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I. Foundation of Jammu and Kashmir State
I. Foundation of Jammu and Kashmir State The State of Jammu and Kashmir known for its extravagant natural beauty is the northernmost State of the Indian Union. It can be aptly described by famous farsi; couplet of Hazrat Amir Khusrau which states: Agar firdaus bar roo-e zameen ast, Hameen ast – o hameen ast – o hameen ast. It means if there is a paradise on earth it is this, it is this, it is this. Jammu and Kashmir which occupies an extremely strategic position on the Indian frontiers, is the only State in the Indian Union with a Muslim majority. It shares international with Russia, Afghanistan, Pakistan and China. It is bounded on the south by Himachal Pradesh and the Punjab, on the north by Chinese Turkistan and a little of Russian Turkistan, and on the east by Chinese Tibet. On the west lies Pakistan and to the northwest, Afghanistan. Causes for the foundation -In 1846 Kashmir experienced a unique development with enduring consequences. The development was that three distinctive political, geographical and cultural entities i.e. Kashmir valley, Jammu and ladakh were merged into one political entity. At no stage in the history of the state, the three regions formed a single political entity. It was only Kashmir which claim the position of an empire and on the contrary Jammu & Ladakh were small states each under a local ruler or tributaries of powerful rulers emerged either in Kashmir or elsewhere in neighborhood. On the eve of 1846, Kashmir, Jammu as well as Ladakh were under the control of Lahore Darbar. -
The Battle of Sobraon*
B.A. 1ST YEAR IIND SEMESTER Topic : *The Battle of Sobraon* The Battle of Sobraon was fought on 10 February 1846, between the forces of the East India Company and the Sikh Khalsa Army, the army of the Sikh Empire of the Punjab. The Sikhs were completely defeated, making this the decisive battle of the First Anglo-Sikh War. The First Anglo-Sikh war began in late 1845, after a combination of increasing disorder in the Sikh empire following the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839 and provocations by the British East India Company led to the Sikh Khalsa Army invading British territory. The British had won the first two major battles of the war through a combination of luck, the steadfastness of British and Bengal units and equivocal conduct bordering on deliberate treachery by Tej Singh and Lal Singh, the commanders of the Sikh Army. On the British side, the Governor General, Sir Henry Hardinge, had been dismayed by the head-on tactics of the Bengal Army's commander-in-chief, Sir Hugh Gough, and was seeking to have him removed from command. However, no commander senior enough to supersede Gough could arrive from England for several months. Then the army's spirits were revived by the victory gained by Sir Harry Smith at the Battle of Aliwal, in which he eliminated a threat to the army's lines of communication, and the arrival of reinforcements including much-needed heavy artillery and two battalions of Gurkhas. The Sikhs had been temporarily dismayed by their defeat at the Battle of Ferozeshah, and had withdrawn most of their forces across the Sutlej River. -
An Analysis of the Formation of Modern State of Jammu and Kashmir
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 2, February 2016 153 ISSN 2250-3153 State Formation in Colonial India: An Analysis of the Formation of Modern State of Jammu and Kashmir Sameer Ahmad Bhat ⃰ ⃰ Centre of Advanced Study, Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, India, 202002. Abstract- Nationalist and Marxist historiography in India have and Kashmir is formed by the signing of treaty of Amritsar tended to assume that the British colonial politics of land tenure, between Maharaja Gulab Singh and the British taxation and commercialisation which led the conditions for the 4.1. 1— Origin of Dogra Dynasty in Kashmir: formation the princely states in Indian Sub-continent. According The Dogras were Indo- Aryan ethnic group of people who to the available literature, there were about 565 princely states in inhabited, the hilly country between the rivers Chenab and Sutlej, Colonial India and their administration was run by the British originally between Chenab and Ravi. According to one account through their appointed agents. Among these princely states, the term ‘Dogra’ is said to be derived from the Sanskrit words Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagarh were the important Princely Do and Garth, “meaning two lakes. The names Dugar and Dogra states. At the time of partition and independence all these states are now applied to the whole area in the outer hills between the were given the choice either to accede to India or to Pakistan or Ravi and the Chenab, but this use of term is probably of recent to remain independent. The foundation of Kashmir as a modern origin and dates only from the time when the tract came under state was laid by the treaty of Amritsar, signed on 16th March the supremacy of Jammu. -
British Views on Their Invasion of Punjab
THE RETRIBUTION Of THE ARCHIVE: BRITISH VIEWS ON THEIR INVASION OF PUNJAB Jason R. B. Smith HE event known as “The Sikh War,” “The First and Second Silth TWars,” and “The Anglo-Such War,” received considerable attention from former British officers in the aftermath ofthe episode. From 1845 to 1849 the British invaded and reinvaded Punjab, an area in modern northwestern India and north Pakistan whose name literally translates as “Five Rivers,” for the five rivers the territory resides within. Histories written by British administrators and former British soldiers explained the military conquest ofthe Punjab as a decidedly just annexation. These administrators and soldiers described a territory in chaos, to which they brought enlightened rule. In contrast, contemporary historians and scholars suggest that the British manufactured the conditions ofdisorder in the Punjab prior to bringing it stability. These latter historians make use of revealing documents that the former did not take into account, while the former concerned themselves mostly with a vivid account of a victorious campaign against an aggressive enemy. British acting- historians immediately following the military subjugation of Punjab inaccurately represented the violence they brought to the region as a heroic and justified military engagement, whereas the Punjabi people defending their home received the part of barbaric but brave people urgently in need of western values and styles of government. British historiography from the period following the conquest does not stray far from the themes of chaos, instability and culpability. G. Kharana’s British Historiography ofthe Sikh Power in the Punjab serves as an excellent source of analysis on the nature of British historiography,’ Initially, as the British came into contact with Sikhs, they sought out all the knowledge they could get. -
Ranjit Singh's Kashmir Extensionism by Dr. Khawja Zahid Aziz
13 RANJIT SINGH’S KASHMIR EXTENSIONISM AND BRITAIN’S ROLE Khawaja Zahid Aziz, PhD Assistant Professor of Kashmiryat Department of Kashmiryat, University of the Punjab, Lahore Abstract Kashmir, one of the most blessed spots upon the earth, remained under the auspices of different dynasties from BC to AD 1947. The powerful Sikh Ruler of the Punjab, Ranjit Singh, occupied it with the support of the British, the Dogras and the Kashmiri Pandits. The centuries old Muslim Rule on Kashmir came to an end with Ranjit’s occupation. The imposition of non- Muslim Rule brought miseries, indignities, economic, political and religious persecution. His representatives in Kashmir also pursued the policy of unbounded repression and corruption with the active support of him. This article deals with the Ranjit’s rule on Kashmir. Keywords: Shah Mir, Kota Rani, Mughal Empire, Pandit Birbal Dhar, Gujranwala, Sukerchakia, Punjab, The British, Marhattas, Muslim, Ranjit Singh. 14 The state of Jammu and Kashmir has a rich history spread over a period of more than five thousand years preserved in written form. Asoka, Kanishka and Lalitaditya were the most conspicuous figures of the Hindu dynasty. They raised their country to the height of glory it had never reached before.(1) After them, the history of Kashmir sinks into a long tale of court intrigue with one weak king succeeding another, until the centuries of Hindu Rule came to an end in AD. 1323, when Renchan Shah, a Tibetan by birth and an adventurer at the court, raised a successful rebellion and usurped the throne.(2) After him, Shah Mir, a Muslim, deposed Kota Rani and founded a Muslim dynasty. -
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE The Remarkable Doctor John Martin Honigberger (1795-1869): A Review of His Travels and Medical Practices 27 Abstract Shah Noor1 Dr. John Martin Honigberger (1795-1869), a native of Romania was a 1- Ph.D. student at the Area Study Cen- very charismatic, energetic and devoted physician, scientist as well as tre for Europe, University of Karachi, traveller who spent more than thirty years of his life in the East. He was Pakistan able to speak several languages fluently. He travelled to Turkey, Syria, Correspondence: Shah Noor Iraq, Central Asia and India etc. and devotedly practiced his profession Ph.D. student at the Area Study Centre there. He excelled in treating in various kinds of diseases through allo- for Europe, University of Karachi, Paki- pathic, homeopathic and other types of medical systems. He is the man stan [email protected] who introduced homeopathy for the first time in India. During his jour- ney, he suffered from critical diseases several times, but he remained safe and sound through his own treatment. Having latest knowledge re- garding medical systems, he successfully treated various rare diseases and effectively performed many types of surgeries. During travelling he did not miss any opportunities to obtain information concerning medi- cine. He practiced in the regions of the Ottoman Empire and served as a royal physician in the Sikh Empire. A number of health centres, dispen- saries and a gunpowder mill of the Sikh army were under his charge. His travelogue is certainly a remarkable account and every paragraph of it consists of significant lore. -
Anglo Sikh Wars
SUCCESSORS OF MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH ● Ranjit Singh was succeeded by his son Kharak Singh( 1801 - 1840). Dhian Singh continued to hold the post of Wazir. Kharak Singh was not an able ruler. ● Kharak Singh's son Noanihal Singh ( 1821 – 1840) was proclaimed the king of the Punjab and Dhian Singh as a Wazir. ● Sher Singh (1807- 1843) ● In September 1843, Dalip Singh, minor son of Ranjit Singh, became the king and Rani Jind Kaur as regent. ANGLO SIKH WARS One weak ruler after another came in succession. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839 . His successors were unable to hold the vast Sikh kingdom for a long time. The British were able to conquer the empire in 1849 after the two Anglo-Sikh War. FIRST ANGLO SIKH WAR (1845 – 1846) The followin battles were fought between Sikh and British. :— (1) Battle of Mudki. (1845) the Sikh army was led by Lal Singh face large number of Britis army under Hugh Gough .The battle was fought at Mudki. British were victorious. (2) Battle of Ferozeshehar. (1845) The Sikh army was led by Lal Singh and Tej Singh face large number of Britis army under Hugh Gough .The battle was fought at Ferozeshehar. British were victorious 3) Battle of Baddowal (1846) Sikh army under Ranjodh Singh Majithia crossed the Sutlej and dashed towards Ludhiana. The English under Henry Smith suffered a setback at Baddowal and Sikh were victorious (4) Battle of Aliwal. (1846) English under Sir Henry Smith defeated the Sikh army under Ranjodh Singh in the battle of Aliwal. -
MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH, COURT, and CULTURE: JRSP, Vol
MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH, COURT, AND CULTURE: JRSP, Vol. 58, No 2 (April-June 2021) Khola Cheema* Tohid Ahmad** MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH, COURT, AND CULTURE OF LAHORE DARBAR Abstract The study of the court and culture in Lahore Darbar under Maharaja Ranjit Singh is the primary purpose of this paper. Maharaja Ranjit Singh created an environment of peace and stability, resulting in the making of Lahore ‘center of cultural activities’. Another objective of this paper is to explore the significant developments in all domains of art and culture, and especially the impact of various religious traditions on the court and culture of Lahore Darbar. The overall development and new themes in Art, Painting, crafts, industries, luxury carpet waving, metalwork, astrological instruments, textile, vessel, gardens, and monuments are analyzed in this paper. A historical, analytical, and descriptive approach is adopted. Key Words: Ranjit Singh, Sikhs, Punjab, Court, Culture After becoming Maharaja of Punjab, Ranjit Singh provided an environment that permitted and encouraged the growth of the whole state’s cultural life. However, this aspect of his administration is not highlighted much because of his other essential and dominant characteristics. The most important thing in this respect was that Maharaja provided complete peace and harmony to the region from foreign invaders and eliminated internal chaos. That environment was essentially needed to encourage overall cultural activities, cultural development, and industrial growth in the region. Harmonious co-existence and patronage, provided by Maharaja to all communities and followers of every religion, took ‘Sikh art’ beyond the inflexible limitations. Hence Sikh Art & Culture can be seen as having much variety in its themes, inspirations, styles, methods, and techniques. -
Jammu and Kashmir (Princely State) Was Created with the Signing of the Treaty of Amritsar Between the British East India Company and Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu
1846: Jammu and Kashmir (princely state) was created with the signing of the Treaty of Amritsar between the British East India company and Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu. - Gulab Singh, a Hindu king already ruled over Jammu and Ladakh - The British East India Company defeated the Sikhs and wanted compensation of Rs. &7.5 million - The Sikhs could not pay. - Gulab Singh did and got the Kashmir valley in return - Gulab Singh accepted overall British sovereignty 1947: End of British rule – creation of India & Pakistan - Indian leaders & Viceroy Mountbatten did not want a divided India - Zinnah did – he was afraid Muslims would not get fair treatment - Indian leaders excepting Gandhi finally caved - Rulers of three princely States, Hyderabad, Junagadh and Kashmir asked to choose between India and Pakistan - Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir dithered - Pakistan, sensing opportunity, attacked with a tribal army - Hari Singh asked for Indian help and acceded to India 1948: Matter referred to the Security Council - Security Council recommended referendum and troop withdrawal - Pakistan refused to withdraw troops 1951: Elections in Indian-administered area backed accession to India - India: Referendum unnecessary - Pakistan: Referendum has to be over entire area 1953: State Govt. of Jammu & Kashmir ratified accession to India 1950s: China gradually occupied eastern Kashmir (Aksai Chin) 1962: India lost war to regain Aksai Chin 1963: Pakistan ceded Trans Karakorum tract to China 1965: Second India-Pakistan war 1971-72: Third India-Pakistan war – creation of Bangladesh 1987 to 2020 – This period is marked by a) Repeated infiltrations by Pakistan-trained and armed fighters launching terrorist attacks and inciting uprisings b) At times heavy handed response by Indian armed forces c) Movements by some Kashmiris for autonomy 2019 August - Indian government stripped Jammu and Kashmir state of the special status that gave it significant autonomy under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution. -
Susur Galur Sept 2013.Indb
SUSURGALUR: Jurnal Kajian Sejarah & Pendidikan Sejarah, 1(2) September 2013 ALI MOHD PIR & AB RASHID SHIEKH Formation of the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir: The Historical Perspectives ABSTRACT: The formation of the state of Jammu and Kashmir was unique as disparate territories stripped by the English East India Company from Sikh Kingdom of Punjab were brought together to form the state. The boundaries of the state were redrawn more for geo- political and administrative convenience rather than on a commonality shared by the people living there. Further, the heterogeneity of the state was the direct by-product of the military and diplomatic accomplishments of the founder of the Dogra dynasty, combined with the political acumen which completed the expansion of British power into northern India. This paper, however, attempts to discuss the historical background of the territories of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh; and the processes and procedures which were involved in cobbling together of these disparate territories by the English East India Company and Raja Gulab Singh of Jammu to bring into being the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. An attempt to highlight the polemic that followed the creation of this state is made to draw a conclusion regarding the handing over of Kashmir to Gulab Singh. The study attempts to examine the distinctive characteristics of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. KEY WORD: Princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, historical background, English East India Company, distinctive entities, and military and diplomatic accomplishments. IKHTISAR: Makalah ini berjudul “Pembentukan Negara Kerajaan Jammu dan Kashmir: Perspektif Sejarah”. Pembentukan negara bagian Jammu dan Kashmir adalah unik karena wilayah yang berbeda itu dilucuti oleh Perusahaan India Timur Inggris dari Kerajaan Sikh di Punjab untuk dibawa bersama dalam membentuk negara. -
Who Is the Native of the Sarvasiddhāntatattvacūḍāmaṇi? Sreeramula Rajeswara Sarma
Document generated on 09/30/2021 3:07 p.m. History of Science in South Asia Who is the Native of the Sarvasiddhāntatattvacūḍāmaṇi? Sreeramula Rajeswara Sarma Volume 9, 2021 Article abstract The British Library, London, holds a unique manuscript copy of a Sanskrit text URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1080249ar entitled Sarvasiddhāntatattvacūḍāmaṇi (MS London BL Or. 5259). This DOI: https://doi.org/10.18732/hssa57 manuscript, consisting of 304 large-size folios, is lavishly illustrated and richly illuminated. The author, Durgāśaṅkara Pāṭhaka of Benares, attempted in this See table of contents work to discuss all the systems of astronomy – Hindu, Islamic and European – around the nucleus of the horoscope of an individual personage. Strangely, without reading the manuscript, the authors Sudhākara Dvivedī in 1892, C. Publisher(s) Bendall in 1902 and J. P. Losty in 1982, declared that the horoscope presented in this work was that of Nau Nihal Singh, the grandson of Maharaja Ranjit University of Alberta Library Singh of Lahore, and this has been the prevailing notion since then. The present paper refutes this notion and shows – on the basis of the relevant ISSN passages from the manuscript – that the real native of the horoscope is Lehna Singh Majithia, a leading general of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. 2369-775X (digital) Explore this journal Cite this article Sarma, S. (2021). Who is the Native of the Sarvasiddhāntatattvacūḍāmaṇi? History of Science in South Asia, 9, 167–208. https://doi.org/10.18732/hssa57 ©, 2021 Sreeramula Rajeswara Sarma This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. -
Famous Governors of Multan Under the Sikh Regime in Punjab
Review Article Ann Soc Sci Manage Stud Volume 2 Issue 2 - November 2018 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Ahmad Ali DOI: 10.19080/ASM.2018.02.555584 Famous Governors of Multan Under the Sikh Regime in Punjab Ahmad Ali1*, Shahid Hasan Rizvi2, Khizar Hayat3 and Muhammad Akbar4 1Lecturer at Govt. Degree College Mailsi, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan 2Chairman Department of History, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan 3P.S.T. at G.P.S. Kotla Dilbar, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan 4S.S.S. at G.H.S.S 53 M, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Submission: July 21, 2018; Published: November 05, 2018 *Corresponding author: Ahmad Ali, Lecturer at Govt. Degree College Mailsi and PhD Scholar, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Abstract Maharaja Ranjit Singh had numerous Hindu Officials and Courtiers at Lahore Durbar because he needed to utilize their services in civilian setup to grow and build his Kingdom. Undoubtedly, he required to inject the soul of rivalry, chastisement and proficiency in his various officials specifyingand courtiers that so some that ofhe these could were merge unfortunate his place and and would disappointed have the with capacity their topast enlarge services, his Realmso they without could get much any trouble.status, either By utilizing a General them, or ahe clerk, also onproved the ground the secular of legitimacy. scenario of Among his Empire. them, He,following according pioneers to his werenecessities, appointed fully the utilized Governors the competence in Multan ofwhom these played Hindu a Courtiers. vital role Itin will politics, be worth civil as well as military administration, economics, agriculture, irrigation and land revenue etc.