DOCSLIB.ORG

The Role of Fungal Haustoria in Parasitism of Plants

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Role of Fungal Haustoria in Parasitism of Plants Commentary Hidden robbers: The role of fungal haustoria in parasitism of plants Les J. Szabo* and William R. Bushnell Cereal Disease Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 iotrophic fungi have developed a Brange of ‘‘life styles’’ in their relation- ship with plants from the mutualistic to the parasitic. Vesicular-arbuscular mycor- rhizal fungi form mutualistic relationships with the roots of their plant hosts, in which the fungus obtains sugars from the plant and provides phosphates and other min- erals in return. At the other extreme, powdery mildew and rust fungi form an obligately parasitic relationship in which the host plant becomes a source for sugars, amino acids, and other nutrients. These parasites develop a specialized organ, the haustorium (Fig. 1) within plant cells for transfer of nutrients from host cell to fungal thallus. The haustorium is assumed to have a key role in the ability of these parasites to compete with the developing plant for photoassimilates and other nu- trients but basic questions remain regard- ing the function of the haustorium. These include: What are the major nutrients Fig. 1. Haustorial complex, a specialized feeding organ of biotrophic fungal parasites of plants. To move transported? What mechanisms are in- from host cell to fungus, nutrients must traverse the extrahaustorial membrane, the extrahaustorial matrix, the haustorial wall, and the haustorial plasma membrane. A neckband seals the extrahaustorial volved in the transport? How do individ- matrix from the plant cell wall region so that the matrix becomes a unique, isolated, apoplast-like ual components of the haustorium–host compartment. The haustorium connects to intercellular fungal hyphae by way of a haustorial mother cell. cell interface contribute to nutrient flow? Evidence from Voegele et al. (1) indicates that a proton symport system in the haustorial plasma And overall, how does haustorial function membrane drives sugar transport from plant to parasite. (A) Transmission electron micrograph of a flax relate to the biotrophic relationship be- rust haustorium [Reproduced with permission from ref. 2 (Copyright 1972, NRC Research Press)]. (Bar, 1 tween host and parasite? The paper by ␮m.) (B) Drawing showing key features of the fungal haustorium. Voegele et al. (1) in this issue of PNAS provides an important advance by charac- terizing a sugar transporter located at the rial cytoplasm, substances must pass se- a peg and the establishment of a hausto- haustorium–host interface. quentially through the extrahaustorial rium. Artificial membranes and etched surfaces have been used to mimic the A haustorium is formed when a special- membrane and matrix, the haustorial wall, topography of the leaf surface and induce ized fungal hypha penetrates a plant cell and the haustorial plasma membrane. the development of infection structures in wall and expands inside that cell (ref. 2; The development of the haustorium is vitro (4–6). However, the development is Fig. 1A). However, the haustorium is not the final step of an infection pathway in incomplete and haustoria are usually not located directly in plant cell cytoplasm; which the plant host plays a major role. In formed unless carbohydrate is added (7). instead, it is surrounded by an extrahaus- the case of rust fungi, infection typically Uptake studies have demonstrated that torial membrane, a thickened derivative of begins with the germination of a spore on sugars and amino acids are transferred the plant cell plasma membrane. Lying the leaf surface, followed by the develop- ment of an appressorium. The develop- from the host plant into biotrophic para- between the extrahaustorial membrane sites (8–11) and strongly support the idea and fungal haustorial wall is a gel-like ment of the appressorium depends on a thigmotrophic signal triggered by the spe- that haustoria play a major role. However, layer enriched in carbohydrates called the because of the intracellular locations of cific topography of the host plant leaf extrahaustorial matrix. The haustorium haustoria and the complexities of the surface (3). An infection peg formed by itself contains a normal complement of haustorium–host interface, it has been cytoplasm, nuclei, mitochondria, and the appressorium enters the leaf through a other organelles (Fig. 1A). The haustorial pore (stoma), followed by the develop- cytoplasm is bordered by a plasma mem- ment of a substomatal vesicle, an infection See companion article on page 8133. brane and by the haustorial wall (Fig. 1). hypha, a haustorial mother cell, penetra- *To whom reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail: To move from plant cytoplasm to hausto- tion of a photosynthetic mesophyll cell by [email protected]. 7654–7655 ͉ PNAS ͉ July 3, 2001 ͉ vol. 98 ͉ no. 14 www.pnas.org͞cgi͞doi͞10.1073͞pnas.151262398 Downloaded by guest on September 29, 2021 this gene was expressed in haustoria iso- ATPase (17) and an amino acid trans- lated from leaves, but not in other infec- porter (18) have been isolated. tion structures induced in vitro. Further, The work of Voegele et al. (1) has the authors demonstrated that this sugar provided an important piece of the puzzle transporter is localized in the haustorial regarding the nutrient transport pathway membrane and not in membranes of in- across the host–parasite interface in obli- tercellular hyphae, thus providing the first gate parasitic fungi. However, many ques- direct evidence that sugar uptake occurs tions remain. Does sucrose diffuse out of in the haustorium and suggesting that the the host plant cell into the extrahaustorial haustorium may be the sole site. matrix, or is it first cleaved in the host Sucrose is the primary sugar that is cytosol into glucose and fructose? What transported in plants and, therefore, it has enzyme breaks down the sucrose? Is it been speculated that the haustoria may invertase, which is known to increase in infected leaf tissue (19, 20), or alterna- import sucrose directly. Recent studies tively, sucrose synthase? Once glucose is with the powdery mildew fungus indicate transported into the haustorium, what that glucose, rather than sucrose, may be sugar is then transported into intercellular the sugar imported (14, 15). The data of hyphae? It has been speculated that man- Voegele et al. (1) demonstrate that the nitol may play this role (21). Further, HXT1 sugar transporter has a specificity photosynthetic mesophyll cells, usually for D-glucose and D-fructose, confirming producers of sucrose, which is actively that glucose/fructose and not sucrose are exported, become net importers when col- the primary sugars imported by haustoria. onized by rust fungi. How does the obli- Fig. 2. Proton symport model for nutrient trans- In addition, the authors showed that glu- gate parasite manipulate the host to port across the haustorial plasma membrane, sup- cose transport occurs through a proton change the flow of sugars? Are there gene plying glucose and amino acids to biotrophic fungi. symport mechanism. These results sup- regulators that are secreted by the fungal 1, Protons are supplied by haustorial plasma mem- port a proton symport model for nutrient ϩ haustorium into the plant cell that alter brane H -ATPase (15); 2, Amino acid transporter transport at the haustorial interface (ref. these pathways? What other compounds (16); 3, Glucose/fructose transporter described by 16; Fig. 2). A membrane Hϩ-ATPase gen- traverse this interface? What methods are Voegele et al. (1). Redrawn from Hahn et al. (16). erates a proton gradient across the haus- used by the fungus to elude or suppress torial plasma membrane, which provides the defense mechanisms of the host? difficult to determine what transfer pro- the energy for transport of nutrients (glu- The results of Voegele et al. (1) elegantly cesses are involved and where they are cose/fructose, amino acids) from the ex- demonstrate that multifaceted experi- located. In the last several years a differ- trahaustorial matrix into the haustorium. mental approaches can provide answers ent approach has been taken, in which The establishment of a proton gradient is to the roles of haustoria in host–parasite cDNAs for developmentally expressed possible because the extrahaustorial ma- interactions. COMMENTARY genes in infection structures and haustoria trix is a sealed compartment, bounded by have been isolated (12, 13). Voegele et al. the extrahaustorial membrane on the We thank Jacki Morrison for preparation of the figures, and Kurt Leonard and Richard Staples (1) demonstrated that one of the most plant side, the haustorial membrane on for their comments on the manuscript. This abundantly expressed genes in the rust the fungal side, and the neck band, which paper was supported by the Agricultural Re- haustorium encodes a sugar transporter seals it from the apoplast. In support of search Service of the U.S. Department of ϩ (HTX1). RNA analysis demonstrated that this model, a plasma membrane H - Agriculture. 1. Voegele, R. T., Struck, C., Hahn, M. & Mend- 8. Manners, J. M. & Gray, J. L. (1982) New Phytol. 16. Hahn, M., Deising, H., Struck, C. & Mendgen, K. gen, K. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 91, 221–244. (1997) in Resistance of Crop Plants Against Fungi, 8133–8138. (First Published June 5, 2001; 9. Martin, T. J. & Ellingboe, A. H. (1978) Physiol. eds. Hartleb, H., Heitefuss, R. & Hoppe, H.-H. 10.1073͞pnas131186798) Plant Pathol. 13, 1–11. (Fischer, Stuttgart, Germany), pp. 33–57. 2. Coffey, M. D., Palevitz, B. A. & Allen, P. J. (1972) 10. Mendgen, K. (1979) Arch. Microbiol. 123, 129–135. 17. Struck, C., Siebels, C., Rommel, O., Wernitz, M. Can. J. Bot. 50, 231–240. 11. Mendgen, K. & Noss, P. (1988) Planta 174, 283–288. & Hahn, M. (1998) Mol. Plant–Microbe Interact. 11, 458–465. 3. Staples, R. C. & Hoch, H. C. (1987) Exp. Mycol. 11, 12. Staples, R.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • How Do Pathogenic Microorganisms Develop Cross-Kingdom Host Jumps? Peter Van Baarlen1, Alex Van Belkum2, Richard C
    Molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity: how do pathogenic microorganisms develop cross-kingdom host jumps? Peter van Baarlen1, Alex van Belkum2, Richard C. Summerbell3, Pedro W. Crous3 & Bart P.H.J. Thomma1 1Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands; 2Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and 3CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands Correspondence: Bart P.H.J. Thomma, Abstract Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article/31/3/239/2367343 by guest on 27 September 2021 Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 5, 6709 PD It is common knowledge that pathogenic viruses can change hosts, with avian Wageningen, The Netherlands. Tel.: 10031 influenza, the HIV, and the causal agent of variant Creutzfeldt–Jacob encephalitis 317 484536; fax: 10031 317 483412; as well-known examples. Less well known, however, is that host jumps also occur e-mail: [email protected] with more complex pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. In extreme cases, these host jumps even cross kingdom of life barriers. A number of Received 3 July 2006; revised 22 December requirements need to be met to enable a microorganism to cross such kingdom 2006; accepted 23 December 2006. barriers. Potential cross-kingdom pathogenic microorganisms must be able to First published online 26 February 2007. come into close and frequent contact with potential hosts, and must be able to overcome or evade host defences. Reproduction on, in, or near the new host will DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00065.x ensure the transmission or release of successful genotypes.
    [Show full text]
  • HAUSTORIUM 76 1 HAUSTORIUM Parasitic Plants Newsletter ISSN 1944-6969 Official Organ of the International Parasitic Plant Society (
    HAUSTORIUM 76 1 HAUSTORIUM Parasitic Plants Newsletter ISSN 1944-6969 Official Organ of the International Parasitic Plant Society (http://www.parasiticplants.org/) July 2019 Number 76 CONTENTS MESSAGE FROM THE IPPS PRESIDENT (Julie Scholes)………………………………………………..………2 MEETING REPORTS 15th World Congress on Parasitic Plants, 30 June – 5 July 2019, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.………….……..2 MISTLETOE (VISCUM ALBUM) AND ITS HOSTS IN BRITAIN (Brian Spooner)……………………………10 PHELIPANCHE AEGYPTIACA IN WESTERN IRAN (Alireza Taab)……………………………………………12 NEW AND CURRENT PROJECTS Delivering high-yielding, disease-resistant finger millet to farmers…………………………………………….…..13 N2AFRICA – new Striga project – update……………………………………………………………………….…...14 Striga asiatica Madagascar fieldwork summary 2019……………………………………………………………......14 Pea (Pisum sativum) breeding for disease and pest resistance ………………………………………………….......15 REQUEST FOR SEEDS OF OROBANCHE CRENATA (Gianniantonio Domina)…………………………...…..15 PRESS REPORTS Metabolite stimulates a crop while suppressing a weed………………………………………………………….…..16 Dodder plant poses threat to trees and crops (in Kenya)………………………………………………………...….17 PhD OPPORTUNITY AT NRI (Jonne Rodenburg)…………………………………………………………………18 THESIS Sarah Huet. An overview of Phelipanche ramosa seeds: sensitivity to germination stimulants and microbiome profile. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..18 BOOK REVIEW Strigolactones – Biology and Applications. Ed. by Hinanit Koltai and Cristina Prandi. (Koichi Yoneyama) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....19
    [Show full text]
  • Biotrophy and Rust Haustoria
    Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology (2000) 56, 141±145 doi:10.1006/pmpp.2000.0264, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on MINI-REVIEW Biotrophy and rust haustoria KURT MENDGEN*, CHRISTINE STRUCK, RALF T. VOEGELE and MATTHIAS HAHN UniversitaÈt Konstanz, Department of Biology, Phytopathology, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany (Accepted for publication March 2000) INTRODUCTION to a haustorial body reaching into the host cell. Around the neck is an iron- and phosphorus-rich neckband which Haustoria produced by biotrophic fungi and Oomycetes bridges the plant and fungal plasma membrane. It seems are extensions into living host cells. However, they are not to serve as a seal against the ¯ow of solutes from the truly intracellular. They breach the cell wall only and a extrahaustorial matrix into the apoplast of the plant [17, newly formed host plasma membrane (the extrahaustorial 20, 22]. The lack of intramembrane particles, as revealed membrane) surrounds them, resulting in a close associ- by freeze fracture electron microscopy and dierent ation of fungal and plant membranes only separated by a cytochemical methods, convincingly demonstrated that thin fungal wall and an extrahaustorial matrix. The the extrahaustorial membrane diers from ``conventional extrahaustorial matrix is mainly of host origin. Heath and membranes'' in plant cells [17]. Although these methods Skalamera [23] suggest that this interface is the site for were unable to reveal the molecular basis of such translocation of nutrients and exchange of information. modi®cations, they proved the existence of a specialized Two more aspects seem to be of utmost importance. First, membrane surrounding the haustorium. In light of the the fungal haustorium must not be recognized as foreign apparent similar tasks that these diverse morphological by the host in order to avoid defence reactions.
    [Show full text]
  • Haustorium 41 July 2002 - 1 - HAUSTORIUM Parasitic Plants Newsletter Official Organ of the International Parasitic Plant Society
    Haustorium 41 July 2002 - 1 - HAUSTORIUM Parasitic Plants Newsletter Official Organ of the International Parasitic Plant Society July 2002 Number 41 STATUS OF HAUSTORIUM A MESSAGE FROM THE NEW EDITOR The banner above shows that Haustorium is Dear readers, now the official organ of the International Parasitic Plant Society (IPPS) which has You may notice some changes in this 41st issue effectively replaced the shadowy (but of Haustorium as compared to previous ones. effective!) Parasitic Seed Plant Research This issue marks the official union of Group. The format remains the same for the Haustorium with the IPPS, and reflects time being but we welcome Jim Westwood, increased IPPS involvement in producing what Editor of IPPS, as an additional editor and he is now our Society’s newsletter. You will will in due course be introducing new features, notice a new item, the President’s Message, as indicated by his personal message below. written by IPPS President Andr¾ Fer. We plan to continue this as regular component of We are pleased to acknowledge that Old Haustorium and to look for other features that Dominion University is once again supporting will be of interest and continue to provide the printing and mailing of this issue of value for all parasitic plant researchers. Haustorium. To help guide this “evolution of the The future circulation of the newsletter has yet Haustorium” we are establishing an Editorial to be decided and there are some doubts Board, composed of scientists representing a whether non-members of IPPS will continue to variety of disciplines and geographical receive Haustorium, especially if they wish to distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Cytokinins on Fungus Development and Host Response in Powdery Mildew of Barley
    Physiological andMolecular Plant Pathology (1986) 29,41-52 Effects of cytokinins on fungus development and host response in powdery mildew of barley ZHANJIANO Lru and W. R. BUSHNELLt Cereal RustLaboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department ojAgriculture, andDepartment ofPlantPathology, Universiry of Minnesota, St Paul,Minnesota 55108, U.S.A. (AcceptedJor publication December 1985) Epidermal tissues partially dissected from coleoptiles of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) were inoculated with Erysiphe graminis (DC) Merat f.sp, hordei Em. Marchal to test the effects of cytokinins on fungus development and the hypersensitive reaction (HR). Kinetin at 1O-5to 10-4 M applied 16 h after inoculation accelerated HR in an incompatible host-parasite combination and doubled the number of ceUsthat died at each infection site, suggesting that kinetin had increased the spread of killing factors beyond the cells that contained primary haustoria. With a compatible host-parasite combination, kinetin applied at 16 h after inoculation decreased initiation of hyphae at 10-5 to 4 6 4 10- M and decreased hypha! growth at 10- to 10- M. Kinetin applied at inoculation slowed haustorium development, interfered with haustorium differentiation and decreased the number of secondary haustoria formed by hyphal colonies. The central bodies of haustoria were enlarged and spherical, indicating that kinetin had interfered with the normal elongation processes of the bodies. Zeatin had no effects on either fungus development or HR. Kinetin inhibited appressorium formation apart from the host on nitrocellulose membranes, suggesting that the inhibitory effects of kinetin on fungus development were direct rather than through the host. INTRODUCTION Kinetin has been reported to influence resistance in plant disease in diverse ways.
    [Show full text]
  • Yeasts in Pucciniomycotina
    Mycol Progress DOI 10.1007/s11557-017-1327-8 REVIEW Yeasts in Pucciniomycotina Franz Oberwinkler1 Received: 12 May 2017 /Revised: 12 July 2017 /Accepted: 14 July 2017 # German Mycological Society and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017 Abstract Recent results in taxonomic, phylogenetic and eco- to conjugation, and eventually fructificaction (Brefeld 1881, logical studies of basidiomycetous yeast research are remark- 1888, 1895a, b, 1912), including mating experiments (Bauch able. Here, Pucciniomycotina with yeast stages are reviewed. 1925; Kniep 1928). After an interval, yeast culture collections The phylogenetic origin of single-cell basidiomycetes still re- were established in various institutions and countries, and mains unsolved. But the massive occurrence of yeasts in basal yeast manuals (Lodder and Kreger-van Rij 1952;Lodder basidiomycetous taxa indicates their early evolutionary pres- 1970;Kreger-vanRij1984; Kurtzman and Fell 1998; ence. Yeasts in Cryptomycocolacomycetes, Mixiomycetes, Kurtzman et al. 2011) were published, leading not only to Agaricostilbomycetes, Cystobasidiomycetes, Septobasidiales, the impression, but also to the practical consequence, that, Heterogastridiomycetes, and Microbotryomycetes will be most often, researchers studying yeasts were different from discussed. The apparent loss of yeast stages in mycologists and vice versa. Though it was well-known that Tritirachiomycetes, Atractiellomycetes, Helicobasidiales, a yeast, derived from a fungus, represents the same species, Platygloeales, Pucciniales, Pachnocybales, and most scientists kept to the historical tradition, and, even at the Classiculomycetes will be mentioned briefly for comparative same time, the superfluous ana- and teleomorph terminology purposes with dimorphic sister taxa. Since most phylogenetic was introduced. papers suffer considerably from the lack of adequate illustra- In contrast, biologically meaningful academic teaching re- tions, plates for representative species of orders have been ar- quired rethinking of the facts and terminology, which very ranged.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Infection and the Establishment of Fungal Biotrophy
    Review TRENDS in Plant Science 1 Plant infection and the establishment of fungal biotrophy Kurt Mendgen and Matthias Hahn To exploit plants as living substrates, biotrophic fungi have evolved remarkable Molecular studies of obligate and non-obligate variations of their tubular cells, the hyphae. They form infection structures such biotrophs are beginning to provide insights into the as appressoria, penetration hyphae and infection hyphae to invade the plant nature of biotrophy. with minimal damage to host cells. To establish compatibility with the host, To our knowledge, the following properties appear controlled secretory activity and distinct interface layers appear to be essential. to be hallmarks of biotrophic fungi: (1) highly Colletotrichum species switch from initial biotrophic to necrotrophic growth developed infection structures; (2) limited secretory and are amenable to mutant analysis and molecular studies. Obligate activity, especially of lytic enzymes; (3) carbohydrate- biotrophic rust fungi can form the most specialized hypha: the haustorium. rich and protein-containing interfacial layers that Gene expression and immunocytological studies with rust fungi support separate fungal and plant plasma membranes; the idea that the haustorium is a transfer apparatus for the long-term (4) long-term suppression of host defense; absorption of host nutrients. (5) haustoria, which are specialized hyphae for nutrient absorption and metabolism. In this DOI: 10.1016/S1360-1385(02)02297-5 article, we discuss recent data about cytological and molecular aspects of fungal biotrophy. To keep As early as 1866, the German botanist Anton De Bary within the available space, we restrict our focus to observed that plant parasitic fungi alter the Colletotrichum spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Haustorium #57, July 2010
    HAUSTORIUM 57 July 2010 1 HAUSTORIUM Parasitic Plants Newsletter ISSN 1944-6969 Official Organ of the International Parasitic Plant Society (http://www.parasiticplants.org/) July 2010 Number 57 CONTENTS Page Message from the IPPS President (Jim Westwood)....………………………………………………………………2 Rafflesia in the Philippines: an era of discovery (Dan Nickrent)…………………….……………………………...2 Literature highlights: Evidence for nuclear theft (Ken Shirasu)……………………………...................................................................4 Cellular interactions at the host-parasite and pollen-pistil interfaces in flowering plants (Chris Thorogood)…………………………………………………….............................5 Obituary: Alfred M. Mayer (1926-2010) (Danny Joel)……………………………………..…………………………..…..6 Congratulations: Bristol botanist (Chris Thorogood) wins Linnean Society prize …………………………………………...……7 News: Striga quarantine lifted in South Carolina after a half century (Jim Westwood and Al Tasker)…………………7 Press releases: Affordable solution to costly pests (‘push-pull’/ stalk-borer/ Striga )…………………………………………..….8 Drought-tolerant and Striga-resistant maize for Ghana……………………………………………………..….…9 New varieties to boost maize output in West and Central Africa…………………………………..……………..9 Striga-resistant varieties to boost sorghum yields………………………………………………………………....9 Nigerian scientists introduce two new cowpea varieties…………………………………………………………10 Africa: scientists develop drought-resistant cowpea……………………………………………………………..10 Wetlands organization says rival group’s planting of parasite akin to a ‘restoration
    [Show full text]
  • Phytophthora Palmivora–Cocoa Interaction
    Journal of Fungi Review Phytophthora palmivora–Cocoa Interaction Francine Perrine-Walker 1,2 1 School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, LEES Building (F22), Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; [email protected] 2 The University of Sydney Institute of Agriculture, 1 Central Avenue, Australian Technology Park, Eveleigh, NSW 2015, Australia Received: 2 June 2020; Accepted: 7 September 2020; Published: 9 September 2020 Abstract: Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) is an hemibiotrophic oomycete capable of infecting over 200 plant species including one of the most economically important crops, Theobroma cacao L. commonly known as cocoa. It infects many parts of the cocoa plant including the pods, causing black pod rot disease. This review will focus on P. palmivora’s ability to infect a plant host to cause disease. We highlight some current findings in other Phytophthora sp. plant model systems demonstrating how the germ tube, the appressorium and the haustorium enable the plant pathogen to penetrate a plant cell and how they contribute to the disease development in planta. This review explores the molecular exchange between the oomycete and the plant host, and the role of plant immunity during the development of such structures, to understand the infection of cocoa pods by P. palmivora isolates from Papua New Guinea. Keywords: black pod rot; Oomycota; Theobroma cacao L.; infection; stem canker 1. Introduction Within the order Peronosporales, the largest genus with over 120 described species, Phytophthora is a hemibiotrophic phytogen capable of infecting a wide range of hosts, including many agricultural crops, worldwide [1,2]. One of the most economically important and delicious crops affected is cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.).
    [Show full text]
  • ATCC® Mycology Culture Guide Tips and Techniques for Culturing Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi
    ATCC® MYCOLOGY CULTURE GUIDE tips and techniques for culturing yeasts and filamentous fungi THE ESSENTIALS OF LIFE SCIENCE RESEARCH GLOBALLY DELIVERED™ Table of Contents This guide contains general technical information for mycological growth, propagation, preservation, and application. Additional information on yeast and fungi can be found in Introductory Mycology by Alexo- poulos et al.1. Getting Started with an ATCC Mycology Biosafety and Disposal .................................................23 Strain....... ........................................................................................1 Biosafety ....................................................................23 Product Sheet .............................................................1 Disposal of Infectious Materials ........................23 Preparation of Medium ...........................................1 Opening Glass Ampoules .......................................1 Mycological Authentication ....................................24 Initiating Frozen Cultures .......................................3 Phenotypic Characterization .............................24 Initiating Lyophilized Cultures .............................3 Genotypic Characterization ..............................24 Initiating Test Tube Cultures ..................................3 Mycological Applications ..........................................25 Mycological Growth and Propagation .............4 Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Standards ..25 Properties of Mycology Phyla ...............................4
    [Show full text]
  • E:\YNL\Back Issues\ZY96451.Wpd
    ISSN 0513-5222 Y E A S T A Newsletter for Persons Interested in Yeast Official Publication of the International Commission on Yeasts of the International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) JUNE 1996 Volume XLV, Number I Marc-André Lachance, Editor University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7 Associate Editors Peter Biely G.G. Stewart Institute of Chemistry International Centre for Brewing and Distilling Slovak Academy of Sciences Department of Biological Sciences Dúbravská cesta 9 Heriot-Watt University 842 38 Bratislava, Slovakia Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland Tadashi Hirano B.J.M. Zonneveld 2-13-22, Honcho, Koganei Clusius Laboratorium Tokyo 184, Japan Wassenaarseweg 64 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands É. Guého, Paris, France .................. 1 M. Celerin, Bloomington, Indiana, U.S.A. 12 W.M. Ingledew, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, J.R.M. Hammnond & J.M. Pye, Nutfield, Canada ........................... 2 United Kingdom ................... 12 P.J. Large, Hull, England ................. 4 R.E. Kunkee, Davis, California, U.S.A. 13 R.T. Moore, Coleraine, Northern Ireland . 4 P. Romano & G. Suzzi, Potenza, Italy . 13 L.N. Roberts, Norwich, United Kingdom . 5 J.F.T. Spencer, Tucuman, Argentina . 14 V. Robert, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium . 5 H. Prillinger, Vienna, Austria . 15 M. Sipiczki, Debrecen, Hungary . 6 H.V. Amorim, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil . 16 E. Minárik, Bratislava, Slovakia . 7 P. Galzy, Montpellier, France . 17 M. van Wijngaarden, Zoeterwoude, B.F. Johnson, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada . 17 The Netherlands .................... 8 M.A. Lachance, London, Ontario, Canada . 18 H. Holzer, Freiburg, Germany . 9 Recent meeting........................ 19 G. Kunze, Gatersleben, Germany . 10 Forthcoming meetings .................. 21 P. Biely, Bratislava, Slovakia .
    [Show full text]
  • An Outline of Plant Pathology
    AN OUTLINE OF PLANT PATHOLOGY Y. Chandra sekhar A. Prasad Babu R. Nagaraju AN OUTLINE OF PLANT PATHOLOGY Y. CHANDRA SEKHAR, M.Sc (Ag) Research Associate (Plant Pathology) Horticultural Research Station, Anantharajupeta Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University Andhra Pradesh Dr. ADARI PRASAD BABU R&D Head, Chief Ageonomist Lao Agro Green Organic Co. Ltd, Laos Dr.R. NAGARAJU Senior Scientist (Hort) & Head Horticultural Research Station, Anantharajupeta Dr. Y.S.R. Horticultural University Andhra Pradesh Published by: Mr.Gajendra Parmar for Parmar Publishers and Distributors 854, KG Ashram, Bhuinphod, Govindpur Road, Dhanbad-828109, Jharkhand Email: [email protected], [email protected] Ph: 9700860832, 9308398856 I First Edition – May, 2017 © Copyright with the Authors All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, photocopied or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher/authors. Note: Due care has been taken while editing and printing the book. In the event of any mistake crept in, or printing error happens, Publisher or Authors will not be held responsibility. In case of any binding error, misprints, or for missing pages etc., Publisher’s entire liability is replacement of the same edition of the book within one month of purchase of the book. Printed and bound in India ISBN: 978-93-84113-99-5 Published by: Mr.Gajendra Parmar for Parmar Publishers and Distributors 854, KG Ashram, Bhuinphod, Govindpur Road, Dhanbad-828109, Jharkhand Email: [email protected], [email protected] Ph: 9700860832, 9308398856 II PREFACE Plant Pathology, one of the prominent branches of Agricultural as wll as Horticultural has expanded by during the last three decades and assumed new dimension the subject.
    [Show full text]