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Avian Influenza and Exotic Newcastle Disease 1 S L I D Module 18: Avian Influenza and Exotic Newcastle Disease 1 S Welcome to Module 18: Avian Influenza and Exotic l Newcastle Disease. This module was developed as i Module 18: supplemental training for the USDA-APHIS National Avian Influenza & Veterinary Accreditation Program (NVAP) by the Center for d Exotic Newcastle Disease Food Security and Public Health at the College of e USDA-APHIS National Veterinary Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University. The content for Accreditation Program (NVAP) this module was finalized in May 2014. Presenters: As 1 designed, slide completion time ranges from 30 to 90 seconds each, such that the entire presentation can be USDA-APHIS National Veterinary Accreditation Program completed in 60 minutes. For this topic, there are seven handouts that can be referred to during this presentation. These can be found at the end of this PDF and available in the corresponding web module and print manual. You may want to print out hard copies and have them with you for demonstration purposes during the presentation. S Supplemental Training l i 1. Print clearly on the sign-in sheets. 2. It is critical that we have your current email d address for your accreditation renewal. 3. If you do not know your 6 digit National e Accreditation Number, please see me at the conclusion of the presentation. 4. You will receive a Certificate of Completion during the presentation. 2 5. Keep your Certificate of Completion forever- do not send it to APHIS. USDA-APHIS March 2014 National Veterinary Accreditation Program Center for Food Security and Public Health S Supplemental Training l • All APHIS Approved Supplemental Training i (AAST) modules are also available on our Website with interactive features and links d to additional Web resources. e • Type “NVAP” into your search engine e.g. Bing, Google, Yahoo. 3 USDA-APHIS May 2014 National Veterinary Accreditation Program Center for Food Security and Public Health S Presenters: Please make sure your audience understands the Supplemental Training l intent of this information by reading what is written here. • Familiarize accredited veterinarians This informational presentation is intended to familiarize i with animal health regulatory concepts and activities accredited veterinarians with animal health regulatory d – Does not supersede the regulations concepts and activities. Information presented here does not e • For the most up-to-date regulations and standards, please refer to: supersede the regulations. For the most up-to-date – Code of Federal Regulations regulations and standards, please refer to the Code of 4 – Local VS District Office Federal Regulations and your local VS District Office. • Visit the USDA-APHIS district offices website USDA-APHIS May 2014 National Veterinary Accreditation Program Center for Food Security and Public Health Module 18: Avian Influenza and Exotic Newcastle Disease 2 S As an overview, this presentation will: Overview l • Explain the economic and public health impacts of an • Economic and public health impacts exotic avian disease outbreak i of disease outbreaks Describe the clinical signs associated with avian d • Clinical signs of AI and END • • Concerns associated with H5/H7 influenza (AI) and exotic Newcastle disease (END) e LPAI viruses • Introduce the concerns associated with H5 and H7 low • Roles of NPIP programs • Collection and submission of samples pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses 5 • Reporting positive results • Clarify the role of the National Poultry Improvement Plan • Biosecurity measures (NPIP) Avian Influenza Clean and Monitored programs USDA-APHIS May 2014 National Veterinary Accreditation Program Center for Food Security and Public Health and the Live Bird Marketing System program in preventing notifiable avian influenza (NAI) • Review how to collect and submit samples for the surveillance of AI and END • Provide information on how to report positive results for AI or END and understand the protocol for investigation, response, communication, and recovery • Highlight biosecurity measures specific for these diseases S Introduction: Avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease Introduction l (ND) are economically important poultry diseases that share • AI, ND: Similar, i economically important many similarities. Both diseases are caused by groups of viruses that vary from mildly pathogenic to highly virulent. d • Causative viruses – Mildly pathogenic Milder forms of Newcastle disease and avian influenza are e to highly virulent – Mild forms in U.S. present in the United States. The severe forms of each – Severe forms disease are exotic and must be reported immediately to State reportable to State, 6 Federal authorities and Federal authorities. The severe forms of each disease • Serious consequences for international trade can have serious consequences for international trade. USDA-APHIS May 2014 National Veterinary Accreditation Program Center for Food Security and Public Health S First we will cover the history, etiology, and other l information about avian influenza. i d Avian Influenza e 7 Module 18: Avian Influenza and Exotic Newcastle Disease 3 S The history of avian influenza – or “fowl plague,” as it was Avian Influenza: History l once known – started when it was discovered in Italy in • Once called “fowl plague” i 1878. This disease remained endemic in Italy for the next 50 • 1878: Discovered in Italy years and spread to many other countries. Between 1901 and d – Endemic for 50 years, spread • 1901-1930: Europe, North and South 1930, fowl plague outbreaks were reported in Europe, North e America, Egypt, China, Japan and South America, Egypt, China and Japan. Some early – Self-limiting outbreaks – Depopulations – mandatory, voluntary outbreaks were self-limiting, because farms tended to be 8 – Disease control mistakes spread AI isolated and this disease usually killed most of the birds. – Germany: “Brunswick disease” Governments sometimes ordered the remaining birds to be USDA-APHIS May 2014 National Veterinary Accreditation Program Center for Food Security and Public Health slaughtered. In other cases, farmers voluntarily undertook the culling, then restocked the farm. Occasionally, mistakes in disease control helped avian influenza spread widely. When birds started dying rapidly at the 1901 poultry show in Brunswick, Germany, the organizers panicked and sent all the birds back to their farms – thus, spreading the disease throughout the country. In Germany, avian influenza was once known as “Brunswick disease.” S In the United States, the first fowl plague outbreak was United States l reported in 1924-25. Because the disease was associated • 1924-25: First reported i with live bird markets, and railways were used to transport • Live bird markets, live birds, it spread extensively. To control the outbreak, d railways spread disease • Restrict imports from States restricted the importation of poultry from affected e affected States States. They also established emergency programs requiring • Federal programs – Slaughter infected flocks the slaughter of infected flocks, burning or burial of the 9 – Bury/burn carcasses carcasses, and cleaning and disinfection of crates and – Clean, disinfect affected premises. Federally supervised crews carried out USDA-APHIS May 2014 National Veterinary Accreditation Program Center for Food Security and Public Health these processes. S Avian influenza is caused by many different strains of Avian Influenza: The Viruses l viruses. Early researchers thought that fowl plague was • 1955: ‘Classical’ virus isolated i caused by a single virus. However, the isolation of the • 1959: New virus, ‘classical’ fowl plague virus in 1955 was soon followed by d Scottish chickens • 1961: New virus, the discovery of a new virus in sick chickens in Scotland e South African terns (1959) and another virus in sick wild terns in South Africa – Highly virulent – Domestic poultry: (1961). The highly virulent virus found in South African 1 Severe illness terns was unusual in two ways: it caused severe illness in – Terns: Death 0 domesticated poultry, and it killed terns. Viruses that can kill USDA-APHIS May 2014 National Veterinary Accreditation Program Center for Food Security and Public Health wild birds and poultry have also been found in wild populations during the H5N1 HPAI Asian strain outbreak that continues today. Strain refers to a genetic variant or subtype of the virus. Module 18: Avian Influenza and Exotic Newcastle Disease 4 S In the 1960s, avian influenza viruses were found in poultry AI: The Viruses (cont’d) l with milder diseases. This led to the realization that not all • 1960s: Milder AI viruses found avian influenza viruses are highly pathogenic. In the 1970s, i – Not all highly pathogenic researchers discovered that less virulent avian influenza d • 1970s: Less virulent AI viruses widespread in wild populations viruses are widespread in wild bird populations, particularly e – Wild waterfowl, shorebirds wild waterfowl and shorebirds. With very few exceptions, – Carried subclinically – Few or no clinical signs in poultry these viruses are carried subclinically in these populations, 1 • AI caused by heterogeneous viruses, and usually cause few or no clinical signs in poultry. These 1 some more virulent than others and other findings led to our current understanding of avian USDA-APHIS May 2014 National Veterinary Accreditation Program Center for Food Security and Public Health influenza as a disease caused by a heterogeneous group of viruses, some more virulent than others. S AI Viruses:
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