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The Cold War and the Spanish Concordat of 1953

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The Cold War and the Spanish Concordat of 1953 The Cold War and the Spanish Concordat of 1953 by Zachary Charles Wareham Bachelor of Arts (Honours), St. Stephen's University, 2003 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Graduate Academic Unit of History Supervisor: Peter C. Kent, Ph.D. History Examining Board: Steve Turner, Ph.D. History, Chair Sean Kennedy, Ph.D. History Nancy Nason-Clark, Ph.D. Sociology This thesis is accepted by the Dean of Graduate Studies The University of New Brunswick September 2007 © Zachary Charles Wareham, 2007 Library and Archives Biblioth&jue et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'Sdition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre r&f6rence ISBN: 978-0-494-63716-6 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-63716-6 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, §lectronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la th&se ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimis ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. I+I Canada Dedication To the memory of my friend Nathan James Alberts (1981-2007) ii Abstract The Spanish Concordat of 1953 strengthened the power of the established church, reasserted an anti-modern theology, brought prestige to Spain, showered Franco with ecclesiastical privileges, and marked the end of hopes that Pius XII might support the anti-Franco resistance. The most important element for Franco was maintaining his key role in the appointment of bishops, the reaffirmation of a 1941 concession. Although the 1953 Concordat was primarily a domestic agreement, it was also internationally significant. Franco's Spain was isolated as a fascist state by the great powers after the Second World War. Pius XII was reluctant to pursue a concordat under these circumstances, for fear of impeding a peaceful transition to monarchy. Nonetheless, Franco redoubled his efforts to win the support of the Holy See and the Catholic world. Despite attempts, Spain was excluded from the UN, the Marshall Plan and NATO. Although restrictions on the freedoms of Protestants in Spain were denounced by President Truman and a cause of Spain's continued isolation, the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 led the United States to support Spain at the UN, send an ambassador to Madrid and begin bi-lateral discussions for a military and economic agreement. In line with internal developments in the Curia, the Holy See sought from 1952 onward to improve Spain's international standing and reduce Spain's religious critics by silencing the church's campaign against Protestantism. With renewed opportunities, Pius XII strengthened the church vis-a-vis the Falange. In return for what was intended as a precedent-setting concordat, Pius XII embraced Franco as a noble Christian leader. Then, one month after the Concordat, the United States and Spain concluded the Pact of Madrid and accepted Franco as an ally in the Cold War. The two agreements marked the end of Spain's postwar isolation and ensured the survival of Franco's dictatorship. iii Acknowledgements I have received tremendous support, encouragement and help throughout the process of writing this thesis, of which I am honoured to acknowledge here. The faculty and staff in the history department, my peers and many other friends have helped me in ways they may never know. I regard them all in high esteem and wish to extend my sincerest gratitude. Thank you all. First and foremost, I am privileged to acknowledge the person that made this all possible, my thesis supervisor, Dr. Peter C. Kent. It was at his suggestion that I chose this thesis topic and from his collection of primary documents that I was able to undertake it. I thank him for this, as well as for translation help, unwavering support, insightful revisions and kind generosity. I also want to acknowledge his wife, Wendy Kent, who I thank you for her hospitality and encouragement throughout my time at the University of New Brunswick. A number of specific professors and friends I wish to mention by name. Sister Therese assisted me with translations of French documents and was eager to have discussions and debates about Pope Pius XII and Spanish Catholicism, all of which I valued very much. As my neighbour of eight months while living in Harvey Station, Dr. Robert Larmer was a source of encouragement and was always prepared to listen and ask questions pertaining to my thesis. I thank the retired Rev. Dr. Charlie Preston for his interest and enthusiasm in my thesis. I thank Dr. Gregg Finley, who was always happy to provide a helping hand. Indeed, my interests in the history of Spanish Catholicism derived from the undergraduate coursework and travel-study that I did under his supervision. I also wish to acknowledge and thank him and Dr. Cheryl Fury for encouraging me to pursue my education at the University of New Brunswick. I also acknowledge and thank my professors of the graduate seminars that helped prepare me along this path. I very much enjoyed and benefited from the course-work in U.S. Foreign Relations, Post-1945 European History and the Philosophy of History. I also want to acknowledge my thesis committee for their efforts in the midst of busy schedules in hurrying my defense date along, Dr. Sean Kennedy, Dr. Steve Turner and Dr. Nancy Nason-Clark. My parents Steve and Holly have provided me with the opportunity to pursue my education in New Brunswick. I thank them along with my sisters, Shannon, Jenessa and Allie, for their optimism, encouragement and generosity. I also want to thank my friends and former roommates that have provided me with outlets to discuss my research and vent both frustration and enthusiasm. Foremost of these, I acknowledge Nathan James Alberts, to whom the memory of this thesis is dedicated. Not only did he happily listen to anecdotes, dreams and stories about concordats, popes, kings, queens, Franco and various Spanish churchmen, but he also provided valuable insights, research leads, translation help, encouragement and enthusiasm for my topic. v Table of Contents Dedication ii Abstract iii Acknowledgement iv Table of Contents vi Chapter I: Historiography 1 Chapter II: The historical background of the 12 relationship between church and state in Spain Chapter III: From ostracism to Cold War ally: 44 preconditions for a new concordat Chapter IV: Internal factors leading to the 68 Concordat of 1953 Chapter V: The United States, Spain and the 90 Roman Catholic Church Chapter VI: The Cold War and the 111 Spanish Concordat of 1953 Bibliography 134 Curriculum Vitae vi CHAPTER I: Historiography The Spanish Concordat of 1953 was an important element in the rehabilitation of Franco's Spain after its isolation following the Second World War. Concluded on 27 August, 1953, it had been an objective of Franco for well over a decade. A month after the Concordat was concluded the United States embraced Spain as an ally in the Cold War, and signed a series of executive agreements, known as the Pact of Madrid, that sent economic and military aid to Spain in exchange for the United States' construction and use of air and naval bases on Spanish territory. The two agreements have been linked by historians, but had little in common, and no study has undertaken an attempt to evaluate the coincidence. Had Pius XII not been reluctant to endorse Franco's Spain with his blessing in the Concordat, perhaps the American reevaluation of its Spanish policy may have occurred earlier. It was President Truman's resistance that stalled exchanging ambassadors and kept the Pact of Madrid from being concluded during his administration. This was due largely to his aversion to the suppression of Protestant rights in Spain. The Concordat was hailed at the time as evidence that the Vatican did not support the intransigent anti-Protestant campaigns of Cardinal Segura and helped rehabilitate Spain's image. Pius XII worked cautiously in Spain to get the best terms for the Church. Rather than push for Franco's quick rehabilitation, Pius XII sought to wait for it, and in the meantime get what he wanted in the first concordat of the Cold War. Following the International Eucharistic Congress in Barcelona in June of 1952, the Holy See was prepared to conclude a concordat.
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