Information to Users
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9427762 Examining the relationship of negative affectivity and subjective well-being to goal-setting processes and task performance Necowitz, Lawrence B., Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1994 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP OF NEGATIVE AFFECTIVITY AND SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING TO GOAL-SETTING PROCESSES AND TASK PERFORMANCE Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Lawrence B. Necowitz, B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1994 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Mary Roznowski James T. Austin Robert S. Billings Howard J. Klein Mary Roznowski Advisor Department of Psychology This project is dedicated in memory of my grandparents Max and Ida Cohen Israel and Betty Necowitz whom I miss very much ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Although this document represents a single research study, it more accurately reflects the culmination of a greater journey. It is certain that I would not have made it to this point without the guidance of Mary Roznowski. Mary has truly been a terrific adviser. Her office door was always open and she was willing to assist me whenever her help was requested. Yet, she has also allowed me to branch out on my own as a researcher. I am grateful for the time, assistance, and encouragement she has given me, not only only on this project, but throughout my time at Ohio State. I would also like to thank the members of my committee: Jim Austin, Bob Billings and Howard Klein whose comments and suggestions have improved the quality of this project. This effort would have been difficult to complete without the assistance of Pamela Taylor who not only wrote the computer program to specification, but also had to put up with my "time urgent" personality. While Pam brought technical knowledge to the project, others provided the financial backing to compensate her efforts. I am grateful to Jim Austin who provided money at the beginning of the project to help defray my own out of iii pocket expenses. Later, a grant from the Sigma Xi research society and an award from the OSU Department of Psychology helped to fund the project. I would also like to acknowledge the members of the goal setting seminar at Ohio State who helped me "brainstorm" an appropriate task for this study. Finally, I would like recognize my family and friends. To my parents, Norman and Miriam, who instilled in me the value of education, I thank you for your continual support of my academic endeavors. Without your emotional (not to mention financial) support, I do not think you would be reading this today. To my brother, David, I thank you for making me feel "at home" even when I was away, by putting up with my endless telephone conversations about the Flyers, Phillies, or Eagles. Your diligence in calling meant more to me than I think you realize. To my sister, Beth, I thank you for brightening my day whenever I heard your voice on the phone or received a picture from you in the mail. Also, thanks for understanding my inability to attend the many events that have been important to you over the last six years. Although I have made numerous friends during my time at Ohio State, I would like to acknowledge specifically my two classmates with whom I have shared this journey. Thanks to Maurya for always being there for me. You blazed the path for me to follow, and I have missed not having you around iv here for the last two years. To Kristin, whose own capabilities in this field continually impress me, and who inspired me to achieve things even I didn't know I could, I thank you for everything that we have been through together. Although mere words seem unable to describe my gratitude, always know how special that I think you are. I have dedicated this project to my grandparents. I thank them for the love they gave me as I was growing up. I only wish that they were here to share this accomplishment with m e . v VITA June 12, 1966 ..................... Born - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1988 .............................. B.A., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 1988-1990 ...................... Graduate Research Associate, The Ohio State University 1990 ............................... M.A. , The Ohio State University 1990-1994 ......................... Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS Necowitz, L.B., & Roznowski, M. (in press). Negative affectivity and job satisfaction: Cognitive processes underlying the relationship and effects on employee behaviors. Journal of Vocational Behavior. MacCallum, R.C., Roznowski, M . , & Necowitz, L.B. (1992). Model modifications in covariance structure analysis: The problem of capitalization on chance. Psychological Bulletin. 111. 490-504. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Psychology Studies in Industrial/Organizational Psychology Minor Field: Quantitative Psychology vi TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ............................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................ iii VITA ..................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ........................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ......................................... xi ABSTRACT ................................................. xii CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION ................................... 1 Personality and Goal Setting ............ 2 Purpose of Research ...................... 9 Research on Negative Affectivity in I/O Psychology ........................ 11 Research on Subjective Well-Being in I/O Psychology ........................ 17 On the Distinction Between Negative Affectivity and Subjective Well-Being 19 Examining the Relationship Between Measures of NA and SWB ............... 24 Discussion of Goal-Setting Hypotheses ... 27 Relationship to Self-Set Goals, Goal Commitment and Performance ... 28 Relationship to Satisfaction ......... 29 Relationship to Commitment Following Failure and Self-Set Goals Following Success ................. 38 Relationship to Attributions ......... 40 II. METHOD ......................................... 46 Subjects .................................. 46 Design .................................... 46 Procedure ................................. 47 vii Manipulations ............................. 49 Goal Origin ............................ 49 Feedback Type .......................... 49 Measures ............................. 52 III. RESULTS ......................................... 58 Part 1 - Examination of Relationship Between NA and SWB .................... 58 Analysis of Convergent Correlations .. 58 Analysis of Confirmatory Factor Analysis Models .................... 60 Comparison of Model 1 and Model 2 61 Comparison of Model 3 and Model 4 64 Construction of an Affect Composite .. 65 Part 2 - Examination of Goal-Setting Hypotheses ............................. 68 Manipulation Checks ................... 68 Hypothesis 1 ........................ 80 Hypothesis 2 ........................... 82 Hypothesis 3 ........................... 82 Hypothesis 4 ........................... 87 Hypothesis 5 ........................... 91 Hypothesis 6 ............... 94 Hypothesis 7a .......................... 95 Hypothesis 7b .................. 98 IV. DISCUSSION ...................................... 102 Discussion of Results for Negative Affectivity and Subjective Well-Being Measures ............................... 103 Discussion of Results for Goal-Setting Hypotheses ............................. 112 Hypotheses 1 and 6 ..................... 112 Hypotheses 2 and 5 ..................... 115 viii Hypothesis 3 .......................... 121 Hypothesis 4 .......................... 125 Hypotheses 7a and 7b .................... 130 Limitations .................... 134 Implications ...................... 136 LIST OF REFERENCES ......................................... 142 APPENDICES ................................................. 154 A. MEASURES ........................................... 154 B. INSTRUCTIONS FOR EXPERIMENTERS