© in This Web Service Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03765-6 - Parasite Diversity and Diversification: Evolutionary Ecology Meets Phylogenetics Edited by Serge Morand, Boris R. Krasnov and D. Timothy J. Littlewood Index More information

Index

Acanthocephala, 2, 44–45, 74, 182–183, 185–190, Aneuretopsychidae, 234 192–201, 323–325, 331, 333, 353, 396, 475, Annelida, 41, 153 477 Anolis, 3, 320–327, 329–334 Acanthocephalus, 187 Anolisomyia, 324, 330 Acari, 44, 160, 177–179, 181, 262, 265–266, 268, Anopheles, 155–156, 180, 444, 448 277, 281–288, 324, 330, 334, 436, 445, 449 Anoplura, 177, 215, 348 Achalcus, 168–169 antagonistic pleiotropy, 383 Acromyrmex, 380 Aphididae, 157, 159, 161, 175, 178, 263, 420, 427, Acropsylla, 157 432 Acuariidae, 324 Apicomplexa, 44–45, 103, 323, 330, 333 Acyrthosiphon, 152, 157–158, 173, 175, 178, 181 Apis, 280 Adalia, 156, 164, 166–167, 172, 180–181 Aporocotylidae, 309 adaptive radiation, 150, 286, 322, 331–333, 375, Arachnida, 44, 156, 160, 282 411, 418–419, 433 Aractidae, 324 Adeleina, 324 Araneae, 156, 160 Aedes, 156, 172, 448 Araneus, 170 Africa, xii, 71, 117, 120, 122, 124–129, 131–132, Aratinga, 279, 281 135, 138–140, 142, 145–146, 148, 176, 179, Archaeplastida, 153 203, 205, 207, 211, 214, 259, 261, 274, 413, Archiacanthocephala, 190, 192–193, 197, 199 416, 439, 455–456, 459–460, 463–469, 471 Archinycteribia, 248 Agastopsyllini, 237 Archinycteribiinae, 248, 251, 254 Agﬁdae, 294 Arderhynchus, 194 Alburnus, 369 Argas, 274 Alca, 440 Argasidae, 156, 178, 262, 273 Alces,80 Argyra, 169–170, 172–173 Alexandrium, 103–105 Arhythmorhynchus, 194–195, 200 Aleyrodidae, 157 Arsenophonus, 152, 254, 256, 260–261, 263–264 Allenopithecus, 120 Arthropoda, 1, 29, 79, 81–82, 150, 152, 154–155, Allocreadioidea, 313 160, 166, 174, 176, 178, 181, 193, 197, 261, allopatry, 406 265–266, 269–270, 274–276, 279, 281, 284, Alphaproteobacteria, 257 289–290, 301, 304 Amblycera, 215, 219–221, 223–224, 226, 228 Arvicolinae, 35 Amblyomma, 156, 171, 181, 257, 260 Ascaridida, 292 Amheterozercon, 274 Ascarididae, 324 Amiiformes, 313 Aschnera, 254 Amoebophrya, 103–104, 107–108 Ascidae, 272, 277, 286 Amphibia, 80–81, 87–89, 108, 110, 182, 284, 311, Ascodipterinae, 248, 251, 253–254, 261 315, 413, 423, 431, 443 Ascodipteron, 253, 261–262 Amphilinidea, 44, 308, 313, 318–319 Asobara, 158, 168, 175, 181 Amphipoda, 44, 50–51, 182, 193–195, 309, 396 Aspergillus, 380 Amphorophora, 157–158 Aspidogastrea, 44, 309, 318 Ancyrocephalidae, 407–409, 417–418 Astigmata, 266–267, 272, 277–279, Andracantha, 194–195, 198, 200 284–286 Androlaelaps, 275–276 asymmetrical per cent similarity index, 362

480

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03765-6 - Parasite Diversity and Diversification: Evolutionary Ecology Meets Phylogenetics Edited by Serge Morand, Boris R. Krasnov and D. Timothy J. Littlewood Index More information

Index 481

Atopomelidae, 268, 279, 283 Centrorhynchidae, 324 Audycoptidae, 278, 283 Ceratophyllidae, 35, 157, 179, 240, Aulogymnus, 157, 172 353–354, 449 Australopithecus, 211 Ceratophyllomorpha, 237 Austrovenus, 55, 57, 381, 398 Cercocebus, 120, 136, 139, 141–142, 144–147 autoregressive model, 338 Cercopithecidae, 132 Azygioidea, 311 Cercopithecinae, 132 Cercopithecus, 120, 122, 130, 134, 136, 139–141, Baculoviridae, 231 143, 146 Barbus, 187, 373 Cercozoa, 109, 163 Barreropsyllini, 237 Cerobasis, 168 Bartonella, 178–179, 240, 242, 256–257, 259–263 Cestoda, tapeworms, 3, 243, 304–308, 311–319, Basilia, 252, 256, 258 330, 353, 355, 415, 477 Batillaria, 416, 476, 478 Chaerephon, 249 Batrachochytrium,80–81, 108, 110 Chaetognatha, 41, 44, 199 Baylisascaris,80 Chilocorus, 273 Bdellidae, 267–268 Chimaeropsyllidae, 237 Bdelloidea, 189–190, 199 Chirodiscidae, 268, 279, 283 beetles, see Coleoptera Chiroptera, 246, 262, 264, 287 Bemisia, 157, 159, 170, 173, 175 Chlorocebus, 120, 122 Benthimermidthidae, 46 Chlorophyceae, 153 Bicellaria, 169 Chromadorea, 290, 292 Biomphalaria, 379, 383, 395, 400 Chromalveolata, 153 Bivesiculoidea, 309, 311 Chrysotimus, 168, 170 Black Death, see Yersinia pestis Chrysotus, 168–170, 172–173 Blattisocius, 272 chytrid fungi, 105, 108, 111–112 Bolbosoma, 194–195 Cicadellidae, 157, 179 Boreidae, 231, 235–237 Cichlidogyrus, 407, 409, 411, 418 Borrelia, 178, 256, 261–262 Ciliophora, 44–45, 163, 181 Brachiopoda, 45 Cirripedia, 44 Brachycladioidea, 313 Cladorchiidae, 311 Brachys, 155–156, 173 climate change, 58–59, 70, 73–75 Brachytarsininae, 233, 248, 251 Clinocera, 170 Bradiopsyllini, 237 Clitellata, 157 Brillouin diversity index, 17 Cloacaridae, 277–278, 282–284, 286 brood parasites, 223–224, 229, 339 Cnidaria, 40–44, 153 Bruchidae, 156, 176 Coccidula, 157 Bryopsidophyceae, 153 Coccinellidae, 155–156, 273 Bryopsis, 163, 177 Coccotrypes, 152, 155, 164, 170, 181 Bryozoa, 44 coevolution, xiii, 4, 51, 72, 75, 109, 122, 124, 129, Buchnera, 161, 263, 432 138, 180, 207, 209, 227, 280, 283, 303, 315, Buprestidae, 156 343, 346, 348, 350, 394–395, 413, 418, 420–434, 436, 441, 444–445, 447–449, 463 Caeculidae, 268 Coleoptera, beetles, 151–152, 155–156, 163–166, Caligus, 364 173–174, 176–177, 180–181, 233, 244, 273 Callorhincus, 316 Collembola, 156, 160, 164, 176, 269 Calvia, 156, 172 Colobidae, 132 Calyptratae, 246, 250, 260, 263 Colobus, 119, 141, 144 Campanulotes, 218 Columbicola, 218, 412, 440–442 Campsicnemus, 169, 172 Columbiformes, 412, 440 Capillaridae, 294 competition, 55, 60–61, 64–65, 67–69, 74, 76, 82, Carassius, 369 88, 235, 352, 360, 363, 365, 372, 374, 377–380, Carcinus, 474, 478 382, 391–392, 394, 396–397, 475 Cardinium, 152, 155 convergent evolution, 231, 233–234, 245, 249, 329, Carios, 156, 178, 256, 262, 274 332, 339, 345, 348, 351, 400 Carteria, 163, 174 Copepoda, 44, 415 Cebidae, 278, 283 Corynosoma, 187–188, 194–195, 197–198, 200

482 Index

Cosmocercidae, 324 Dictyocaulus, 296 cospeciation, 4, 65, 161, 166, 202, 206, 216, 328, Dicyemida, 44 343–344, 402–404, 407, 409–410, 414, Didymozoidae, 311 423–424, 426, 428–429, 432–437, 439–444, Digenea, 44, 46, 48, 50, 54–55, 305–307, 309–311, 446–447, 449 313–318, 340, 412–413, 415, 417, 476–478 cox1, CO1 mitochondrial gene, 95, 100, 110, 167, Diophrys, 153, 163, 174, 181 187–190, 192, 195, 198, 208, 237 Diphyllobothriidea, 313–314 cox2, mitochondrial gene, 235, 237 Diplogyniidae, 274 Craneopsyllinae, 239 Diplospinifer, 194 Cricetinae, 35 Diplostomida, 309, 315 Crocuta,80 Diplostomoidea, 309, 478 Crustacea, 40–41, 43–44, 46, 50–52, 193, 233, 280, Diptera, 3, 155–156, 158, 163, 165, 175, 177, 305, 359, 474, 478 246–247, 249, 252, 259–264, 324, 330 cryptic species, 16, 25, 186–188, 199, 316, 326–327, dispersal, 23, 49, 51, 59, 160, 174, 176, 207, 213, 329, 333, 402, 416, 443, 448, 475, 478 272, 281, 323, 327, 331, 381, 407, 409–410, Cryptogonimidae, 311 424, 430, 435–440 Cryptomycota, 104, 106, 112 divergence, 24, 97, 136, 147–148, 180, 186–189, Ctenocephalides, 157, 159, 174, 177, 239, 242–243, 200, 204–206, 208, 210, 255, 258, 307, 245 333–334, 374, 405, 410, 416, 421, 423, 426, Ctenoparia, 239 429, 452, 455, 461, 464 Ctenophora, 40–41, 44, 304 Dolichopodidae, 158, 166, 178 Ctenophthalmidae, 232, 237, 239, 241, 243 Dolichopodinae, 156 Ctenophthalminae, 240 Dolichopus, 156, 164, 168–169, 172–173 Cuculiformes, 223 Dormitator, 187, 200 Culex, 257 Dorylaimia, 292 Culicidae, 156, 443 Drosophila, 166, 178, 180, 233, 244, 251, 261, 373, Culicoides, 155, 175 389, 399 Cunaxidae, 266 Dytiscidae, 157, 177 Curculio, 157, 169–170, 173–174 Curculionidae, 155, 157, 181 Ecdysozoa, 290, 303 Curtuteria, 381, 397 Echinodermata, 40–44, 304 Cyanistes, 80, 86 Echinostomatidae, 55, 311 Cycliophora, 44–45, 199 Echinostomatoidea, 310–311 Cyclophyllidea, 312–314 Echiura, 44 Cyclopodiinae, 248, 251–252, 254, 256 ecomorph, 320, 322–323 Cyprinidae, 364, 367, 414, 416 ectoparasitism, 28–29, 82, 217, 233, 235, 243, 246, Cyrtosomum, 327–328, 330, 332 277, 279, 331, 348, 405, 432, 445–446 cytb, mitochondrial gene, 237 effective population size, 204, 326, 392, 454–455, Cytoditidae, 277 457–458 Cyttaria, 423, 433 Eichler’s rule, 221–222, 229 Eimeriidae, 323, 330, 333 Dactylogyrus, 361, 364–367, 369, 371, 373–375, Eldunnia, 252 417 Emballonuroidea, 259 Daphnia, 51, 53–54, 57, 83, 85, 111–112, 382, 394, Empis, 169 398 Empoasca, 157, 159 Dasyponyssidae, 267, 280, 284, 287 Endeostigmata, 267 Decapoda, 44, 50, 52, 193–195, 359 endoparasitism, 104, 193, 199, 230, 277, 280–281, deep sea, 42, 46–47, 53, 115, 311 284, 286, 305 Demodex, 271, 278, 287 enemy release hypothesis, 59 Demodicidae, 267, 278, 283, 286–287 Enhydra, 80, 88 Dermacentor, 156, 173, 175, 178–179 Enischnomyia, 257, 263 Dermanyssidae, 267, 270, 280, 282, 285 Enoplea, 290, 294 Dermanyssina, 274–275, 280, 282 Enoplia, 292 Dermanyssoidea, 179, 273–275, 280, 282, 287 Enterobacteriacae, 254 Dermoglyphidae, 277 Entobdella, 405 Deronectes, 157, 163, 168–170, 177 Entognatha, 156 Diaphorus, 169 Entoprocta, 45, 199

Index 483

Eoacanthocephala, 190, 192–193, 197 Haemaphysalis, 156, 172 Eospilopsyllus, 232 Haemogamasus, 275, 284, 286, 288 Ephydroidea, 249–250 Haemoproteus, 82, 444 Ephytroidea, 249 Halarachnidae, 267, 277 Epicriidae, 268 Haliotis, 153, 177 Epidermoptidae, 277, 281–282 Halyzia, 156, 172 Epimyodex, 278, 283 Haplobothriidea, 313–314 Ereynetidae, 267, 277–278, 282–283, 286 Haplosplanchnoidea, 311 Erigone, 156, 160, 170 Haplosporidia, 44 Eriophyidae, 267 Haplosporidium, 153, 163, 174 Eriophyoidea, 267 Harrison’s rule, 234, 242, 298, 302, 448 Erythrocebus, 120, 140 Hectopsylla, 239 Eucampsipoda, 252, 254, 256, 259 Hectopsyllini, 237–238 Eucestoda, see also Cestoda, tapeworms, 25, 44, Heleomyzidae, 250 267, 317, 475, 478 Hemichordata, 45 Euhaplorchis, 475 Hemiclepsis, 153, 157, 169, Eulophidae, 157, 176 Hemiptera, 151, 157–159, 163–165, 178–179, 263 Eurema, 381, 396 Hemisarcoptes, 273, 285 Eutrombicula, 324, 334 Hemisarcoptidae, 273, 285 extinction, 34, 42, 56, 58–60, 140, 152, 215, 221, Hemiuroidea, 309, 311 239, 340, 348, 376, 401, 403–404, 409, 418, Hercostomus, 169 426–427 Heronimoidea, 309, 311 Hershkovitzia, 258 Fecampia, 474–475, 478 Heteroptera, 178, 234 fecundity, 80, 84, 88, 152, 159, 299–301, 355, 377, Heterozerconidae, 274 382–383, 449 Hexaglandula, 188, 194–195, 197–200 Felis, 174, 324 Hexapoda, 3, 176, 230 FISH, ﬂuorescent in-situ hybridization, 101–103, Hilara, 169 106, 108, 111, 113–114, 255 Hippoboscidae, 155, 177, 246, 248, 250–251, Flavobacterium, 152 258–259, 261, 264, 443 Floridosentis, 186, 200 Hippoboscoidea, 246, 248, 250–251, 260, 262–264 fossils, 3, 161, 189, 202, 206–207, 211, 230, Hirudinea, 44–45 232–235, 242, 257–258, 263–264, 270, 306, Hirudo, 405 314, 317–318, 412 Histiostomatidae, 268, 278 Francisella, 240 Holocephali, 316 Fratercula, 33, 440 Holothyrida, 266–267, 273 Hominidae, 132 Galago, 278 Homo, 60, 474, 477 Galaxia,80 horizontal gene transfer, 94, 240 Galleria, 383 Horn’s index, 362 Gammarus, 188 host resistance, 382–383, 431 Gastronyssidae, 277, 283 host speciﬁcity, 4, 23, 52, 56, 73, 216, 228, 240, 247, Gastrotricha, 189 260, 273, 279, 316, 318, 323–324, 327, 329, Geomys,74–75, 80 332, 340, 343, 347–348, 352–353, 355–356, Gerbillinae, 35 358–361, 364, 366, 369–370, 372, 374, Glossina, 156, 158, 257–258 401–403, 405–412, 415–417, 419, 431, 435, Glossinidae, 156, 246, 248, 250, 253, 258 437, 439, 442–443, 445–447, 475–476, 478 Glossiphoniidae, 157 host-shifting, 62, 64, 71, 346 Gnathonarium, 169 host-switching, 2–3, 34, 58, 60, 62–64, 71, 73, 122, Gorgoderidae, 311, 313 165–166, 196–197, 202, 206–207, 211, 216, Gorgoderoidea, 310–311, 313 227, 274, 315, 348, 375, 401–402, 404–411, Gorilla, 80, 119, 126, 206 414–415, 418–419, 424, 426–427, 435–437, Gymnopternus, 169–170, 173 439, 443, 476 Gyrocotylidea, 308, 313, 316, 319 Howardula, 389 Gyrodactylidae, 308, 405, 408 Hurlbert’s index, 362 Gyrodactylus, 373, 375, 406–409, 411, 414–415, Hyalomma, 156 417–419 Hybos, 173

484 Index

Hydra, 153, 163, 174, 176 Limonia, 158 Hydrophorus, 168–169 Linognathidae, 157 Hygrobates, 279, 284 Linognathus, 157 Hylaphantes, 168 Linyphiidae, 156 Hymenoptera, 151, 155, 157–158, 163–165, 176 Liposcelis, 165, 172, 175 Hypodectes, 273, 283 Listrophoridae, 268, 279, 283 Hyponeocula, 324 Lophocebus, 119, 122, 136, 148 Hystrichonyssidae, 280 Lutzomyia, 169 Hystrichopsyllidae, 236, 239, 242 Hystrichopsyllinae, 239 Macaca, 118, 131, 135, 143, 145 Hystrichopsyllomorpha, 236–237 MacArthur and Levins’ index, 362 Macrolophus, 157, 159, 163, 168, 173, 178 Ibirhynchus, 184, 194–195, 198 Macropsylla, 237, 242 Ichthyophthirius, 153, 163, 180 Macropsyllidae, 237 Indogynium, 274 Macrosiphum, 158, 170 Insecta, 44, 64, 72, 75, 156, 212, 226–229, 234, 242, major histocompatibility complex, MHC, 84, 86, 244–245 88–90, 339, 347, 397, 467, 469 intraspeciﬁc variation, 187–188, 339 Malacopsylla, 237 invasions, 34, 38, 48, 53, 59–61, 63, 71, 73, 108, Malacopsyllidae, 230, 237 153, 160, 257, 260, 314, 386 malaria, 3, 75, 83, 87–88, 90, 97, 320, 323, 325–327, Ischnocera, 65, 215, 224, 226, 228–229, 440 329, 331, 333–334, 378, 381, 395–396, Isopoda, 44, 50, 182, 193, 405, 415 398–400, 417, 443–444, 447–449, 478 Isospora, 323 Mandrillus, 120, 145–148 Ixodes, 33, 37, 86, 156, 164, 171, 261, 439, 446, Manitherionyssidae, 270, 280 448–449 Mastigophora, 44 Ixodida, ticks, 151, 156, 160, 165, 266, 274, 286 Mecoptera, 231, 235, 245 Ixodidae, 156, 160, 164–165, 178, 181, 270, Medetera, 168–170, 172–173 273–274, 449 Megachiroptera, 278 Ixodorhynchidae, 270, 280 Megistopoda, 252 meiofauna, 42, 46 Jordanopsylla, 237 Menoponidae, 223, 227–228 Mermithida, 292 Kinorhyncha, 189 Mermithidae, 294 Kleidocerys, 159, 172, 178 Mesocestoididae, 313–314 Knemidokoptidae, 277 Mesocoelium, 324 Kytorhinus, 156, 169, 176 Mesopolobus, 157 Mesopsychidae, 234 Laelapidae, 270, 280 Mesopsyllini, 237 Lake Tanganyika, 407, 409, 411, 415, 418 Mesostigmata, 151, 164, 179, 266–269, 274, Lamellodiscus, 347, 361, 372, 406–407, 413, 428, 277–278, 282, 284, 286, 288, 436 430–432, 446 Mesozoa, 44–45 Laminosioptidae, 277 Meta, 169 Lamprochromus, 173 Metarhizium, 380 Lardoglyphus, 273, 286 microhabitat, 4, 11, 29, 218–219, 228, 235, 279, 322, Larus, 440 360–366, 368–369, 371, 373, 375, 429 Larvimimidae, 280 Micromorphus, 168 latitudinal gradients, 47, 72, 78, 86 Microneta, 170 Legionella, 240 Microphalloidea, 309 Lemurnyssidae, 277, 283 Microphor, 168–169 Lepidoptera, 155, 158, 164, 173, 272, 346, 383 Micropterus, 187 Lepthyphantes, 170 microsatellite, 125, 209, 211, 437 Leptopsylla, 157, 175 Microsporidia, 44–45, 116, 231 Leptopsyllidae, 157, 236, 353–354 Microtus, 80, 86 Leptorhynchoides, 187–188, 200 Miopithecus, 120, 144 Leuciscus, 187 Miridae, 157, 178, 234 Leucocytozoon, 436, 444 mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA, 54, 190, 207, 214, lice, see also Phthiraptera 290, 292, 306–307, 319

Index 485

mitochondrial genome, 149, 190, 199–201, 210, Nycteridopsyllini, 237 213–214, 290–291, 302–303, 305, 318, 339, Nycterophilia, 247, 253, 255 348 Nycterophiliinae, 247–249, 251, 253, 255, 257, 262 Mitonyssoides, 281 Nymphomyiidae, 232 molecular clock, 4, 124, 178, 204, 450–451, Nysius, 159, 173 454–455, 457–460, 469, 471 Molineidae, 324 Oculotrema, 418, 476–477 Mollusca, 41–45, 305 Oedothorax, 168 Monogenea, 4, 44, 305, 318, 340, 346–347, 349, Oligacanthorhynchidae, 324, 331, 333 360–362, 365, 372–375, 404–407, 410–420, Oligochaeta, 44 431–432, 446, 476–477 Omentolaelapidae, 280, 283 Monogononta, 189–190 Onchobothriidae, 314 Monopisthocotylea, 44, 305, 346 Onchocercidae, 324 Mormoopidae, 255, 280 Oncicola, 183, 199, 324, 331, 333 Mormotomyia, 249, 260, 262 Oncoproteocephalidea, 313 Murinae, 35 Onychiuridae, 156 mutualism, 150–153, 159–160, 163–164, 166, 241, Onychiurus, 156, 160, 164, 172, 176 259, 424, 431 Oochoristica, 324, 330 Mycobacterium,80 Opecoelidae, 310, 478 Myobiidae, 279, 282–283, 287 Opecoeloidea, 310, 312–313 Myocoptidae, 268, 279 Ophiocelaeno, 274 Myodes, 80, 88 Ophiomegistus, 274 Myotis, 280, 439, 445–446 Opilioacarida, 266–267 Mystacina, 249 Opisthorchioidea, 310 Mystacinobia, 249, 261 Oribatida, 267–268 Myxozoa, 44 Orientia, 161–162, 174, 180 Myzostomida, 44–45 Ornithodorus, 274 Ornithomyia, 258 Nasonia, 257, 260–261, 264 Orobanchaceae, 340, 349 Nasutitermes, 324 Oropsylla, 157, 239 Natalidae, 255 Ostertagia,80 Nematalycidae, 267 Ostracoda, 45 Nematoda, 3, 10, 44, 46, 54–55, 65, 74, 85, 88, 189, Otiorhynchus, 169 197, 226, 231, 257, 269, 289–292, 294–296, Otobius, 274 298–303, 323, 327, 330, 332, 339, 353, 355, Otodectes, 278, 287 382–383, 389, 399–400, 415 Outlying Mean Index, 362 Nematomorpha, 44–45 Oxyurida, 292, 294, 296, 300, 302–303, 350 Nemertea, 41–42, 44 Neochrysocharis, 158, 172 Palaeacanthocephala, 186, 190, 192–194, 197–200 Neodermata, 305, 318 Palaeoestrus, 258 Neoechinorhynchus, 183, 186–187, 198–200 Paleopsylla, 232 Neotoma, 80, 284 Pan, 80, 119, 123, 125, 134–135, 137, 141–143, Neotunga, 230 146, 148, 225 Neurigona, 169 Panorpidae, 231 Neuroptera, 159, 164 Papio, 119, 138, 145 Nippotaeniidea, 314 Paradyschiria, 252 Noctilionoidea, 249, 259 Paramegistidae, 274 Non-Speciﬁcity Index, 402 Paramphistomoidea, 310–312 nuclear gene, EF-1α, 235, 237 Parapharyngodon, 327 nuclear gene, histone H3, 237 Parasitidae, 268 Nuclearia, 153, 170, 176 Parasitiformes, 265–267, 282, 286–287 Nuttalliella, 274, 282, 285 parthenogenesis, 65–66, 68–70, 152, 155, 158–159, Nuttalliellidae, 273–274, 285 164–165, 176–177, 180, 305, 308–309, 381, Nycteribiidae, 246, 248, 250, 252–253, 256, 400 258–259, 261–262, 443 Pasteuria, 54, 382, 398 Nycteribiinae, 248, 251–252, 254, 256 Pedetidae, 277 Nycteriboscinae, 248, 251, 253, 256, 259 Pediculidae, 157

486 Index

Pediculus, 75, 157, 204–206, 210, 212–214 Porifera, 40–41, 44 Pediobius, 172 Priapulida, 43, 45–46, 189 Penicillidia, 252 Procavia, 274 Pentastomida, 45 Procolobus, 119, 142, 144 Periglischrus, 280 Proﬁlicollis, 188, 194–195, 198, 200 Pharyngodonidae, 324, 327, 330 Pronocephalidae, 311 Philopteridae, 223, 226, 229, 412 Protocalliphora,80 phoresy, 216, 272, 284–285, 401 Pseudocorynosoma, 183, 194–195, 197–198 Phoronida, 45 Pseudomonas, 397, 425, 429, 431 Phoxinus, 187 Pseudorhabdosynochus, 407, 415, 417 Phthiraptera, lice, xiii, xiii, 3, 63–72, 74–76, 81, 151, Psoroptes, 278, 287 155, 157, 159, 165, 176–177, 179, 202–224, Psoroptidae, 278 226–229, 233, 235, 242, 254, 259–260, 263, Psoroptidia, 273, 279 298, 302, 348, 412, 414, 416, 418, 423, 433, Pteromalidae, 157 435–436, 440–442, 445, 447–449, 476 Pteropodidae, 259 Phthiridium, 252 Pthirus, 205–206, 212 Phthiropsylla, 237 Ptychogonimidae, 311 Phyllodromia, 168 Pulex, 232 Phyllostomidae, 255, 259, 280 Pulicidae, 157, 232, 237, 241–243, 353–354 phylogenetic conservatism, 195, 351, 359, 430, 478 Pulicinae, 237 phylogenetic constraints, 337, 341, 346, 358 Pulicomorpha, 236–237 phylogenetic correlation, 341, 351 Pupipara, 250, 254, 259, 261–262 phylogenetic eigenvector regression, 338 Pycnogonida, 44–45 phylogenetic inertia, 338, 346–347, 351, 357 Pygiopsyllomorpha, 237 phylogenetic signal, 4, 229, 282, 341, 344–345, Pyroglyphidae, 273 351–353, 355, 357–359, 424 phylogeography, 26, 51–53, 59, 72, 136, 148, 178, Raillietidae, 278 262, 326, 410, 414, 419, 463 Raillietiella, 324 Phylosor index, 22 Rangifer,80 Pianka’s index, 362 Reduviidae, 159, 173 Pignalio, 157 Renkonen’s index, 362–363 Piliocolobus, 119, 142, 144 Reticulamoeba, 106 Pinnipedia, 222, 277 Rhabdiasidae, 324 Plagiorchioidea, 309 Rhabditida, 292 Plagiorchis, 383 Rhabditina, 292 Plasmodium, 80, 90, 97, 103, 114, 323, 325–326, Rhadinorhynchidae, 192 330–331, 333–334, 378, 396, 398, 400, Rhagidiidae, 267 443–444, 447–449 Rhaphium, 168, 170, 174 Platyhelminthes, 54, 189, 305, 317–319, 323, Rhigonematida, 292 412–414, 418, 478 Rhinolophoidea, 259 Platynosomum, 324, 333–334 Rhinonyssidae, 277, 280, 282 Pleodorina, 163, 174 Rhinoxenus, 405, 413 Pneumocoptidae, 277 Rhipicephalus, 156, 180 Pneumophagus, 277 Rhizocephala, 44 Pnigalio, 158, 164, 172–173, 176 Rhopalopsyllidae, 232, 237, 243 pocket gophers, xiii, 63, 65, 70, 73–75, 435, 447 Rhopalopsyllus, 232 Podocinidae, 268 Rhynchobdellida, 157 Polyacanthocephala, 190, 192–193, 197–198 Rhyncophthirina, 215 Polyacanthorhynchus, 192 Rhyncoptidae, 278, 283 Polychaeta, 41, 44–45 Rhyzobius, 156–157, 161, 163, 174 Polymorphidae, 187–188, 194–200 Ribera,80 Polymorphus, 187–189, 194–195, 197, 200 ribosomal genes, mitochondrial, 237 Polyopisthocotylea, 44, 305, 413 ribosomal genes, nuclear, 94–95, 97, 99–100, 103, polyparasitism, 78, 83–85 105, 110–111, 113–116, 161–163, 168, 174, Polystoma, 423, 431 185–187, 190–195, 198–201, 228, 235, 237, Pomatoschistus, 407, 414, 419 261, 263, 290–292, 302, 306–307, 313, Pomphorhynchus, 187–188, 199 327–328

Index 487

Rickettsia, 2, 150–156, 158–181, 239–240, 243, 256, Spinturnicidae, 275, 280, 287, 436, 445, 449 262, 476 Spinturnix, 436, 438, 445 rickettsiosis, 150, 154, 158 Spiroplasma, 152, 155, 161, 178 Riesia, 254, 259 Spirurida, 292 Rissa, 33, 440 Steinernema, 292, 380, 383 Rodentia, 65, 73–75, 240, 246, 348 Stephanocircidae, 239 Rotifera, 44–45, 185, 189, 196, 199, 201 Stephanopsylla, 238 Rutilus, 176, 364, 375 Sternostoma, 277 Stivaliidae, 157 sampling bias, 11, 68, 218–221, 223–226 Stivalius, 157 Sarcodina, 44 Strashila, 232, 244 Sarcoptidae, 278 Strashilidae, 232 Sarcoptiformes, 266–267, 283, 285 Strebla, 247–248 Saurophthirus, 232 Streblidae, 246, 248, 250–253, 258, 260–264 Sceloporus, 325, 331 Streblinae, 248, 251–253, 255, 259, 261 Schellackia, 324 Streptococcus,80 Schistosoma, 83, 86, 379, 383, 389, 398, 400 Subcoccinella, 156, 172 Schistosomatidae, 340, 346 Sybistroma, 169 Schistosomatoidea, 309, 312 sympatry, 50, 75, 240, 320, 402, 405–408 schistosomiasis, 457–458 Syncerus,80 Schizogyniidae, 274 Syncoeliidae, 311 Sciuridae, 277 Syndermata, 189–190, 196, 198–199 Sciurus,80 Syntormon, 168 Scrippsiella, 104 Syringobiidae, 277 Scymnus, 157, 172 Seison,44–45, 197 Tachydromia, 168 Seisonidea, 189 Tadarida, 249 Setaria,80 Tantulocarida, 44 sexual selection, 2, 58–59, 64–65, 68–71, 73, 225, Tardigrada, 44–45 233, 322, 333, 434, 448–449 Tarwinia, 233–234 sexual transmission, 141, 327, 463 Telogaster,80 Shannon diversity index, 16–17 Tenuipalpidae, 266 Simpson diversity index, 16 Tetrabothriidea, 314 Siphonaptera, xiii, 3, 24, 28–31, 33–35, 37, 73, 151, Tetranychidae, 177, 266 157, 159, 162, 165, 177–179, 230–236, Tetranychus, 173, 177 239–245, 249, 253, 342–343, 348, 353, Teuchophorus, 169, 172 355–356, 358–359, 449 Thaumapsyllinae, 237 Sipunculida, 44 Theridiidae, 168 Sitobion, 158, 173 Thermacarus, 279, 285 slave trade, 459–460 Theropithecus, 120 sociality, 65, 78–79, 86, 88, 218 Torix, 153, 156–157, 163–165, 169 Sorensen dissimilarity index, 21 Toxoplasma, 80, 86, 88 Southwellina, 188, 194–195, 198, 200 transmission, horizontal, 111, 137–138, 150, 155, Spathebothriidea, 315 158–160, 165–166, 178, 245, 377, 384, 398, Spauligodon, 324, 327, 330 424, 447 speciation, 2–3, 32, 34, 37, 59, 62–65, 68–69, 71, 74, transmission, vertical, 130, 137–138, 150, 152–153, 147, 200, 216, 247, 261, 289, 329, 331, 158, 160, 166, 176, 254, 257, 381, 384, 397, 333–334, 346, 348, 364, 369, 373–375, 424 402–403, 405–409, 411–412, 415–416, 418, Transversotrematoidea, 309, 311 421, 424–426, 428–429, 432, 434–435, Trematoda, ﬂukes, 3, 10, 29, 36, 49, 52–54, 56, 227, 439–440, 442, 445, 447–449, 476–477 304–307, 309–311, 313, 316, 318, 323–324, species richness, 2, 11–19, 23–26, 28–29, 32–34, 36, 353, 355, 381–383, 415–416, 476–478 39, 49–50, 59–61, 68, 78, 85–86, 88–90, Trichinellida, 292 218–224, 226–227, 229, 240, 305, 340, 346, Trichobiinae, 233, 248, 251–253, 255, 259 348, 364, 401, 405–406, 411, 416 Trichobius, 247, 254–255, 257, 260, 262–263 sperm competition, 64 Trichopeza, 169 Sphyrotarsus, 169 Tritopsyllini, 237

488 Index

Troglodytes, 225 HTLV, human T-lymphotrophic virus, 117, Trombiculidae, chiggers, 265, 279, 285, 287, 324, 131–133, 135–136, 140–145, 147–149 330, 334 lentiviruses, 117–118, 122, 124, 141–143, 147, Trombidiformes, 151, 266–267, 283, 285, 287 175, 476 Troxochrus, 169 NPHV, non-primate hepacivirus, 462, 465 Trypanorhyncha, 313, 318 nucleopolyhedroviruses, 378 Tunga, 230 orthoretroviruses, 117 Tungidae, 230, 237 Parapoxvirus, 80 Tunginae, 237 pegiviruses, 465, 468, 470 Tungini, 238 PTLV, primate T-lymphotropic virus, 131–132, Tunicata, 44 135–136, 148 Turbellaria, 44–45 Puumala virus, 80 Turbinoptidae, 277 retroviruses, 2, 117, 128, 131, 137–140, 142, 144, Tylenchina, 292 476 SFV, Simian Foamy Virus, 2, 117, 128–131, 135, UniFrac index, 341, 345, 348 138 Uria, 440 SIV, Simian Immunodeﬁciency Virus, 2, 80, Urochordata, ,41 see also Tunicata 117–119, 121–125, 127–128, 130–131, Uropodina, 267 135–140, 142–144, 146–149 Uropsylla, 230–231 spumaretroviruses, 117 Urotrema, 324 STLV, Simian T-cell Leukemia Virus, 2, 117, 119, 131–146, 148 vaccines, 149, 384, 451, 463–464 ZYMV, Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus, 426 Varroa, 265 Vatacaridae, 279 Walchiidae, 279 Vermipsyllidae, 230, 237 Walckenaeria, 170 Vespertillionoidea, 259 Wenzellini, 237 vicariance, 259, 315 Wigglesworthia, 253, 259, 263 virulence, 4, 60, 63, 65, 70, 82, 85–86, 176, 178, Wolbachia, 152, 154–155, 161, 164, 166, 175–178, 225, 228, 264, 289, 323, 329, 376–400, 431, 180–181, 241–242, 256–257, 259, 261, 381, 435, 477 396, 400, 448 viruses cowpoxvirus, 80 Xenopsylla, 157, 175, 240, 242, 244 Ebola virus, 80, 263 Xiphosura, 45 HBV, hepatitis B virus, 462 HCV, hepatitis C virus, 450–459, 461–466, 468, Yersinia pestis, 239–240, 242, 256 470–471 Yinpterochiroptera, 259 Hepacivirus, 452, 462 HIV, Human Immunodeﬁciency Virus, 117–118, zoonotic, 60, 73, 75, 127, 130, 136, 143, 152, 240, 122–123, 125–127, 131–132, 138–143, 242, 256, 260, 394 146–148, 451, 454, 457, 464, 466, 471 zooplankton, 47, 51, 55, 57, 105