DOCSLIB.ORG

Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge Complex

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge Complex Hydrogeomorphic Evaluation of Ecosystem Restoration and Management Options for Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge Complex Prepared For: U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 3 Bloomington, MN Greenbrier Wetland Services Report 16-02 Mickey E. Heitmeyer Cary M. Aloia Josh D. Eash Mary S. Gerlach September 2016 HYDROGEOMORPHIC EVALUATION OF ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR OTTAWA NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE COMPLEX Prepared For: U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 3 Refuges and Wildlife Bloomington, MN 55437 and Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge 14000 West State Route 2 Oak Harbor, OH 43449 By: Mickey E. Heitmeyer Greenbrier Wetland Services Advance, MO 63730 Cary M. Aloia Wetland Dynamics Monte Vista, CO 81144 and Josh D. Eash Mary S. Gerlach U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 3 Water Resources Branch Bloomington, MN 55437 Greenbrier Wetland Services Report No. 16-02 September 2016 Mickey E. Heitmeyer, PhD Greenbrier Wetland Services Route 2, Box 2735 Advance, MO 63730 www.GreenbrierWetland.com Publication No. 16-02 Suggested citation: Heitmeyer, M. E., C. M. Aloia, J. D. Eash, and M. S. Gerlach. Hydrogeomorphic evaluation of ecosystem restoration and management options for Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge Complex. Prepared for U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 3. Report No. 16-02. Blue Heron Conservation Design and Print- ing LLC, Bloomfield, MO. Photo credits: USFWS, https://www.flickr.com/photos/136805129@ N03/; Cary Aloia, GardnersGallery.com; Karen Kyle This publication printed on recycled paper by 2 Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 13 THE HISTORICAL OTTAWA NWR COMPLEX ECOSYSTEM .................... 17 Geology, Geomorphology, and Topography ................................................ 17 Soils ....................................................................................................... 21 Climate and Hydrology .............................................................................. 29 Plant and Animal Communities ................................................................. 33 CHANGES TO THE REFUGE COMPLEX ECOSYSTEM .............................. 45 Settlement and Early Land Use Changes .................................................... 45 Refuge Establishment and Development History ....................................... 47 Refuge Water and Habitat Changes ........................................................... 55 Climate and Lake Erie Changes .................................................................. 59 ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS .............. 65 General Recommendations ........................................................................ 66 Specific Recommendations for ONWRC Units .......................................... 73 Cedar Point NWR ......................................................................... 73 Ottawa NWR ................................................................................ 76 Navarre Marsh ............................................................................... 80 Schneider, Gaeth/Kurdy, and Blausey Units ................................... 81 Darby Unit ..................................................................................... 82 Helle Unit ...................................................................................... 82 Knorn, Price/Adams, and Burmeister Units .................................... 82 3 1 CONTENTS, cont’d. MONITORING AND EVALUATION NEEDS................................................. 85 Quantity and Quality of Water .................................................................. 85 Restoring Natural Water Flow Patterns and Water Regimes ....................... 86 Long-Term Changes in Vegetation and Animal Communities .................... 86 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. 87 LITERATURE CITED ........................................................................................ 89 Karen Kyle 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report provides a hydrogeomorphic (HGM) evalu- ation of ecosystem restoration and management options for the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge Complex (ONWRC) including Ottawa NWR, Cedar Point NWR, Navarre Marsh, Darby, and eight small tracts in the expanded refuge boundary acquisition area. The refuge complex contains over 9,700 acres along the southwestern shore of Lake Erie in Ohio and includes important coastal freshwater marsh, swamp and riverfront forest, beach and dune, wet prairie and meadow, and shrub/scrub habitats. These habitats represent remnant parts of the Great Black Swamp landscape that developed in the region as proglacial Lake Maumee, the Holocene precursor to Lake Erie, receded and created a low elevation lake plain in the region. Following European settlement in the 1800s, extensive clearing and drainage of the Great Black Swamp occurred, which converted most of the swamp area to agricultural farmland. Following the turn of the 20th Century, attention turned to drainage and development of Lake Erie coastal wetlands and prairies/meadows with extensive ditch and dike systems, drainage canals, field tiles, pump stations, and water diversion projects. Most of the Lake Erie coastal wetlands eventually were modified or destroyed, but some areas were protected and managed by duck hunting clubs including many tracts now part of the ONWRC. Following refuge estab- lishment, starting in 1961 with the establishment of Ottawa NWR, water-control and other management infrastructure was constructed, which formed the basis for much of the sequential water and vegetation management of the refuge complex since. Frequent damage to coastal barrier beaches and the water-control infrastructure from storm events and high Lake Erie water levels has regularly compromised management capacity on the refuge complex. More recent Karen Kyle 5 ecosystem degradation has occurred from invasive plants along with degraded Lake Erie water quality. In 2000, a Comprehensive Conservation Plan (CCP) was developed with objectives to improve the ONWRC. More recently a Water Resource Inventory Assessment (WRIA) and comprehensive Habitat Management Plan (HMP) have been completed for the refuge complex. This HGM report assists implementation of the CCP and HMP with the following objectives: 1. Identify the Presettlement (pre-European contact) ecosystem condition and the ecological processes sup- porting them. 2. Evaluate changes in the ecosystem from the Preset- tlement period with specific reference to alterations in hydrology, topography, vegetation community structure and distribution, and resource availability for priority fish and wildlife species. 3. Identify restoration, enhancement, and management options for appropriate areas and habitats. The HGM approach obtained and evaluated historical and current information about: 1) geology and geomorphology, 2) soils, 3) topography and elevation, 4) hydrology and climate, 5) plant and animal communities, and 6) physical anthropo- genic features of the refuge. An important part of the HGM approach was the development of a matrix of understanding about historical vegetation communities in the ONWRC. Major community types on the ONWRC include a gradient of habitats from low elevation coastal beaches and dunes along the Lake Erie shoreline to higher elevation inland prairie, shrub, and forest habitats. Specific community/ habitat types include: 1) beaches and dunes including the unique dune forest, 2) coastal wetland complexes ranging from semipermanently flooded emergent to seasonally flooded herbaceous assemblages, 3) seasonally flooded wet meadows and wet prairie, 4) wet-mesic prairie with some savanna interspersion, 5) shrub/scrub including wetter buttonbush- dominated and drier dogwood-dominated shrub-carr, 6) low elevation swamp forest, and 7) riparian riverfront forest. 6 Considerable information documents the extensive changes to the ONWRC ecosystem. This report summarizes this information, specifically to document the extensive hydrological changes and associated community responses. The report then provides information specifically focused on identifying options, and certain subsequent management needs, to restore and enhance select areas of the refuge where appropriate. Based on this information the following conser- vation actions are recommended: 1. Protect and restore the physical and hydrological character of the coastal Lake Erie ecosystem. 2. Restore natural topography, water regimes, and physical integrity of surface water flow patterns into and across ONWRC lands. 3. Restore and maintain the diversity, composition, dis- tribution, and regenerating mechanisms of native veg- etation communities in relationship to topographic and geomorphic landscape position both on ONWRC and other regional conservation lands. General recommendations for these goals include: Goal 1. • Protect and support sustainable land and water conser- vation practices in all major river and drainage areas. • Identify watershed areas and coastal zone sites that disproportionately contribute sediments, nutrients, and contaminants to rivers and coastal wetlands and target soil-water conservation and erosion-control efforts along with improvements to water quality measures to these areas. • Evaluate the influences of lakeshore seawalls, dikes, and levee systems on seasonal, annual,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Southern Accent July 1953 - September 1954
    Southern Adventist University KnowledgeExchange@Southern Southern Accent - Student Newspaper University Archives & Publications 1953 Southern Accent July 1953 - September 1954 Southern Missionary College Follow this and additional works at: https://knowledge.e.southern.edu/southern_accent Recommended Citation Southern Missionary College, "Southern Accent July 1953 - September 1954" (1953). Southern Accent - Student Newspaper. 33. https://knowledge.e.southern.edu/southern_accent/33 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the University Archives & Publications at KnowledgeExchange@Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Southern Accent - Student Newspaper by an authorized administrator of KnowledgeExchange@Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SOUTHERN msmm college UBRMV THE OUTH^^ ACCENT Souchern Missionary^ollege, Collegedale, Tennessee, July 3. 1953 o lleven SMC Graduates Ordained Young Men Ordained to M^ Kennedy Supervises Varied Gospel Ministry f. at Five Iprog am of Summer Activities Southern Union Camp Meetings fcht chapel scat Wednesday e c n ng br ngs these comn ents for once tadi week we ha\e chapel Many % r cd ch-ipel progran s ha e been '> p anned bj Dr R chard Hammill of the college rfOMffliililiins ! Thursday udenb and it d(-r e\en ng at the ball field br ngs torth to bu Id up cred cheers as a runner si des the hon e or as the umpire calls 6tr kc Three Student o^ram Comm ... and h ult) al ke mansh p of Profc share the thr II of a hon e run V d) hi\e out! ned Come th me
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1. Natural History
    CHAPTER 1. NATURAL HISTORY CHAPTER 1. NATURAL HISTORY —THE WILDERNESS THAT GREETED THE FIRST SETTLERS The land one sees today traveling through northern Ohio took gone. Thus, some 14,000 years ago as the last glacier receded millions of years to form. We can see evidence of tropical sea into the Lake Erie basin, the first Native Americans arrived and reefs on the Lake Erie Islands and deep ocean sediments here in began to utilize the natural resources that these natural processes the cliffs of the Black River. Ohio was just south of the equator had produced. at that time, some 350 million years ago, and over the millennia The natural history of Sheffield encompasses all those natural has migrated northward to its present position. Mountain features and processes of the environment that greeted the Native building to the east eventually raised the sea floor from under Americans, and later the pioneers, when they first arrived in the waves and erosion by streams, and later glacial ice, began Sheffield. To be sure, the landscape was a magnificent wilderness to sculpture the land. At the same time plants and animals were to the settlers, but it needed to be “tamed” in order to support evolving and began to populate the new land once the ice was the newcomers. Ice formation on the shale bluff of the Black River north of Garfield Bridge (2005). 1 BICENTENNIAL HISTORY OF SHEFFIELD TOPOGRAPHY Regional Physiography The topography of an area is the configuration of the land Physiography refers to the physical features or landforms of surface, including its relief [vertical differences in elevation of a region.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Lakes Coastal Program Strategic Plan
    U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE The Coastal Program ~ Strategic Plan ~ Stewardship of Fish and Wildlife Through Voluntary Conservation Regional Step-Down Plan Region 3 - “Great Lakes -Big Rivers” Part 2 of 3 FY 2007-2011 Table of Contents I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................1 II. Regional Overview..................................................................................................................... 3 Wetland Habitat Types............................................................................................................... 3 Coastal Upland Habitat Types ................................................................................................... 4 Stream/Riparian Habitat Types.................................................................................................. 5 Issues and Risks ......................................................................................................................... 6 Cooperative Conservation.......................................................................................................... 6 III. Goal One: Conserving Habitat................................................................................................. 7 Regional Objectives ................................................................................................................... 7 Key Strategic Activities ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Brewers Association Brewery Members As of June 14, 2012
    Brewers Association Brewery Members as of June 14, 2012 (512) Brewing Co - Austin, TX 7 Seas Brewing Co - Gig Harbor, WA 10 Barrel Brewing Co - Bend, OR 75th Street Brewery - Kansas City, MO 12 String Brewing Co - Spokane, WA A1A Ale Works - St Augustine, FL 16 Mile Brewing Co - Georgetown, DE Aardwolf Pub and Brewery - Ponte Vedra, FL 1974 Brewing Company - Pottstown, PA Abandon Brewing - Victor, NY 21st Amendment Brewery Cafe - San Francisco, CA Abbey Beverage Co, LLC / Monastery of Christ In the Desert - Santa Fe, NM 23rd Street Brewery - Lawrence, KS Abbey Ridge - Alto Pass, IL 2nd Shift Brewing Co - New Haven, MO Abita Brewing Co - Abita Springs, LA 3 Guys and A Beer'd Brewing Co - Carbondale, PA AC Golden Brewing Company - Golden, CO 3 Sheeps Brewing Co - Sheboygan, WI Actual Brewing Company, LLC - Columbus, OH 3 Stars Brewing Co - Washington, DC Adelbert's Brewery LLC - Austin, TX 303 Brewing Company - Denver, CO Adirondack Pub and Brewery - Lake George, NY 4 Hands Brewing Co - Saint Louis, MO Adroit Theory Brewing Company - Sterling, VA 4 Paws Brewing - Chicago, IL Against the Grain Brewery - Louisville, KY 40 Arpent - New Orleans, LA Aiken Brewing Co - Aiken, SC 406 Brewing Company - Bozeman, MT Alameda Brewing Co - Portland, OR 49th State Brewing Co - Denali National Park, AK Alamo Beer Co - San Antonio, TX 4th Street Brewing Co - Gresham, OR Alaskan Brewing Co. - Juneau, AK 5 Boroughs Brewery - New York, NY Alchemist Cannery - Waterbury, VT 5 Rabbit Cerveceria Inc - Chicago, IL Ale Asylum - Madison, WI 515 Brewing Co - Clive,
    [Show full text]
  • Ohio's Great Black Swamp
    Ohio’s Great Black Swamp The Great Black Swamp was a vast wetland that dominated the Lake Erie lowland from northwest Ohio into northeastern The Great Black Swamp region Indiana. The system of marshy, woody habitat was created by Ice (photograph courtesy of the Allen County Historical Age glacial advances and retreats. Although Native Americans set Society and The Lima News) up villages on the periphery of the swamp, they ventured only occasionally across its sandy ridges. The swamp was a barrier to Words to Know: most people for centuries, and was studied by almost no one habitat periphery until it was drained in the late 19th century. cholera tributary In June of 1812, U.S. troops led by General William Hull crossed glacial necessity the swamp in 20 days. It took them eight days to get from Urbana implementation buffer to Fort McArthur, near Kenton. They bogged down 16 miles north of Fort McArthur, erected Fort Necessity , then advanced 14 miles to For Discussion: build Fort Findlay. They made it to the Maumee River on June 30. 1. For centuries, no one lived in The U.S. government took years to build the Maumee-Western the Great Black Swamp. What do Reserve Road, now State Route 20, through the swamp. The job, you suppose made people finally begun in 1808, was finished in 1820. By 1835, the road had wish to live there? become an impassable quagmire, and people were traveling 2. The Great Black Swamp served along the roadway’s side ditches instead. Short-lived “corduroy” as a sponge that collected debris roads were made from logs hewn from the swamp’s massive and dirt flowing toward Lake Erie.
    [Show full text]
  • Download the Summer 2009 Program Guide
    OPA ETR RK M S Program Guide JULY | AUGUST | SEPTEMBER 2009 Spending Summer Close To Home? We Have Dozens Of Ways To Spend It Wisely. | 1 | Check out our NEW! programs 419-407-9700 | METROPARKSPROGRAMS.COM Contents 3 Summer Camps 4 About Metroparks 5 Open for the Season 6 Special Events 7 Free Sunday Sampler Metrobarks, page 6 8 Nature Programs 11 Nature Programs for Kids 14 Nature Photography Programs 17 History Programs 20 History Programs for Kids 18 Year of the Trail Nature For Kids 22 Wildwood Manor House Programs page 11 | 2 | 22 Toledo Botanical Garden Programs 23 Nature’s Nursery Programs 23 Volunteer Programs 25 Volunteer Opportunities 25 Friends Groups 27 Members Programs 28 NEW! Program Index Helping Hands, page 23 33 Contacts 34 Directory Park Hours Reservations Phone reservations: 419-407-9700 Online reservations: MetroparksPrograms.com Program hotline/Cancellations: 419-407-9771 Facility Rentals, page 28 Reservation Form, page 31 Volunteer Services 419-407-9703 PROGRAMS LISTED BY DATE AT METROPARKSPROGRAMS.COM Summer Camps Memories Are Made At Metroparks Summer Camps Nature Camp (Ages 7 to 12) NEW! Kids Nature Photo Camp Nature Camp is a week of nature discovery Kids will have an excellent adventure in and exploration for kids with fun activi- exploring nature and capturing those wild ties, games, living history and stewardship moments with cameras. A limited number projects. Each day has a different focus. It’s of cameras are available to borrow during a great educational experience for children camp. Hosted at the National Center for who enjoy nature, history and the outdoors.
    [Show full text]
  • Welcome to the 2019 Edition of the GOBA Digest! the Intent of This
    elcome to the 2019 edition of the GOBA Digest! The intent of this publication is to highlight historical, unusual, and otherwise interesting places, people, and things as you ride the Great WOhio Bicycle Adventure. Before diving in, a quick history of the digest itself: In 1991, Tom Barlow, the original Event Director had included a bit of information about the days’ routes along the map margins. An “anonymous” commenter said they enjoyed the information but craved more. Tom recognized the commenter’s handwriting as belonging to Julie Schmitt and he recruited her to do to first “Global GOBA”. Julie Schmitt has been the author of the digest ever since then. Julie says, “Since the Ohio Department of Development had given seed money to help jump start GOBA and the goal was to feature the smaller communities in Ohio, it was only natural to try a get a bit more intimate with the landscape. As a new rider, and an Ohio skeptic (I loved Wild, Wonderful West Virginia with its white water rivers and stunning mountains), GOBA really helped me foster a love for Ohio and I feel like I am now one of its most fierce champions.” Julie continued: “I have seen the decline in Ohio’s small towns from lack of employment, and changing farming practices. Gone are the smaller farms and along with that, the fence rows that fos- tered a number of plant and animal species, broke up the landscape and may have helped to moder- ate daily temperatures. Now we have to frequently seek shelter on GOBA from heavy rains and strong winds.” The Digest, like the tradition of GOBA itself, is one that is cherished by all riders.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Works Commission Clean Ohio Fund - Green Space Conservation Program Acreage Report
    State of Ohio Public Works Commission Clean Ohio Fund - Green Space Conservation Program Acreage Report County Applicant Project Name ProjID Grant Acquired Description Adams The Nature Conservancy Buzzardroost Rock and Cave Hollow Preserve COCAB 337,050216 Acres This project consists of acquisition of 216 acres of land in Adams County to expand the Buzzardrock Addition Preserve. The preserve is named for the turkey and black vultures that frequent the 300-foot rock and associated cliffs of the property. Adams The Nature Conservancy Additions To Edge of Appalachia Preserve SystemCODAC 725,062383 Acres This project consists of acquisition of 383 acres to expand the Abner Hollow, Cave Hollow, Lynx Prairie, and Wilderness preserves in Adams County. The project serves to protect and increase habitat for threatened and endangered species, preserves streamside forests, connects protected natural areas, provides aesthetic preservation benefits, facilitates good management for safe hunting, and enhances economic development related to recreation and ecotourism. Adams The Nature Conservancy Sunshine Corridor and Adjacent TractsCOEAB 741,675654 Acres This project consists of the fee simple acquisition of 654 acres at five locations in Adams County. This project protects habitat, preserves headwater streams and streamside forest, connects natural areas, and facilitates outdoor education. Adams The Nature Conservancy Edge of Appalachia and Strait Creek Preserve COFAA 1,251,853812 Acres This project consists of the fee simple acquisition of 812 acres at 10 locations in Adams County. The Additions project increases and protects habitat, preserves headwater streams and streamside forest, and connects natural areas. Adams The Nature Conservancy Edge of Appalachia Sunshine Corridor Additions - COFAB 699,191514 Acres This project consists of fee simple acquisition of about 514 acres of land at 4 locations in Adams 2011 County.
    [Show full text]
  • Geology of Michigan and the Great Lakes
    35133_Geo_Michigan_Cover.qxd 11/13/07 10:26 AM Page 1 “The Geology of Michigan and the Great Lakes” is written to augment any introductory earth science, environmental geology, geologic, or geographic course offering, and is designed to introduce students in Michigan and the Great Lakes to important regional geologic concepts and events. Although Michigan’s geologic past spans the Precambrian through the Holocene, much of the rock record, Pennsylvanian through Pliocene, is miss- ing. Glacial events during the Pleistocene removed these rocks. However, these same glacial events left behind a rich legacy of surficial deposits, various landscape features, lakes, and rivers. Michigan is one of the most scenic states in the nation, providing numerous recre- ational opportunities to inhabitants and visitors alike. Geology of the region has also played an important, and often controlling, role in the pattern of settlement and ongoing economic development of the state. Vital resources such as iron ore, copper, gypsum, salt, oil, and gas have greatly contributed to Michigan’s growth and industrial might. Ample supplies of high-quality water support a vibrant population and strong industrial base throughout the Great Lakes region. These water supplies are now becoming increasingly important in light of modern economic growth and population demands. This text introduces the student to the geology of Michigan and the Great Lakes region. It begins with the Precambrian basement terrains as they relate to plate tectonic events. It describes Paleozoic clastic and carbonate rocks, restricted basin salts, and Niagaran pinnacle reefs. Quaternary glacial events and the development of today’s modern landscapes are also discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • 2019Annual Report
    2019 ANNUAL REPORT OUR MISSION ANNUAL REPORT ANNUAL 2019 Black Swamp Conservancy is a land trust dedicated As a nonprofit organization, Black Swamp to protecting natural areas and family farms, Conservancy relies on the support of now and for future generations, through land landowners, donors, and partnerships with other conservation agreements. We do this to preserve the conservation organizations. We strive to be a rural heritage, unique natural habitats, and lakes wise investment for our supporters, whether they and streams of northwest Ohio. are giving us their land, time, or money. By protecting our valuable land and water resources, we hope to support healthier communities with strong, sustainable economies including agriculture and ecotourism. ANNUAL REPORT ANNUAL 2019 We are making a difference in the future of northwest Our efforts to restore natural habitats continue on. Ohio. With your help, Black Swamp Conservancy is This report highlights the Carter Farm project, but creating new public preserves throughout the region, re- more work has also been accomplished at Forrest building natural habitats that had been lost, and helping Woods … and there are other restoration projects now beginning farmers access land on which to produce food in the works. in ecologically sensitive ways. The Conservancy’s Food and Farm Initiative is well This year The Conservancy purchased two new nature underway, with the first farmer on-the-ground and a preserves; one along Lake Erie and the other all the way search for more land to help beginning farmers get upstream in its headwaters. The Kraft-Heinz Company their start next growing season.
    [Show full text]
  • LAKES of the HURON BASIN: THEIR RECORD of RUNOFF from the LAURENTIDE ICE Sheetq[
    Quaterna~ ScienceReviews, Vol. 13, pp. 891-922, 1994. t Pergamon Copyright © 1995 Elsevier Science Ltd. Printed in Great Britain. All rights reserved. 0277-3791/94 $26.00 0277-3791 (94)00126-X LAKES OF THE HURON BASIN: THEIR RECORD OF RUNOFF FROM THE LAURENTIDE ICE SHEETq[ C.F. MICHAEL LEWIS,* THEODORE C. MOORE, JR,t~: DAVID K. REA, DAVID L. DETTMAN,$ ALISON M. SMITH§ and LARRY A. MAYERII *Geological Survey of Canada, Box 1006, Dartmouth, N.S., Canada B2 Y 4A2 tCenter for Great Lakes and Aquatic Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A. ::Department of Geological Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, U.S.A. §Department of Geology, Kent State University, Kent, 0H44242, U.S.A. IIDepartment of Geomatics and Survey Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B., Canada E3B 5A3 Abstract--The 189'000 km2 Hur°n basin is central in the catchment area °f the present Q S R Lanrentian Great Lakes that now drain via the St. Lawrence River to the North Atlantic Ocean. During deglaciation from 21-7.5 ka BP, and owing to the interactions of ice margin positions, crustal rebound and regional topography, this basin was much more widely connected hydrologi- cally, draining by various routes to the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean, and receiving over- ~ flows from lakes impounded north and west of the Great Lakes-Hudson Bay drainage divide. /~ Early ice-marginal lakes formed by impoundment between the Laurentide Ice Sheet and the southern margin of the basin during recessions to interstadial positions at 15.5 and 13.2 ka BE In ~ ~i each of these recessions, lake drainage was initially southward to the Mississippi River and Gulf of ~ Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Sandusky River (Lower) and Bay Tributaries Watershed
    Total Maximum Daily Loads for the Sandusky River (lower) and Bay Tributaries Watershed Division of Surface Water Draft for Public Review April 18, 2014 Cover photo: Wolf Creek at Township Line Rd., Sandusky County, Ohio. Sandusky River and Bay Tributaries Nutrient and Sediment TMDLs April 18, 2014 PUBLIC COMMENT DRAFT Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 5 Ohio Environmental Protection Agency Prepared by Tetra Tech, Inc. 1468 West Ninth Street, Suite 620 Cleveland, OH 44113 Sandusky River and Bay Tributaries PUBLIC COMMENT DRAFT Nutrient and Sediment TMDLs Contents Tables ........................................................................................................................................................... iii Figures ......................................................................................................................................................... vi Abbreviations and Acronyms ..................................................................................................................... vii Units of Measure ........................................................................................................................................ viii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... ix Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... x 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]