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The Road Between Sandton and Alexandra Township: a Fanonian Approach to the Study of Poverty and Privilege in South Africa

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The Road Between Sandton and Alexandra Township: a Fanonian Approach to the Study of Poverty and Privilege in South Africa The road between Sandton and Alexandra Township: a Fanonian approach to the study of poverty and privilege in South Africa By Raimond Nyapokoto Submitted in accordance with the requirements for The degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the subject DEVELOPMENT STUDIES At the University of South Africa Supervisor: Prof Sabelo. J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni November 2014 Student number: 36420174 i I declare that The road between Sandton and Alexandra Township: a Fanonian approach to the study of poverty and privilege in South Africa is my own work and that all the sources that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. ________________________ _____________________ SIGNATURE DATE (Mr) ii Abstract The key challenge to socio-economic transformation in South Africa is closing the gap between the poor and the rich. What is distinctive about South Africa is the uneasy coexistence of poverty and opulence. This study seeks to explore the structural, historical roots of poverty among the blacks in South Africa by deploying Fanonian Critical Decolonial theory. This is the ideal theoretical approach to unmask the structural causes of poverty and inequality in South Africa. Colonial ambitions and the global political engineering of the world by America and Europe spans more than four hundred years, and is still very much alive today in subtle forms. This study asserts that this imperial history is the cause of poverty, lack of agency, and the hellish conditions under which many black people live. The rise of industrial capitalism and attendant urbanisation is at the core of this impoverishment of the black man. It is also shown that, once impoverished, the black man’s poverty gathers its own momentum, leading to more poverty that is then handed down to succeeding generations. Contrary to Eurocentric theorising, the study shows that blacks are not ‘problem’ people but people with problems, who, instead of being condemned, should be regarded with sympathy. This research thesis focuses on Alexandra Township and Sandton as symbols of poverty and privilege, respectively. The former represents Fanon’s zone of non-being where life is lived in conditions of want and poverty, whilst the latter represents the zone of being characterised by good living and prosperity. The thesis will demonstrate the fact that these anomalous socio-economic disparities are not natural but man-made, and therefore require the action of human beings to correct them. Key Terms: abyssal lines; the Manichaean structure; coloniality of being; zone of being and zone of non-being; the black condition and structural violence. iii Dedication In memory of my beloved brother Remigius Nyapokoto (1973 – 2009) iv Acknowledgements This research thesis bears my name as the author, but truly speaking, it is a product of a lot of folks who ‘paused’ in their lives to give me a hand in this gruesome, long and lonely academic journey... ‘izandla ziyagezana’ for real... Firstly and I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Sabelo J Ndlovu-Gatsheni, first, for introducing me to the Critical Decolonial Thinking, and for guiding me throughout this research journey. Your insights have been thought-provoking and helpful, and your own energy and scholarship have been a great inspiration to me. I would like to thank Tendayi Mawango for introducing me to Professor Ndlovu. From that time onwards my understanding of the global political economy has been completely overhauled. Thanks also for taking a keen interest in my work and poring over it tirelessly, giving very helpful feedback. My gratitude also goes to Tendayi Sithole and Morgan Ndlovu, two folks who were readily available with material and advice, and to Beatrice Maphosa - a big thank you for a generous supply of material and for sisterly advice and encouragement. Supa Teke, Thabani Nyathi and Taka Tshabuse, thanks a lot for all those discussions as I sought verification of facts on the history of South Africa. Diana Manyaka and Jabulani Ndlovu, thanks a lot for accompanying me on my numerous trips to Alexandra and for introducing me to relevant people in the township. Colleagues and fellow Decolonial Thinkers at the African Decolonial Research Network, a big thank you to you all. Just your comradely presence and work, and the knowledge that there are other souls pushing for the same Decolonial agenda as mine, always buoyed me as I delved deep into my thesis. This research could not have ever been materialised was it not for you my dear wife, Tracey, who, when I was haggard and tired, was there for me. I salute you for enduring the endless calls for ‘a cup of coffee, please’ and enduring all the shuffling of paper, and especially for taking a keen interest in my work. You are one of a kind. To my kids, thanks for understanding that I could not be ‘daddy’ to you during these busy days...Mom and Dad, this thesis is for you. You have my deepest appreciation, respect and gratitude for educating me and teaching me not to take anything in life at face value v Lastly, but not least, I would like to give ALL the glory and honour to my Lord, Jesus Christ. It would certainly be foolish of me to claim my own abilities and intellects through this research journey. It can only be you, Lord, who led the way...You have never failed me. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover page i Declaration ii Abstract iii Dedication iv Acknowledgements v Table of Contents vii Table of figures x CHAPTER ONE 1 The making of a ‘country of two nations’ 1 Introduction 1 Historical Background 2 Literature review 8 Problem Statement 9 Research Objectives 9 Research Rationale 9 Limitations of Study 10 Theoretical Framework 10 Research Methods 15 Ethical Consideration 18 Chapter Layout 19 CHAPTER TWO 20 Theoretical Framework: Theory of poverty and poverty of theory 20 Introduction 20 Abyssal Lines 24 Manichaean Structure 28 Coloniality of Being: The Black Condition 32 Structural Violence 36 The Decolonial Turn and Shifting the Geography of Reason 37 Conclusion 42 CHAPTER THREE 43 Case Study: The Zone of Non-Being 43 Alexandra: ‘The Dark City’ 44 Geographical Location 44 Alexandra in Pictures 45 Historical Background 49 Housing and Infrastructure 51 Overcrowding and Squalor 51 vii Laws, laws and more laws. 53 Slums Act of 1934 53 Group Areas Act of 1950 54 ‘The Shame of Alexandra’ 55 Setswetla 57 ‘Nobody’s baby’ 59 Taxi Wars 60 Evictions and Expropriation 62 Hostels 64 “Universities of Crime” 66 Politicisation of Ethnic and Tribal Divisions 67 The Necklace 69 Xenophobia 69 Violence and Lawlessness 70 Gangsters 70 ‘Streets of the Damned’ 70 Bus Boycotts 71 Motor Career Transport Act 71 Abolition of Passes Act of 1952 71 Pass Laws and Police Raids 72 Socio-Economic System 73 Education 73 School Protests and Boycotts 76 The Bantu Education Act 76 The Soweto Uprising 78 The Six Day War 78 ‘Revolution Today, Education Tomorrow’ 78 “Azikwelwa” 80 Employment 81 The Great Depression 83 Beer Brewing and Shebeens 84 The Enigma of Arrival: 1994 – 2014 85 Structural Violence 86 Conclusion 89 CHAPTER FOUR 93 Case Study: Zone of Being 93 Introduction 93 Sandton: The Suburb of Gentleman 94 History 94 1800s and before 94 The Advent of the white 95 viii The Discovery of Gold 95 The South African War: 1899 – 1902 96 Urbanisation: 1902 onwards 96 The birth of a new municipality 98 Richest Square mile in Africa 101 Sandhurst: ‘Where the cream of society lives’ 102 Housing and infrastructure 102 ‘Gated community’ 107 ‘Billionaire Street’ 109 Socio-Economic set-up 110 Education 112 1994 to date 114 Conclusion 115 CHAPTER FIVE 116 Conclusion 116 Findings, conclusions and recommendations 116 Introduction 116 Findings and recommendations 117 Causes of poverty 117 The ‘new man’ in a new world order 117 Abyssal thinking 117 The manichaean structure 118 Structural violence 121 Recommendations 121 Bibliography 124 ix Table of Figures Figure 1. Diagram of the Zone of Being and Non-being.................................................................23 Figure 2. Map of Alexandra.............................................................................................................45 Figure 3. Unequal neighbours: Alexandra and Sandton..................................................................45 Figure 4. Die for Life. Literally........................................................................................................46 Figure 5. Setswetla bordered dangerously by the treacherous Jukskei River..................................47 Figure 6. Portrait of Squalor.............................................................................................................47 Figure 7. Street in Alexandra............................................................................................................48 Figure 8. These toilets are still being used in Alexandra Township................................................48 Figure 9. Linda Twala, (L) a philanthropist and the grandson of Hey and Eva Mbanjwa, the first black couple to settle in Alexandra, pauses for a photo after our interview...................................49 Figure 10. Footage of necklacing.....................................................................................................69 Figure 11. Sandton City- a world class shopping mall literally a shouting distance from Sandhurst.........................................................................................................................................101 Figure 12. A Sandhurst mansion in Oxford Street..........................................................................104
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