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Methods of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Preparation

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Methods of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Preparation materials Review Methods of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Preparation Petr Slepiˇcka 1,*, Nikola Slepiˇcková Kasálková 1, Jakub Siegel 1, Zde ˇnkaKolská 2 and Václav Švorˇcík 1 1 Department of Solid State Engineering, The University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic; [email protected] (N.S.K.); [email protected] (J.S.); [email protected] (V.Š.) 2 Faculty of Science, J.E. PurkynˇeUniversity, 400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 4 November 2019; Accepted: 13 December 2019; Published: 18 December 2019 Abstract: The versatile family of nanoparticles is considered to have a huge impact on the different fields of materials research, mostly nanoelectronics, catalytic chemistry and in study of cytocompatibility, targeted drug delivery and tissue engineering. Different approaches for nanoparticle preparation have been developed, not only based on “bottom up” and “top down” techniques, but also several procedures of effective nanoparticle modifications have been successfully used. This paper is focused on different techniques of nanoparticles’ preparation, with primary focus on metal nanoparticles. Dispergation methods such as laser ablation and vacuum sputtering are introduced. Condensation methods such as reduction with sodium citrate, the Brust–Schiffrin method and approaches based on ultraviolet light or biosynthesis of silver and gold are also discussed. Basic properties of colloidal solutions are described. Also a historical overview of nanoparticles are briefly introduced together with short introduction to specific properties of nanoparticles and their solutions. Keywords: nanoparticle; preparation; noble metal; surface 1. Introduction One of the most important areas of modern science is the preparation of colloidal solutions of metallic nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles, along with their applications, are currently one of the most studied materials used in many areas, such as optoelectronics and catalysis [1]. Gold and silver nanoparticles are used in nanobiotechnology, biosensor studies, visualization of cell structures [2] and targeted drug delivery [3]. Currently, colloidal nanoparticles are studied due to their unique physicochemical properties that differ from those of “bulk” [4]. The shape or size of the nanoparticle has an important role in all nanotechnology applications [5]. Unique properties of metal nanoparticles [6] induces their applications such as fuel cells, environmental protection, the nanoslusters may be also prepared on surface of periodic pattern [7] for sensor enhancement. The basic operating principle of these applications is unique optical properties, especially localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) [8]. Of great importance is the study of optical properties of metal nanoparticles, stabilization and aggregation mechanisms of colloids. Solution stability is often accompanied with an external change (precipitation and discoloration), indicating increases in distribution or aggregation, which are undesirable changes. Different approaches are used to obtain particles having the desired properties, resulting in the desired particle shape or size or distribution [9]. Various approaches are used to maintain constant properties of solution of nanoparticles (electrostatic force stabilization, polymer stabilization and chemical surface treatment). The development of science in the area of nanotechnologies aims to improve these methods. Among gold nanoparticles, also silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have to be considered as very important with high-demand material for tissue engineering and antibacterial applications due to Materials 2020, 13, 1; doi:10.3390/ma13010001 www.mdpi.com/journal/materials Materials 2019, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 21 Among gold nanoparticles, also silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have to be considered as very Materials 2020, 13, 1 2 of 22 important with high-demand material for tissue engineering and antibacterial applications due to their effective antibacterial activity both in solution and in components [10]. Silver nanoparticles are theirbeneficial effective inantibacterial medicine and activity medicinal both indevices, solution biotechnology, and in components electronics [10]. or Silver environmental nanoparticles science are beneficial[11]. Ag- inNPs medicine are extensively and medicinal applied devices, also in biotechnology, healthcare products, electronics the food or environmental industry and scienceclothing [11 [12].]. Ag-NPsThe Ag are-NPs extensively oxidative appliedactivity alsois accompanied in healthcare with products, the release the food of silver industry ions, and resul clothingts in several [12]. Thenegative Ag-NPs effects oxidative on activitybiological is accompanied systems by withinducing the release cytotoxicity, of silver ions,genotoxicity results in or several immunological negative effresectsponses, on biological and even systems cell death by inducing [13–15]. cytotoxicity, The applications genotoxicity of silver or immunologicalbased materials responses, are remarkably and evensignificant cell death in [human13–15]. life The and applications in many fields of silver of industry based materials and are areinvolved remarkably in the significantcomposition in of human a wide lifevariety and in of many products fields and of industrysystems andused are in involvedeveryday in life, the which composition represent of aalso wide a potential variety of toxic products effects andafter systems oral exposure used in everyday [16]. life, which represent also a potential toxic effects after oral exposure [16]. 2.2. Historical Historical Overview Overview ColloidalColloidal metal metal solutions solutions (from (from Greek, Greek, Kola, Kola, meaning meaning “glue”) “glue” exhibit) exhibit the the best best examples examples of of nanotechnologynanotechnology during during antiquity, antiquity, the Middlethe Middle Ages Ages and the and modern the modern age. A colloidalage. A colloidal system issystem a system is a insystem which onein which substance one issubstance in the form is in of the particles form of diparticlesfferent sizeof different distributed size in distributed another. The in continuousanother. The phasecontinuous is called phase the dispersedis called the medium dispersed and medium the dispersed and the material—the dispersed material dispersed—the phase. dispersed Metallic phase. colloidsMetallic are colloids considered are asconsidered “finely divided” as “finely species divided of catalysts,” species stained of catalysts, glass, dyesstained and glass, photographic dyes and materials,photographic and ultimately, materials, theand “ancestors” ultimately, ofthe quantum “ancestors dots” of [17 quantum]. dots [17]. TheThe Lycurgus Lycurgus Cup Cup is an excellentis an excellent example ofexample late Roman of culturelate Roman and the culture use of “nanotechnology”and the use of in“ practice.nanotechnology The exceptional” in practice. case ofThe Roman exceptional glassmaking case of dating Roman back glassmaking to the fifth centurydating back reveals to the one fif ofth thecentury greatest reveals example one of of “antiquity the greatest nanotechnology“. example of “antiquity Lycurgus nanotechnology“. Cup is located in Lycurg the Britishus Cup Museum’s is located collectionsin the British (Figure Museum1). If the’s collections cup is lit from (Figure the 1). outside, If the cup it appears is lit from green. the outside, When it it shines appears on itgreen. from When the inside,it shines the colour on it turnsfrom redthe and inside, only thethe kingcolour appears turns purple. red and Cup only characterization the king appears was performed purple. byCup electroncharacterization microscopic was methods performed (TEM by and electron SEM). microscopic Scientists have methods found (TEM that “wonderful” and SEM). Scientists dichroism have is presentfound due that to “wonderful the nano-particle” dichroism size of is Ag present (66.2%), due Au to (31.2%)the nano and-particle Cu (2.6%), size of up Ag to (66.2%), 100 nm inAu the (31.2%) size thatand was Cu dispersed (2.6%), up in to glass 100 bulk. nm in The the nanometals’ size that was majority dispersed size wasin glass from bulk. 20 to The 40 nm nanometals’ [17,18]. After majority the Romanssize was also from medieval 20 to craftsmen 40 nm [1 added7,18]. metalAfter components the Romans into also the medieval glass bulk craftsmen to prepare exceptionaladded metal glasscomponents windows. into J. Kunckel the glass created bulk to beautiful prepare ruby-coloured exceptional glass glass windows. in the mid-16th J. Kunckel century created by infusion beautiful ofruby gold-coloured into glass glass [19]. in the mid-16th century by infusion of gold into glass [19]. Figure 1. Lycurgus Cup [20]. Figure 1. Lycurgus Cup [20]. Colloidal gold sols were described by glassmaker and alchemist Antonio Neri in 1612. In the mid-17thColloidal century, gold colloidal sols were gold described began to beby used glassmaker for the productionand alchemist of red Antonio ruby glass Neri and in 1612. porcelain In the painting.mid-17th ‘Purple century, of colloidal Cassius’ gold can began be described to be used as f aor mixture the production of colloidal of red gold ruby and glass tin and (IV) porcelain oxide nanoparticles,painting. ‘Purple in a glassof Cassius matrix’ can [21 ].be A described similar example as a mixture is the of use colloidal of silver gold nanoparticles and tin (IV) for oxide the productionnanoparticles,
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