Distribution and Population Status of Himalayan Monal Pheasant (Lophophorusimpejanus) in Salkhala Game Reserve, Neelum Valley Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan)
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Ahmad et al., The J. Anim. Plant Sci. 29(4):2019 DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION STATUS OF HIMALAYAN MONAL PHEASANT (LOPHOPHORUSIMPEJANUS) IN SALKHALA GAME RESERVE, NEELUM VALLEY AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR (PAKISTAN) B. Ahmad1*, F. Noor1, M. S. Awan1, R. A. Minhas1 and U. Ali2 1Department of Zoology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Muzaffarabad, AJ&K, Pakistan; 2Department of Zoology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology, Mirpur (10250), AJ&K, Pakistan *Corresponding Author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Present study was carried out to determine distribution and population status of Himalayan Monal pheasant (Lophophorus impejanus) in Salkhala Game Reserve. This game reserve is an Endemic Bird Area in the Neelum valley within Western Himalayas, situated along ceasefire line between Pakistan and India. For data collection, study area was divided into three localities with eleven sub-localities. Systematic surveys were conducted in each sub-locality from March to September 2014, early in the morning (5:00-9:00am) and half an hour before evening. Distribution was determined by direct and indirect evidences including sighting, ground scratching, feathers, fecal material, foot prints, information collected from hunters, locals and wildlife staff. Populationof the bird was estimated by line transect method, laid down in the habitat of Himalayan Monal. The results indicated that this pheasant is distributed in all localities of the study area, preferring high altitude mountains with different aspects and slopes between 1900 mand 2600 m above sea level (asl). Overall population density of Himalayan Monal in the study area was 5.63 birds/km2. The highest density (6.81 birds/km2) was recorded in locality Khikhre-dohre, followed by locality Tehar-chhamman (5.33 birds/km2) and Chitta-pani (4.76 birds/km2). The sub-locality Dohre had highest population density (8.15 birds/km2) among eleven sub-localities. Key words: Himalayan Monal pheasant, Distribution, Population, Neelum valley, Salkhala Game Reserve, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. INTRODUCTION and Kashmir this species is distributed in Neelum valley (Saber et al., 1999; Awan et al., 2006) Jhelum valley Monal pheasant (Himalayan Monal, (Qureshi et al., 1999; Siraj, 2003; Awan et al., 2006) and Lophophorus impejanus; Family Phasianidae, Order Leepa valley (Ahmed et al., 1999). This species has a Galliformes), distributed throughout the Himalayan very wide range, and hence does not approach the mountain system, considered as the most significant bio- thresholds for Vulnerable under the range size criterion geographical zones, is well recognized for its ecological, (BirdLife International, 2019). Monal pheasant is found cultural, and esthetic values (Kaul and Shakya, 2001; in a variety of altitudinal range that varies with habitat, Seth, 2019). Pheasants, including Monal, are an location and seasons. During winter, it descends down to important part of ecosystem, useful indicators of the areas of lower altitude and in summers and during environmental quality (Fuller and Garson, 2000; Miller, breeding period, it prefers the high altitudinal forest. This 2013), therefore can be used to measure the success and type of movement occurs throughout its range. Its failure of wildlife conservation (Severinghaus, 1979). altitudinal range is recorded between1220 m -4500 m in They inhabit difficult terrain (Ramesh, 2003; Jolli and different areas of the world in summer (Howman, 1993; Pandit, 2011) of wooded habitat (Richard et al., 2000). Kaul, 1995; Sathyakumar and Kaul, 2007). In Azad They have a strong preference for their habitat and even a Jammu and Kashmir it is distributed between 2600 m - little change in their habitat may affect them 3200 m elevation range at the steep cliffs near tree line (Bhattacharya and Sathyakumar, 2007). Himalayan and in the oak trees (Ahmed et al., 1999; Qureshi et al., Monal is reported in all Himalayan protected areas and is 1999; Saber et al., 1999) while in Pakistan it is fairly native to Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, good between 2700 m - 4000 m elevation (Mirza, 1978; China and Myanmar (Yin, 1970; Johnsgard, 1986; Bhuju, Roberts, 1991). 2001; Bhuju et al., 2007; Zaman, 2008; Miller, 2013; Previous studies on population parameter, Xiaochun et al., 2011). In Pakistan, this beautiful bird is population density and encounter rate of Monal pheasant widely distributed in Kaghan, Swat, Kohistan, Dir, show variation in population density and encounter rate Hazara, and Safaid Koh area of Kurram Agency and to a in different areas (Bhattacharya and Sathyakumar, 2007; limited extent in Chitral (Zaman. 2008). In Azad Jammu Poudyal, 2008; Zaman, 2008; Jolli and Pandit, 2011; Ahmad et al., The J. Anim. Plant Sci. 29(4):2019 Xiaochun et al.,2011). According to IUCN (2019), the Reserve are Cedrus deodara, Pinus wallichiana, Abies Monal pheasant is Least Concern, but this spectacular pindrow, Picea smithiana, Taxus wallichiana, Acer bird is facing different anthropogenic threats due to caecium, Betula utilis, Berberis spp., Quercus spp., which its population is declining throughout its Juniperus communis, Vibernum spp., Indegofera distribution range (Chen et al., 2017; Kumar, 2018) gerardiana, Juglans regia, Aesculus indica. There are six including Pakistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. villages with a total population of about 6,000 individuals Hunting for coloured plumage and meat, habitat adjacent to SGR subsisting on the natural resources of the degradation, and habitat loss are major threats to this area, entering the reserve to graze their cattle, cut trees species (Selvan et al., 2013). During winter when ground for timber and collect firewood, inflicting severe damages is covered with snow, Himalayan Monal is forced to to the forest understory of the Game Reserve (Awan and descend to lower elevations near human habitation, where Awan, 2009) density dependent and intra-specific competition Methods: Present study was carried out during spring increases predation and threats of poaching. On the other and summer seasons between March 2014 and September hand during winter season human presence in lower 2014. For data collection the study area was divided into altitude makes it to restrict to higher range, which causes three main localities, which in turn were divided into higher mortality rate during winter. In Pakistan and Azad eleven sub localities on the basis of physical features of Jammu and Kashmir hunting pressure is particularly high study area (Fig. 1). for Galliformes for food, skins or recreation as well as The evidences like direct observation, callings, hunt by local and non-local professional hunters (Awan et fresh ground scratches, feathers, information collected al., 2012; Kandel et al., 2018) but habitat degradation, from local hunters, shepherds and wildlife staff was main poaching and developmental activities in most part of sources of confirmation of presence and distribution of their ranges are also among major threats to this species. Monal. For Himalayan Monal, direct observations by Thus several of these factors have collectively using line transect is more reliable method (Gaston et al., contributed to the decline of wild populations of 1983). Himalayan Monal calls sporadic and irregular in pheasants in their native regions (Kandel et al., 2018). the morning and calls throughout the day (Kaul and Diseases in the wild or in captivity are also a source of Shakaya, 2001) and call count cannot give accurate declining of pheasants populations (Zaman, 2008). results but readily conspicuously flushes from its perch Although some reports are available on enables investigator to use line transect for sampling. occurrence and distribution of Himalayan Monal in Line transect is reliable method for Himalayan Monal Pakistan, existing literature lacks any detailed study on study (Selvan et al., 2013) and many of field workers ecology of this precious bird in Azad Jammu and used this method during their studies (Ramesh, 2003; Kashmir and Pakistan. To address this data deficiency Miller, 2013). Dawn calling by Monal appears to bear and acknowledge about its importance in ecosystem, a little relationship to the numbers of birds present (Gaston, field study on various ecological aspects of this bird was 1980) as the calling may be initiated only by a stimulus need of the time. Therefore, the present study was such as a predator (Garson et al., 1992). During present conducted to determine distribution and population status study call count was used for calling site density while of Himalayan Monal pheasant in Salkhala Game Reserve, for population estimation line transect method was used. Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Site selection for transects was made through reconnaissance surveys and on the basis of information MATERIALS AND METHODS collected from local people, hunters, shepherds, and wildlife staff. In each sub-locality, it was difficult to lay Study area: Salkhala Game Reserve (SGR: 34º33′ N, strait transects on steep slopes, we used pre-existing 73º50′ E; 1,320 - 3,150 m above sea line, area 810 ha; walking tracts in each sampling site for monitoring Fig.1) was notified as a Game Reserve in 1982 (Dudley, Himalayan Monal. Eleven transects of various lengths 2008) and lies within an Important Bird Area (IBA) of were selected for the study. We walked transect every the Western Himalayas Endemic Bird Area. month in the morning before 10.00 am, when Himalayan It is classified as such owing to the presence of Monals forage on the ground around their