mind that the nationalist sentiments ły unicestwieniu lub też pozbawione pierwotnego przez- were rather popular in the province scarred with warfare Architektura spod znaku swastyki w Prusach Wschodnich /Architecture created in East Prussia under the symbol of the swastika 93 na czenia i często przebudowywane utraciły swą wy- and separated from the rest of Germany under the Treaty mo wę. Dlatego warto wspomnieć charakterystyczne, of Versailles. That is why National Socialism was later zrea li zowane w latach 1933–1945 budowle. Celowe jest universally accepted and attracted a lot of adherents. It was zarówno włączenie ich w krąg szerszych rozważań po- for instance evident in the results of the elections in 1932 święconych architekturze i urbanistyce hitlerowskich which were much better there for the Nazi Party (NSDAP) Niemiec, jak i określenie ich znaczenia regionalnego jako than in other German provinces [4]. It can be claimed that niekiedy ważnych składników krajobrazu kulturowego. the modernization process, which was sometimes clearly Warto pamiętać, że w prowincji naznaczonej piętnem ideological after the lost war and unfavorable territorial działań wojennych i oddzielonej od reszty Niemiec de- changes, was taking place in East Prussia already earlier, cy zja mi traktatu wersalskiego postawy nacjonalistyczne since the times of rebuilding from the destruction suffered występowały dość powszechnie. Dlatego później narodo wy in 1914–1915 [5]1. Undoubtedly, the “Germanness” vi- socjalizm był szeroko akceptowany i zyskał wielu zwo len - sible in selected and signifi cant architectural designs was ników. Wyraziło się to m.in. wynikami wyborów 1932 r., demonstrated and manifested over the 1920s and it was które dały tu NSDAP znacznie lepsze rezultaty niż w innych deliberately and willingly continued in the following de- prowincjach niemieckich [4]. Stwierdzić moż na, że już cade. That continuation followed the offi cial ideo lo gy and wcześ niej, od czasów odbudowy ze znisz czeń lat 1914–1915, only several architecturally uniform designs were used. toczył się w Prusach Wschod nich pro ces mo derni za cji My interest concentrates on structures and complexes o nie kiedy wyraźnie ideologicznym pod tekście, wzmoc - which were built after the “seizing of power” (Macht- nio nym po przegranej wojnie i nie ko rzyst nych te ryto- über nahme) in 1933 as the new political situation re sulted rial nych zmianach [5]1. Nie ma wąt pli woś ci, że eks po- in an increased number of investments also in the East no wanie i manifestowanie „niemieckoś ci” w wy branych, Prussian architectural landscape. As I mentioned earlier, ważnych realizacjach architektonicz nych trwa ło przez this landscape had already before hand undergone some lata dwudzieste i znalazło w kolej nej de ka dzie świa domą trans formations connected with the rebuilding after World kon tynuację. Kontynuację pod po rząd kowaną ofi cjalnej War I, which was connected not only with the removal ideo logii i ubraną w kilka jed no litych pod wzglę dem of war damage but also with the improvement of the archi tektonicznym, obowią zu jących „uni formów”. existing living conditions and liquidation of anachronistic Moje zainteresowanie skupia się na obiektach i ze- solutions used in the extension of towns and villages. spo łach powstałych po „przejęciu władzy” (Macht über- The 1920s (especially the second half of the decade) nahme) w 1933 r. Nowa sytuacja polityczna zaznaczy- was the period of a kind of architectural stabilization ła się bowiem również we wschodniopruskim krajobrazie and many interesting buildings inspired by the historical architektonicznym wzrostem liczby inwestycji. Jak wspom - brick architecture (e.g. new town halls in Malbork or niałem, krajobraz ten ulegał już wcześniej prze mianom Frydląd) were designed then and built in the international związanym z odbudową po I wojnie, co wiązało się nie modernist style (mainly in Królewiec as well as the tylko z usuwaniem zniszczeń, ale też poprawą do tych - courthouse in Kętrzyn or Jahn school in Elbląg and the czasowych warunków egzystencji i likwidacją ana chro- seminary in Braniewo [6]). These phenomena were partly nicznych rozwiązań w zabudowie miasteczek i wio sek. continued in the 1930s, though the impact of modernism Lata dwudzieste (zwłaszcza druga połowa de kady) to began to signifi cantly weaken, and instead the solutions in swego rodzaju architektoniczna stabilizacja i pow stanie the Third Reich style sometimes connected with regional wielu interesujących budowli inspirowanych his torycz- motifs emerged.
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